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GRAMM AR PORTFOLIO by Loany Meza and Karla Gonzalez

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GRAMMA

R

PORTFOL

IO

by Loany Meza and Karla Gonzalez

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IntroductionIs a fact we unconsciously use grammar all the time when we use language for speaking, listening, reading and writing, and if we want to improve our English language abilities, there is no escape from addressing grammar issues. Grammar is a very wide topic, but not so difficult to learn if you really like it. So, what its grammar? At its core, the term grammar refers to either the inherent structure of words and sentences (morphology and syntax respectively) in a language; or to the study and description of this structure (what we learn from the books). Other approaches include more topics like orthography (spelling, punctuation and capitalization), semantics (word meanings), phonetics and phonology (sounds) and pragmatics (language use in context). In this portfolio we are going to give you a concrete review of the most important grammar topics, and we are going to keep it simple, direct and to the point.. We hope you like it, and we hope this could be useful and valuable for you..

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PART I. -Nouns -Adjectives -AdverbsPART II. -Verbs Tenses -Active and Passive Voice -ModalsPART III. -Prepositions and Conjunctions -Kind of Sentences -Punctuation Rules

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What is a noun?

A noun is the part of

speech (or word class)

that is used to name or

identify a person, place,

thing, quality, or action.

Most nouns have both a

singular and plural form,

can be preceded by an

article and/or one or more

adjectives, and can serve

as the head of a noun

phrase.

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Most nouns in

English have both

singular and plural

forms, and the

plural is usually

formed by adding "-

s" to the singular.Ends with “s”, “x”, “ch” or “sh”

Add -es boss -> bossestax -> taxesbush -> bushes

Ends with consonant + “y”

Change “y” to “i” then add –es

Baby -> babies Candy -> candies Curry -> curries

most others Add –s cat -> catsface -> facesday -> days

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Although most

nouns have plurals

formed according to

regular rules some

nouns have unusual,

or irregular plurals.

Ends with -fe Change “f” to “v” then Add –s

knife -> kniveslife -> liveswife -> wives

Ends with -f Change “f” to “v” thenAdd –es

half -> halveswolf -> wolvesloaf -> loaves

Ends with -o Add –es potato -> potatoestomato -> tomatoesvolcano -> volcanoes

ends with -us Change -us to –i cactus -> cactinucleus -> nucleifocus -> foci

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Common NounsCommon nouns are the opposite of proper nouns. They are generic nouns. They name people, places, things or ideas that are not specific.

Examples:woman, city, dog, shoeSince these nouns are not naming anything specific, they do not need to start with a capital letter unless they begin a sentence.

Proper NounsProper nouns name specific people, places, things, or ideas.

Examples:Karla, Loany, Rosa, George, Robert.Since these nouns are naming specific things, they always begin with a capital letter.

Sometimes, they contain two or more important words.

Examples:Britney Spears, Central Park Zoo, Pacific Ocean.If this is the case, both important words are capitalized, and the whole thing is still considered to be one proper noun even though it's made up of more than one word.

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Nouns name people, places, and things. Collective nouns, a special class, name groups [things] composed of members [usually people].

Examples:army, audience, board, cabinet, class, committee, company, corporation, council, department, faculty, family, firm, group, jury, majority etc.

One class of nouns is concrete. You can experience this group of nouns with your five senses: you see them, hear them, smell them, taste them, and feel them.Examples: Student, fire fighter, dog, pencil, computer, ice cream etc.

Not all nouns are concrete. A second class of nouns is abstract. You cannot experience abstract nouns with your senses.Examples: Intelligence, bravery, loyalty, eloquence, convenience etc.

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The possessive form of a noun is used to show ownership. A noun is possessive if a phrase can be changed to say that an

item or idea belongs to someone or something. Example: The new car belongs to Peter. -> Peter’s car is new.The possessive noun always comes before what it owns or has.

How can we form the possessive of singular nouns?The possessive of singular nouns (a name, place, thing or idea) is formed by adding an apostrophe plus an “s”.Examples:Monica’s house -> The house belongs to Monica.Flower’s petals -> The flower has petals.

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Count nouns use singular and plural verbs and pronouns:

Non-count nouns use only singular verbs and pronouns:

There is an apple. (singular)There are some apples. (plural)

There is some fruit. (singular verb)

I like that chair. ("that" is singular). She likes those chairs. ("those" is plural)

I like that furniture.I like those furniture. (no!)

A car is an expensive thing to own. Cars are an expensive form of transportation.

Traffic was heavy today. (singular verb)

Apples taste good Fruit tastes good.

Digital cameras make photography easy. They are fun to use.

TV stations have a lot of video equipment. It is expensive.

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How to count non-counts nouns..

Common Measurement words

Nouns used with it

Bar ChocolateSoap

Cube SugarIce

Game TennisSoccerCards

Glass WineBeerWaterJuice

Piece AdviceInformationBaggageClothingFurnitureHomeworkMachinery

Although non-count nouns are supposed to be

uncountable, we sometimes need to count them. At least,

we sometimes need to explain the quantity of

something which is non-count. We can do this by

using a measurement word, or counter, like this:-a bar of chocolate

-two loaves of bread

-three slices of meat

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What is an adjective?

The part of speech (or word

class) that modifies a noun

or a pronoun.

Another definition:

The part of speech that

modifies a noun or other

substantive by limiting,

qualifying, or specifying and

distinguished in English

morphologically by one of

several suffixes, such as -

able, -ous, -er, and -est, or

syntactically by position

directly preceding a noun or

nominal phrase.

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Adjectives can be used to

describe lots of things,

from physical size, age,

shape, color, material, to

more abstract things like

opinion, origin and

purpose. We can use

adjectives together to

give a detailed

description of something.

Adjectives that express opinions usually come before all

others, but it can sometimes

depend on what exactly you

want to emphasize.For example: "That nice, big, blue bag."

(You like the bag.)"That big, nice, blue bag." (You like the color.)

When we group adjectives together there is a general rule for the position of each type adjective, these are:

Position 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th

Opinion Size Age Shape Color Material Origin Purpose

Nice Small Old Square Black Plastic British Racing

Ugly Big New Circular Blue Cotton American Running

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•??Adjectives of Type

Compound

adjectivesAdjective

s of quantity

Adjectives of Quantity answer the question ‘How much?’Examples : Some, Little, Any, Enough

A compound adjective is formed when two or more adjectives work together to modify the same noun. These terms should be hyphenated to avoid confusion or ambiguity. Example: The black-and-blue mark suggested that he had been involved in an altercation.

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Derived Adjectives

Possessive adjectives

This form of adjective is used in a sentence before a noun to indicate possession. For instance, in the sentence, “ Do not touch my diary. It is personal.”, the word “my” inserted just in front of the noun “diary” is the adjective. Few other examples of possessive adjectives are “your”, “his”, “her”, “our”, “their”, etc.

A derived adjective is an adjective derived from a noun or verb. Example: dreamy from dream, sterilized from sterilize

superlative ADJECTIVE

Scomparative adjectives

A superlative adjective expresses the extreme or highest degree of a quality. We use a superlative adjective to describe the extreme quality of one thing in a group of things. Examples: large ->largest; big -> biggest; fat -> fattest.Comparative adjectives are used to compare the difference between 2 nouns, or a collective noun . Examples: large -> larger; big -> bigger; fat-> fatter

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Demonstrative

Adjectives

INTERROGATIVE

adjectives

INDEFINITE

Adjectives

This form of adjective is used to demonstrate or indicate certain things. For instance, in the sentence, “Parents of only those students, who have not managed to pass in all subjects, will have to come for tomorrow’s parents-teachers meeting.” The word “those” indicates a particular lot of students who have failed in their test. Placed before the noun “students”, this is a form of demonstrative adjective. Other such adjectives are “that”, “these”, “this”, etc.

While demonstrative adjectives point out specific things, indefinite adjectives do not indicate anything specific. Indefinite adjectives are formed from indefinite pronouns and the most common ones among them are “any”, “many”, few”, “several”, etc. In the sentence, “Several soldiers died in the Pacific War.”, the word “several” placed just before the noun “soldiers” is an adjective, which does not indicate the specific number of soldiers, who died in the war.

Interrogative Adjectives are used to ask questions about a noun.Examples : What, Which, Whose

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What is an adverb?

The part of speech (or

word class) that is

primarily used to

modify a verb,

adjective, or other

adverb. Adverbs can

also modify

prepositional phrases,

subordinate clauses,

and complete

sentences.

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ADVERBS OF TIME These answer the question when?

This adverb usually comes either at the

very beginning of the sentence or at the

end.Examples:

-Afterwards we decided to go by car.

-I've done that journey before.

-We haven’t started yet.

-She is still a student.

ADVERBS OF PLACE These answer the question where?

This adverb usually comes after the

object, otherwise after the verb:

Examples: -We saw you there.

-We were sitting here.

-We looked everywhere.

-Have you seen my glasses anywhere?-I'm sure I left them

somewhere.

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ADVERBS OF MANNER These answer the

question how?This adverb usually

comes after the direct object or if there is no direct

object, after the verb:Examples:

-She speaks Italian beautifully.

-He works well.-You must drive your

car carefully.-Eat quietly.

ADVERBS OF DEGREE These answer the question to what

extent?This adverb can modify

an adverb or an adjective and comes before the word it

modifies:Examples:

-The bottle is almost full, nearly empty.

-They should be able to pass their exams quite

easily.

The following adverbs of degree can also modify

verbs:almost, nearly, quite,

hardly, scarcely, barely, just.

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ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

These answer the question how many

times?This adverb comes after

the verb 'to be':Examples:

-She is always honest.Comes before simple

tenses of all other verbs:

-They sometimes spend the whole of Saturday

fishing.Comes after the first auxiliary in a tense

consisting of more than one verb:

-I have often wondered how they did that.I can sometimes go

without food for days.

AFFIRMATIVE ADVERBS

(yes) and Adverb of negation (No)

Examples:yes, surely, certainly, indeed, by all means, no, not at all, by no

means.-I hope my parent

just for once will say yes to my latest

idea.-You must have heard about the haunted house

surely?

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INTERROGATIVE ADVERB (Question): When? Where? How?

Why? How much/often?Examples:

-When was the last time you saw the

accused?-Where have you been

all the while?-How could you have overlooked all these

mistakes?-Why do you have to

do such a stupid thing?

RELATIVE ADVERBwhen, where, how,

whyThese words are the

same in form as Interrogative

Adverbs; but they are not questions.

Examples: -The time when he

arrived is still unknown.

-The scene where the accident occurred is close to the hospital.

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SIMPLE FORMS

PROGRESSIVE FORMS

Perfect FORMS

Perfect progressive

FORMS

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Present TensePresent tense expresses an unchanging,

repeated, or reoccurring action or situation that exists only now. It can also represent a widespread truth.

Example Meaning

The mountains are tall and white.

Unchanging action

Every year, the school council elects new members.

Recurring action

Pb is the chemical symbol for lead.

Widespread truth

Past TensePast tense expresses an action or

situation that was started and finished in the past. Most past tense verbs end in -ed. The irregular verbs have special

past tense forms which must be memorized.

Example Meaning

W.W.II ended in 1945.

Regular -ed past

Ernest Hemmingway wrote "The Old Man and the Sea."

Irregular form

Future TenseFuture tense expresses an action or situation that will occur in the

future. This tense is formed by using will/shall with the simple form of the verb. Example: The speaker of the House will finish her term in

May of 1998.

The future tense can also be expressed by using am, is, or are with going to.

The surgeon is going to perform the first bypass in Minnesota.

We can also use the present tense form with an adverb or adverbial phrase to show future time.

The president speaks tomorrow. (Tomorrow is a future time adverb.)

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Present Progressive TensePresent progressive tense

describes an ongoing action that is happening at the same time the statement is written. This tense is formed by using am/is/are with the verb form

ending in -ing.Example:

The sociologist is examining the effects that racial

discrimination has on society.

Past Progressive TensePast progressive tense

describes a past action which was happening when another action occurred. This tense is

formed by using was/were with the verb form ending in -

ing.Example:

The explorer was explaining the latest discovery in Egypt when protests began on the

streets.Future Progressive TenseFuture progressive tense describes an ongoing or

continuous action that will take place in the future. This tense is formed by using will be or shall be with the verb

form ending in -ing.Example:

Dr. Jones will be presenting ongoing research on sexist

language next week.

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Present Perfect TensePresent perfect tense describes an

action that happened at an indefinite time in the past or that began in the past and continues in the present. This tense is formed by using has/have with the past participle of the verb. Most past participles end in -ed. Irregular

verbs have special past participles that must be memorized.

Example Meaning

The researchers have traveled to many countries in order to collect more significant data.

At an indefinite time.

Women have voted in presidential elections since 1921.

Continues in the present.

Past Perfect TensePast perfect tense describes an action that took place in

the past before another past action. This tense is formed by using had with the past

participle of the verb.Example:

By the time the troops arrived, the war had ended.

Future Perfect TenseFuture perfect tense

describes an action that will occur in the future before

some other action. This tense is formed by using will have

with the past participle of the verb.

Example:By the time the troops arrive, the combat group will have

spent several weeks waiting.

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Present Perfect ProgressivePresent perfect progressive tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future.

This tense is formed by using has/have been and the present participle of the verb (the verb

form ending in -ing).Example:

The CEO has been considering a transfer to the state of Texas where profits would be larger.

Past Perfect ProgressivePast perfect progressive tense

describes a past, ongoing action that was completed before some other past action. This tense is

formed by using had been and the present perfect of the verb (the

verb form ending in -ing).Example:

Before the budget cuts, the students had been participating in

many extracurricular activities.Future Perfect Progressive

Future perfect progressive tense describes a future, ongoing action that will occur before some specified future time. This tense is formed by using will have been and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing).

Example:By the year 2020, linguists will have been studying and defining the Indo-European language family for more than 200 years.

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There are two ways to express an

action of a subject in relation to its

object: Active voice and Passive

voice.

In “active voice” subject acts upon

object, while in “passive voice”

object is acted upon by subject. It

can also be said, in “active voice”

subject does a work on object,

while in “passive voice” object is

worked on by subject. The normal

structure of an active voice

sentence is subject+verb+object

but in passive the normal structure

of sentence is reversed according

to certain rules and becomes like

object+verb+subject. The real

meaning of a sentence does not

change if the sentence is

expressed either by active voice or

by passive voice.

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Active FormIn active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Examples:

Passive FormIn passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Examples:

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ACTIVE PASSIVE

Present Simple Tense Once a week, Tom cleans the house. Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.

Present Continuous Tense Right now, Sarah is writing the letter. Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.

Present Perfect Tense Many tourists have visited that castle.

That castle has been visited by many tourists.

Past Simple Tense Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by Sam.

Past Continuous Tense The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.

The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.

Past Perfect Tense George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.

Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.

Future Simple Tense Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.

The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.

Future Perfect Tense They will have completed the project before the deadline.

The project will have been completed before the deadline.

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Transitive and intransitive verbsA verb can be either transitive or intransitive. A transitive verb needs an object (in sentence) to give complete meaning while intransitive verb does need an object (in sentence) to give complete meaning. Transitive verb. He sent a letter. (Send is a transitive verb and it needs an object Example: a letter ,to express full meaning.)

Intransitive verb cannot be changed into passive voiceThe sentences having intransitive verbs (belonging to any tense) cannot be changed into passive voice. The reason is that there is not any object in such sentences and without object of sentence passive voice is not possible. A sentence can be changed into passive voice if it has subject and object. Intransitive Verb. He laughs. (Laugh is an intransitive verb and it does not need object for expressing full meaning.) -Sleep, go, reach, sit, die, are examples of intransitive verbs.

The following tenses can also not be changed into passive voice.-Present perfect continuous tense-Past perfect continuous tense-Future continuous tense-Future perfect continuous tense

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Types of Modals•Modals of Ability: Can, Could, Be able to, May, Might •Modals of Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better •Modals of Necessity: Must, Have got to, Have to •Modals with “Not”: Must not, Do not have to •Modals of Polite Request: Would you, Could you, Will

I can speak English.

You may not work on dad's

computer.

You should drive carefully

in bad weather.

I think it will rain on Friday.

You must be tired.

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Passive voice for Present/Future Modals

Active voice: CANShe can play a violin.She cannot play a violin.Can she play a violin?

Passive voice: CAN BEA violin can be played by her.

Active voice: MAYI may buy the COMPUTER I may not buy the computer.May I buy the computer?

Passive voice: MAY BEThe computer may be bought by me.The computer may not be bought by me.May the computer be bought by me?

Active voice: MIGHT Guests might play chess.Guests might not play chess

Passive voice: MIGHT BEChess might be played by guests.Chess might not be played guests.

Active voice: SHOULDStudents should study all lessons.Students should not study all lessons.Should students study all lessons?

Passive voice: SHOULD BEAll lessons should be studied by students.All lessons should not be studied by students.Should all lessons be studied by students?

Active voice: MUSTYou must learn the test-taking strategies.You must not learn the test-taking strategies.

Passive voice: MUST BETest-taking strategies must be learnt by you.Test-taking strategies must not be learned by you.

Active voice: OUGHT TOThey ought to take the examination.

Passive voice: OUGHT TO BEThe examination ought to be taken by them.

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE FOR PRESENT, PAST,

AND FUTURE MODAL

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PREPOSITI

ONSPrepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of gerund verbs).There are hardly any rules as to when to use whichpreposition. The only way to learn prepositionsis looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English (literature) and learning useful phrases off by heart. Types of Prepositions Preposition for Time Preposition for Place and Direction Preposition for Agent and Instrument Prepositional Phrase

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PREPOSITIONS

FOR TIME

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PREPOSITIONS FOR PLACE and direction

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PREPOSITIONS FOR PLACE and direction ii

Prepositions for Direction

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PREPOSITIONS FOR AGENT

And instrumentPreposition for Agent.

(by) Preposition for agent is used for a thing which is cause of another thing in the sentence. Such prepositions are by, with etc. Examples:-This book is written by Shakespeare. -The work was completed by him. -The room was decorated by her. -The tub is filled with water.

Preposition for device, instrument or machine.Different preposition are used by different devices, instruments or machines. Such prepositions are by, with, on etc. Examples:-She comes by bus daily.-He opened the lock with key.

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Prepositional phraseA prepositional phrase is a combination of a verb and a preposition. It is just a verb

followed by a preposition.Some verbs need particular prepositions to be used after them in sentences having a direct object. Such a verb with its required preposition is called a prepositional phrase.

For example: “He knocks at the door”.

In above sentence “knock at” is prepositional phrase which contains a verb “knock” and a preposition “at”. Without the use of correct preposition after a prepositional verb in a sentence, the sentence is considered to be grammatically wrong. For example if we say, “he knocks the door”, it is wrong because it lacks the required preposition “at”. So the correct sentence is “he knocks at the door”.Prepositional Verbs are transitive and they have a direct object in sentence. Some of the frequently used preposition verb are, laugh at, knock at, listen to, look at, look for, look after, wait for,agree to, agree with, talk about, talked to.Examples: -She is listening to music. -She looked at the blackboard. -We believe in God. -They were waiting for the teacher. -Do you agree with me? -Do you agree to my proposal? -Someone is knocking at the door.

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CONJUNTIONSit.

A conjunction is a joiner, a word

that connects (conjoins) parts of

a sentence.

You can use a conjunction to link

words, phrases, and clauses, as

in the following example:

-I ate the pizza and the

pasta.

-Call the movers when you are

ready.

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COORDINATING CONJUNTIONit.

You use a coordinating conjunction ("and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so," or "yet") to join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses. Note that you can also use the conjunctions "but" and "for" as prepositions.

In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a coordinating conjunction:

-Lilacs and violets are usually purple.In this example, the coordinating conjunction "and" links two nouns.

-This movie is particularly interesting to feminist film theorists, for the screenplay was written by Mae West.In this example, the coordinating conjunction "for" is used to link two independent clauses.

-Daniel's uncle claimed that he spent most of his youth dancing on rooftops and swallowing goldfish.Here the coordinating conjunction "and" links two participle phrases ("dancing on rooftops" and "swallowing goldfish") which act as adverbs describing the verb "spends."

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SUBORDINATING CONJUNTIONit.

A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship among the independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s).The most common subordinating conjunctions are "after," "although," "as," "because," "before," "how," "if," "once," "since," "than," "that," "though," "till," "until," "when," "where," "whether," and "while."

Each of the highlighted words in the following sentences is a subordinating conjunction:

-After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.The subordinating conjunction "after" introduces the dependent clause "After she had learned to drive."

-If the paperwork arrives on time, your cheque will be mailed on Tuesday.Similarly, the subordinating conjunction "if" introduces the dependent clause "If the paperwork arrives on time."

-Gerald had to begin his thesis over again when his computer crashed.The subordinating conjunction "when" introduces the dependent clause "when his computer crashed."

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CORRELATIVE CONJUNTIONit.

Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs -- you use them to link equivalent sentence elements. The most common correlative conjunctions are "both...and," "either...or," "neither...nor,", "not only...but also," "so...as," and "whether...or." (Technically correlative conjunctions consist simply of a coordinating conjunction linked to an adjective or adverb.)

The highlighted words in the following sentences are correlative conjunctions:

-Both my grandfather and my father worked in the steel plant.In this sentence, the correlative conjunction "both...and" is used to link the two noun phrases that act as the compound subject of the sentence: "my grandfather" and "my father".

-Bring either a Jello salad or a potato scallop.Here the correlative conjunction "either...or" links two noun phrases: "a Jello salad" and "a potato scallop."

-Corinne is trying to decide whether to go to medical school or to go to law school.Similarly, the correlative conjunction "whether ... or" links the two infinitive phrases "to go to medical school" and "to go to law school."

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KIND OF SENTENCES

COMPLEX SENTENCE has an independent clause

joined by one or more dependent clauses.

The students are studying because they have a test

tomorrow.

COMPOUND SENTENCE Contains two independent clauses joined by a

coordinator: FANBOYS

Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping. 

SIMPLE SENTENCEAlso called an independent

clause.Some students like to study

in the mornings.

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SENTENCES connectors

Additional Ideaadditionally, again, also, and, as, well, besides, equally, important, further, furthermore, in addition, moreover, then

Example

-for example

-for instance

-an instance of this

-this can be seen in

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Transition expressionsConclusions

:-in final analysis

-in conclusion

-in final consideration

Spatial Order:

-on the other side

-opposite to-in the back -in the front

-at that point

Time Order:-as soon as-before long-in the first

place-in the

meantime

Opinions:-I agree/disagree

that/with/-I am for/against

the idea of-There are reasons

why..

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PUNTUATION RULESComma: tells the reader to pause, just as the blinking yellow light tells a driver to slow down and proceed with caution. Example:-Let’s play hockey, baseball and tennis.

Semicolon: To separate two independent clauses. One or both of the clauses are short and the ideas expressed are usually very similar. Example: He loves studying; He can't get enough of school.

Colon: To provide additional details and explanation. Example: •He had many reasons for joining the club: to get in shape, to make new friends, to lose some weight, and to get out of the house.

Question Mark: The question mark is used at the end of a question. Example: Where do you live?

Exclamation Mark: Is used to express a sense of urgency or a strong emotion.Example: Look out!

Apostrophe: The superscript sign ( ' ) used to indicate the omission of a letter or letters from a word, the possessive case, or the plurals of numbers, letters, and abbreviations.

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Grammar is the system of all languages. People sometimes describe grammar as the "rules" of a language; but in fact no

language has rules. If we use the term "rules", we suggest that somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language,

like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into words,

phrases and sentences. No commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time. What we call "grammar" is

simply a reflection of a language at a particular time. Do we need to study grammar to learn a language? The short answer is "no".

many people in the world speak their own native language without having studied its grammar. Children start to speak before they even know the word "grammar". But if you are

serious about learning a foreign language, the long answer is "yes, grammar can help you to learn a language more quickly

and more efficiently." It's important to think of grammar as something that can help you, like a friend. When you understand

the grammar (or system) of a language, you can understand many things yourself, without having to ask a teacher or look in a

book. So think of grammar as something good, something positive, something that you can use to find your way like a

signpost or a map.

CONCLUSION

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BIBLIOGRAPHY• English Grammar, Modals - Materials for Teaching and Learning English.http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/hilfsverben2.htm• English preposition-10th, Dec 2010, 19:35http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepositions• Advanced Composition for Non-Native Speakers of Englishhttp://eslbee.com

• Panama Pacifico Academy International Private School in Panama Pre-K to Grade 12http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/adjectiveorder.htm`

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BIBLIOGRAPHY• Elfnet, Forming Comparative and Superlative Adjectiveshttp://www.eflnet.com/tutorials/adjcompsup.php• LEO: Literacy Education Online, Summary of Verb Tenseshttp://leo.stcloudstate.edu/grammar/tenses.html#simple• Grammar Bytes, Robin L. Simmons, The Collective Nounhttp://www.chompchomp.com/terms/collectivenoun.htm• Chez Ouam, Foro de Idiomas, Abr 11, 2009, 2:39 amhttp://chez-ouam.foroactivo.com/t426-regular-and-irregular-plural-of-nouns• Leo Network, Learn English, English Grammarhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/adjectiveorder.htm