grammar rules of madeenah book1

56
ِ مْ يِ حَ ّ ر ل اِ ن مْ حَ ّ ر ل اِ ّ اِ مْ سِ بArabic Grammar Rules for Madeenah Book One The three vowel markings ُ اتَ كَ رَ حْ ل ا ةَ لاثَ ّ ث ل اُ ٌ ةَ رْ سَ كkasrah ِ - ةَ ّ مَ . ضُ - ٌ hdhamma ةَ حْ تَ . فٌ fathah َ - ( i ) (u) (a) Sukoo n - ْ ْ وُ كُ سٌ نshadd ah - ّ َ ّ دَ سٌ ةُ نْ يِ وْ . نَ ّ ت ل ا: at-tanween 1

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� �م ي ح� الر� ح�مـن� الر� �ه� الل � م �س� ب

Arabic Grammar Rules for Madeenah Book One

The three vowel markings �ات� ك �ح�ر� �ة ال �الث �الث

�ة ر� �س� -� ض�م�ة -� kasrah ك hdhamma

�ح�ة �ف�ت fathah �-

(i) )u( )a(

Sukoon - � � ك س��و�ن

shaddah -� ش��د�ة

�ن� �و�ي �ن at-tanween:الت

�ن� تا �ح� )fathataan -)an-+ ف�ت

�ان� � ض�م�ت - dhammataan- )un(

�ان� ت ر� �س� )kasrataan - )in - ك

When vowel markings are doubled at the end of a word they are called

��ن �و�ي �ن tanween(. The additional vowel at the end of a word represents( ت

a ن� )noon saakinah(. The ن� is not written but is only pronounced. e.g.

د� ج� م�س�ج�د � - ن�م�س�

The Arabic language is made up of ��م�ات �ل words( and these words( كare of three types they are known as:

�ف Action/Verb -ف�ع�ل� -ح�ر� �م �س� Noun -ا

1

Particle/Letter

��ت �ي -house- ب �لى- went,/to go ذ�ه�ب� toإ

�ج�م�ل�ة �ت: ال �ي ب �ى �ل إ ذ�ه�ب� He went to a house :ceSenten

The table below shows the properties of an �م �س� :)noun( ا

Examples Translation Properties

�ة �ب ط�ال ، �Masculine, feminine ط�ال�ب ��ث م�ؤ�ن ، ��ر م�ذ�ك ، �ان� �ب ط�ال ، � ط�ال�ب

�ب ط�ال�Singular, dual, plural �ى، �ن م�ث ،�د م�ف�ر�

�ج�م�ع ��ت �ي ب ، �ط�ال�ب Intellect, non-intellect �ر� غ�ي ، � ع�اق�ل

ع�اق�ل�ب� الط�ال ، �ط�ال�ب Indefinite, definite م�ع�ر�ف�ة ،�ة �ك�ر� ن

�ة �ك�ر� is when an ism is indefinite or not specific, it is general i.e., the ن

ism ��اب �ت a book’ this can be any book from the different types of‘ كbooks.

� م�ع�ر�ف�ة is when an ism is definite or specific, it is not general i.e., the

ism اب�� �ت �ك �اب� the book’ or‘ ال �ت م�ح�م�د ك ‘Muhammad’s book’, here the book is a particular book not just any book in general.

An ism in the Arabic language can be �ن�ى dual( meaning it shows( م�ث

upon two i.e., the ism �ان� �ب means ‘two students’ this is done by ط�ال

adding ان�)alif and noon(at the end of an ism.

An ism can be � possess intellect such as humans, angels and jinns ع�اق�ل

or it can be ع�اق�ل �ر� ,possess no intellect such as animals, objects غ�يtrees e.t.c.

2

The �ص�ل� )Asl( أ origin of an ism is that it carries �ان� � ض�م�ت- ‘two

dhammas’ )tanween( on the last letter of the word. The tanween

generally is also a sign showing that the ism is �ة �ك�ر� ,)indefinite( نhowever there is an exception to this because you will find that Arabic male names

such as ��اس accept م�ح�م�د�،ع�ب tanween but they are م�ع�ر�ف�ة )definite(.The tanween is the Arabic indefinite article corresponding to the English ‘a’/ ‘an’.

و�ل� الد�ر�س� � (١ )األ

�ت� � �ا ذ ه� �ي This is a houseب

-� �ه� ه�ا �ي �ب �ن �لت ل �ف Letter to bring to attention or alertح�ر�

�ف �ه�ح�ر� �ي �ب �ن �لت ل is a letter that is used to alert or to bring to attention the

person who is being addressed and it is mostly connected to م�اء� س�� أ

ة� ار� �ش� .)nouns of indication( اإل

-� اإل ذ�ا �س�م� ة� ا ار� �noun of indicationش�

� .but it is written without the first alif ,ه�اذ�ا is pronounced as ه�ذ�ا

The ة� ار� �ش� اإل �س�م� is ا used to point or indicate to people, animals, objects things which can be felt or touched and can also indicate to things

that have meaning such as �ي� أ �م� opinion’ or‘ ر� ل .’knowledge‘ ع�

� ل�مه�ذ�ا �ع� ��اف�ع This is beneficial knowledge ن

3

The table below shows the properties of the ) ( � ه�ذ�ا ة� ار� �ش� اإل �س�م� ا

Indicates,points to ة� ار� �ش� �ل�ى اإل إthe near �ب� �ق�ر�ي ال

The masculine �ر� �م�ذ�ك الthe singular د� �م�ف�ر� ال

The م� �س� ة� ا ار� �ش� اإل is م�ع�ر�ف�ة � )definite(.

It can be used to indicate or point to those possessing intellect � or ع�اق�ل

things that do not possess intellect ع�اق�ل �ر� .غ�ي�ف�ه�ام� - م�ا ت �س� إ �م �س� Interrogative or Questioning Nounا

The Interrogative Noun ‘م�ا’ is used to ask a question about something

that does not possess intellect ع�اق�ل �ر� and it always comes at the غ�يbeginning of a sentence. When a word comes at the beginning of a

sentence it is called in Arabic ج�م�ل�ة� ال �ص�د�ر� .

?What is this ؟ ه�ذ�ا م�ا

� ف�-أ � ح�ر� �ف�ه�ام ت �س� ة� ، اإل � ه�م�ز� �ف�ه�ام ت �س� اإلParticle/Letter of interrogation or questioning or also known as the Interrogative Hamzah.

The ة� � ه�م�ز� �ف�ه�ام ت �س� اإل comes at the beginning of the sentence as do all the nouns or particles of questioning. It can be used to ask a question about those possessing intellect as well as the things that do not possess intellect.

� ؟ ه�ذ�ا أ ��ت �ي ?Is this a houseب� �د�؟ ه�ذ�ا أ ?Is this a boyو�ل

�ع�م� ج�و�اب -ن Letter of answer or replyح�ر�ف�

4

ف�- ال �ف�ي و� ج�و�اب ح�ر� Letter/particle of answer andنnegation

The particle of reply ع�م�� is used to reply to a question with affirmation ن

whereas the particle ال is used to reply to a question with negation.

� �م�؟ ه�ذ�ا أ ?Is this a penق�ل

. ��م ق�ل ،ه�ذ�ا �ع�م� Yes this is a pen ن

�ص�؟ ق�م�ي ه�ذ�ا � ?Is this a shirtأ

�م�؟ ق�ل .No, this is a penال،ه�ذ�ا

�– م�ن� �ف�ه�ام ت �س� اإل �س�م� Noun of interrogation/questioningا

This interrogative noun is used to ask a question about those who possess

intellect �ع�اق�ل

؟م�ن� ج�ل� ?Who is this manه�ذ�االر�

� ع- ؟ �ف�ه�ام ت �س� اإل م�ة �Question markال�

5

�ي( ٢) �ان الث الد�ر�س�

- �ك� ة� ذ�ل ار� �ش� اإل �س�م� Noun of indication/pointingا

و� ��ت �ي ب �ك�ه�ذا د� ذ�ل ج� Thisم�س� is a house and that is a mosque

�ك� is ذ�ل a noun of indication it is used to indicate/point to objects or

people that are distant or far. ك�� :can be broken down into three parts ذ�ل

ة�- �شار� اإل �س�م� ا Noun of indicationذ�ا

�ع�د�– ل� �ب �ل ل �لالم� The laam is for the far/distantا

- خ�ط�اب� ك� �Particle of addressح�ر�ف

Some of the grammarians say that the ‘ particle ’ك� of address also

indicates upon far/distant and the ‘ shows ’ل� upon even more or increased furtherness/distance.

The letter/particle of address ‘ is used if the person or objectwe are ’ك�addressing is masculine.

The table below shows the properties of ك�� :ذ�ل

6

Indicates,points to ة� ار� �ش� �ل�ى اإل إThe far/distant �د� �ع�ي �ب الThe masculine �ر� �م�ذ�ك ال

the singular د� �م�ف�ر� ال

All the ة� ار� �ش� اإل م�اء� س�� .definite م�ع�ر�ف�ة nouns of indication are أ

�ك� �ك� is pronounced ذ�ل .but is written without the alif ذ�ال

Some of the grammarians say that the ة� ار� �ش� اإل م�اء� س�� have three أ

levels ب�� ات م�ر� : ثالث�

�ب� – ه�ذ�ا �لق�ر�ي For the near/closeل

- �ك� �د� ذ�ل �ع�ي �ب �ل For the far/distantل

- �و�س�ط� ذ�اك� �ل For the middle between near and farل

�م��ع� ال ت �ج� �ع�د� ي �ب ال و�الم� �ه� �ي �ب �ن �لت ل ه�ا

The particle of alert/bringing to attention and the laam indicating upon the distant or far will never come together in a noun of indication i.e; �ك� خ�ط�أ‘ this is wrong-ه�اذ�ل ’ .

7

�ث�( ٣) �ال الث الد�ر�س�

- �ل� �ع� ا ت �ف �ف�ح�ر� Definite Particle( al)ر�ي

The definite particle ل�� ة� is prefixed to an ism which is ا �ك�ر� )indefinite( ن

and it causes it to become م�ع�ر�ف�ة )definite(, and it also causes the tanween at the end to be dropped. The definite particle )al( corresponds to the English ‘the’.

�ب�ه�ذ�ا �ي .This is a doctorط�ب

�ب� ا �ي .The doctor is sittingج�ال�س�لط�ب

The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters. Of these 14 are called Solar

Letters �ة ي م�س� الش� و�ف� �ح�ر� ال , and the other 14 are called Lunar

Letters ة� �ق�م�ر�ي ال و�ف� �ح�ر� . الIn the articulation of the Solar Letters the tip or the blade of the tongue is involved in the pronunciation. The tip or the blade of the tongue does not play any part in the articulation of the Lunar Letters, )refer to lesson 3, pg.19 Madinah bk.1(.

When ال� is prefixed to an ism beginning with a Solar Letter the laam of ‘al’ is not pronounced but is written, and the first letter of the ism takes a

shaddah –�. For example, م�س� �لش� .)ash-shamsu( ا

8

When ل�� is prefixed to an ism beginning with a Lunar Letter the laam of ا

‘al’ is pronounced and written. For example, ق�م�ر�� �ل .)al-qamaru( ا

In the definite particle �ل� al( the( ا � a( is known as( ا �و�ص�ل� ال ة� ه�م�ز�the Connecting Hamzah. If it is not preceded by a word it will be

pronounced with the vowel marking �- )fathah(. If it is preceded by a word it is dropped in pronunciation, though remains in writing.

:�ج�ال�س �ط�ال�ب� ال ��ال �م�د�رiس� م�ث The student isو�اق�ف� و�الsitting and the

teacher is standing, (wa l-mudarrisu…).

�ة م�ي �س� �ة اإل �ج�م�ل �ل �د�ة�( is a beneficial sentence ا �ة م�ف�ي and it ,)ج�م�ل

is made up of 2 parts known as �ر� ا ب �خ� و�ال �د�أ �ت �م�ب �ل )al-mubtada wa l-khabar(.

�د�أ �ت �م�ب �ل ا

�د�أ )1( �ت �م�ب �ل �د�اء� is from the Arabic word ا �ت �ب �إل meaning the beginning or اstarting, and from its origin is that it comes at the beginning of the sentence.

�د� )2( �ت �م�ب �ل أا is an ism that is the subject of talk or discussion.

)3( �د� �ت �م�ب �ل أا is �ف�و�ع )’marfoo( م�ر� meaning it takes a dhammah or dhammataan on the last letter of the ism.

9

�ة �ج�م�ل ال�ة م�ي �س� اإل

�ر� ب �خ� ال �د�أ �ت �م�ب ال

�د� )4( �ت �م�ب �ل أا in its ��ر� origin( precedes( أص�ل ب �خ� �ل .)the khabar( ا

�د�أ )5( �ت �م�ب �ل .)definite( م�ع�ر�ف�ة is )origin( أص�ل� in its ا

�ر� ب �خ� �ل ا

�ر� )1( ب �خ� �ل �د� is that which comes after ا �ت �م�ب �ل أا in its �.)origin( أص�ل

)2( �ر� ب �خ� �ل gives information or news about ا �د�أ �ت �م�ب �ل and by which it ,ا

completes a benefit with د�أ� �ت �م�ب �ل .ا�ر� )3( ب �خ� �ل ة� origin( is( أص�ل� in its ا �ك�ر� .)indefinite( ن

)4( �ر� ب �خ� �ل is ا �ف�و�ع )’marfoo( م�ر� meaning it takes a dhammah or dhammataan on the last letter of the ism.

�ة م�ي �س� �ة اإل �ج�م�ل �ل �ا

د� ج� �م�س� �ل �ب� ا . The mosque is nearق�ر�ي

�د�أ �ت �م�ب �ل �ر� ا ب �خ� �ل ا

10

�ع� (٤) اب الر� �لد�ر�س� ا

ف� رi ح�ر� �ج� ال

ف� رi ح�ر� �ج� (1 )ال is a Letter/Particle that enters upon an ism only.

)2( ف� رi ح�ر� �ج� ال changes the state of the ism to �و�ر ,)majroor( م�ج�ر�meaning the ism takes kasrah/kasrataan on the last letter.

)3( ف� رi ح�ر� �ج� ال can have many meanings and its meaning is not known or complete until it enters upon a sentence. Then its exact meaning is known from the context of the sentence.

11

ف� �ج�رiح�ر� Particle of Jarr- ال

-Fromم�ن� -On/Aboveع�ل�ى - Inف�ي�

�ف�و�ع رi م�ر� �ج� ال ف� ح�ر�

�ت� �ي �ب �ل �ت� ا �ي �ب ال ف�ي�

�و�ر م�ج�ر�

��ت� ف�ي�م�ح�م�د �ي �ب Muhammad is in the houseال

�ن� �ف�ه�ام�– أي ت �س� ا �م �س� �ان�ا �م�ك �ل Noun of Questioning لfor Place

��ف�ه�ام ت �س� ا �م �س� �ان�ا �م�ك �ل ل is an ism which is used to ask a question about the whereabouts of someone/something.

�ن� ؟ أي �اب� �ت �ك ?Where is the bookال

؟ ه�و� �ب� �ت �م�ك ال ?It is on the desk/tableع�ل�ى

�ف�ص�ل� �م�ن ال �ر� �لض�م�ي Detached Pronoun-ا

12

�ف� �م�ن ال �ر� �لض�م�ي اص�ل�

�ا- I أن- �ت� أن

You /It-ه�ي�She

He/Itه�و�-- �ت� أن

You

)1( �ف�ص�ل �م�ن ال �ر� �لض�م�ي �ا is a type of ism that is used to indicate upon

the �,)Absent( غ�اء�ب or the �,)Addressed( م�خ�اط�ب or the �iم �ل �ك م�ت)Speaker(.

�ف�ص�ل )2( �م�ن ال �ر� �لض�م�ي �ا you can begin a sentence with it.

�ف�ص�ل )3( �م�ن ال �ر� �لض�م�ي �ا is a type of a د�أ� �ت م�ب

�ف�ص�ل )4( �م�ن ال �ر� �لض�م�ي �ا is م�ع�ر�ف�ة )definite(.

5( The dhameer ه�و� and ه�ي� can be used for those who possess intellect and things that do not possess intellect. If they are used for the latter they will have the meaning ‘it’.

�ن� ة ؟ أي ?Where is ‘Aaishaع�اء�ش�

ف�ة� ه�ي� �غ�ر� ال She is in the roomف�ي�

�ن� اع�ة ؟ أي ?Where is the watchالس�

�ر� ه�ي� ر�ي الس� It is on the bedع�ل�ى

The table below shows the properties of ف�ص�ل�ة� �م�ن ال the( الض�م�اء�ر�Detached Pronouns(:

�ع�د�دNumber

��س ج�نGender

pد�ل� ع�ل�ىيIndicates upon

�ف� �م�ن ال �ر� �لض�م�ي اص�ل�

Detached Pronoun

�م�ف�ر� الد�

(1)

� �م�ذ�ك الر�

Male

�غ�اء�ب� The Absent- ال It/He ه�و�-

�م�ف�ر� الد�ة�

� �م�ؤ�ن الث�

�ة �غ�اء�ب �The Absent -ال - She/It ه�ي�

13

(1) Female

�م�ف�ر� ال�د

(1)

� �م�ذ�ك الر

Male

�م�خ�اط�ب� The- الAddressed

�ت� You-أن

�م�ف�ر� الد�ة�(1)

� �م�ؤ�ن الث�

Female

�ة �م�خ�اط�ب �The-الAddressed

- �ت� You أن

�م�ف�ر� الد�

(1)

� �م�ذ�ك ال ر�

� �م�ؤ�ن و�ال ث�

iم� �ل �ك �م�ت The -الSpeaker

�ا I/Me - أن

ف� الص�ر� م�ن� ��و�ع Prevented from Tanween( is a( م�م�ن Term that is used for a particular group of nouns which do not accept tanween and

when they are in a state of �و�ر .kasra( they take Fathah( م�ج�ر�This particular group of nouns further divides up into many categories and from them is the category known in the Arabic language as:

14

م�ن� ��و�ع م�م�نف� الص�ر�

ة� ح�م�ز� �م� ي م�ر� ف�اط�م�ة

�ف أل �ر� �غ�ي ب �ث� �ي ن� ��أ الت �ة م�ع� �م�ي �ع�ل �ل Female Names Without Alif ا

This category contains Female Names which do not accept tanween but

there is a condition ' �ط ر� ,for them not accepting tanween and that is 'ش�that the names are made up of more than 3 letters. This category of names is divided up into into 3 types with regards to their femininity.

The و�ط�ة ة� ب م�ر� )Round Taa( is a letter that is added at the end of an ism and it signifies femininity of a word.

The diagram above shows that there are 3 categories of femininity in female names without alif:

1( In wording and meaning - names which are feminine in their wording i.e. they end in taa marboota and in their meaning i.e. they are names which are used for females.

2( In meaning - names which are used for females but not feminine in wording.

3( In wording - names which are feminine in wording but not meaning, they are names which are used for males.

The origin of nouns ending with the و�ط�ة ة� ب م�ر� )Round Taa( is only to distinguish the feminine from the masculine. And you will mostly find

that with the �)Adjectives( ص�ف�ات i.e. �م�ة/ �ر�ي ك ��م �ر�ي ك )Generous, Noble(.

15

- �ث� �ي �أن التFemininity

rف�ظ�ي� Wordi(In)لng-

rو�ي� Meanin(In)م�ع�نg-

- rف�ظ�ي� ل و� rو�ي� م�ع�ن)In(Meaning and Wording

9in wo

�ب� �ن ي ،ز� �م� ي م�ر� �ة ،ف�اط�م�ة �ح�ة آم�ن ة�،ط�ل ح�م�ز�

: �ف� �ع�ر�ي The Definition الت

- م�ان� الز� ف�ي� و�ق�ع� ح�د�ث ع�ل�ى د�ل� م�ا �م�اض�ي� ال الف�ع�ل�. � pم �ل �ك الت م�ان� ز� �ل� ق�ب �ذ�ي� ال

The Past Verb-that which indicates upon an event/happening taking place in the time which is before the time of speaking/conversation.

�اس�؟ ع�ب �ن� ?Where is Abbaasأي

�ر� ذ�ه�ب� �م�د�ي �ىال �ل He went to the head teacherإ

For every action we have a doer or the one who performs the action. In

Arabic the doer of the action is called ف�اع�ل�� �ل .)al-faa’il( ا

: �ف� �ع�ر�ي The Definitionالت

�ف�اع�ل� �ل م� ا �س� اإل .ه�و� �ه� ف�ع�ل �ه� �ل ق�ب �و�ر� �م�ذ�ك ال ف�و�ع� �م�ر� ال

�ف�اع�ل� �ل ف�و�ع� the Doer( is an ism which is( ا �م�ر� takes dhammah or ال

dhammataan on the last letter and mentioned before it is its �.verb ف�ع�ل

�ف�و�ع م�ر�

16

- �ف�ع�ل� �ل The Verb/Actionا

األم�ر� �ف�ع�ل� ال�ف�ع�ل� �ل ا

�م�ض�ار�ع� ال�ف�ع�ل� ال�م�اض�ي� ال

The Past VerbThe Present VerbThe Command Verb

- �ب� �ت -He Wroteك �ب� �ت �ك He Writesي- �ب� �ت �ك ا

(you)Write!

د� ذ�ه�ب� ج� �م�س� ال �ل�ى إ �Haamid went to the mosqueح�ام�د

�ف�اع�ل� ف�ع�ل� و�ر� ال م�ج�ر�م�اض

You will find that ف�اع�ل�� �ل .ذ�ه�ب� is not always apparent after the verb ا

That is because in the past-tense verbs for the Male Absent if ف�اع�ل�� �ل is ا

not apparent then the ��ر )pronoun( ض�م�ي He( will( 'ه�و�' be �ف�اع�ل� �ل .اAnd this dhameer is known as �ر� �ت ت �م�س� ال �ر� �لض�م�ي The( ا Hidden Dhameer(, you will not see it in writing or pronounce it even though it is there.

�ن� ? Where is Muhammad م�ح�م�د�؟أي

ج� د� خ�ر� ج� �م�س� ال He left from the mosque م�ن�

The four signs of an ism

There are 4 signs by which an ism is known, and you will not find these signs entering upon the verbs or particles/letters, so they are specific to

17

ع�الم�ات� (� م �س� (٤اإل

- �- iج�ر� ال و�ف� ح�ر�iج�ر� ال

ال� +- – �– ��ن �و�ي �ن ت

the nouns. These 4 signs can be used to distinguish between the �م�اء أس�)nouns( and the �و�ف� verbs( and( أف�ع�ال .)particles( ح�ر�

)1( The first sign is that the ism accepts ��ن �و�ي �ن .)tanween( ت

)2( The second sign is that ل�� .alif and laam( can enter upon the ism( ا

)3( The third sign is that و�ف� رi ح�ر� �ج� particles of jarr( can enter( الupon the ism.

)4( The fourth sign is that the ism can take iر �ج� kasrah/kasrataan( on( الthe last letter.

��ن �و�ي �ن ال� ت

د� ج� �م�س� ال ف�ي� ص�ل�ى �Muhammad prayed in the mosqueم�ح�م�د

iر �ج� ال ف� رi ح�ر� �ج� �ل (kasrah)ا

�خ�ام�س�( ٥) ال الد�ر�س�

18

�ض�اف�ة �إل ا

�ه� �ي �ل إ �م�ض�اف �م�ض�اف

�اب� �ت م�ح�م�دك

ف�: ح�ر� �ر� �قد�ي ت ع�ل�ى �ن� م�ي الس� �ن� �ي ب �ة ب �س� ن ه�ي� �ض�اف�ة اإل�س�م�ى ي و�ل�

� األ م� �س� اإل ، iج�ر� �ي� م�ض�اف� ال �ان الث م� �س� و�اإل�س�م�ى �ه� ي �ي �ل إ �.م�ض�اف

�ض�اف�ة اإل )al-idhaafah( is a relationship between two nouns with a

hidden particle of jarr, the first noun is called � mudhaaf( and( م�ض�اف

the second noun is called ه�� �ي �ل إ �.)mudhaaf ilaih( م�ض�اف

�ض�اف�ة �ع�ر�ي�ف ه�ذ�ااإل ت �د� �ف�ي ت �م�ض �� .ال �ص�ه� �خ�ص�ي ت و�� أ �اف�

This Particular idhaafah gives benefit by giving ��ف �ع�ر�ي to( ت make

definite( to the mudhaaf or ��ص �خ�ص�ي .)to narrow down/particularise( ت

Meaning, if the ه�� �ي �ل إ � م�ض�اف� definite( then the( م�ع�ر�ف�ة is م�ض�افwill become م�ع�ر�ف�ة, if the ه�� �ي �ل إ �is م�ض�اف �ة �ك�ر� indefinite( then( ن

the � will be particularised or not so general but it will not be م�ض�اف

.)definite( م�ع�ر�ف�ة

��ه� م�ض�اف �ي �ل إ � م�ض�اف

�م�د�رiس� ه�ذ�ا ال �اب� �ت This is the teacher’s bookك

م�ع�ر�ف�ة � م�ع�ر�ف�ة The Idhafaah construction has a iر �ج� ال ف� .which is omitted/hidden ح�ر�

This ر� �ج� ال ف� gives meaning to the Idhaafah, there are 3 different ح�ر�

iر �ج� ال و�ف� from/part( م�ن� ,)in( ف�ي� )that an Idhaafah can have, )1 ح�ر�

of( and الالم�) ل� ) )for/belonging to(.At the moment we have only taken one meaning of the Idhaafah the

( الالم� ( ل� iج�ر� ال ف� ح�ر� which has the meaning of, for/belonging

to/possession. So when we say م�ح�م�د �اب� �ت it literally means, ‘the ك

book belongs to Muhammad or Muhammad’s book ) �م�ح�م�د ل ��اب �ت .)ك

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ف� (ح�ر� الالم ) iج�ر� ال

�اب� �ت م�ح�م�دك

�م�ض�اف� �ه�ال �ي �ل إ �م�ض�اف� �ل او�ر� –د�اء�م+ا م�ج�ر�AlwaysMajroor

�وiن� – ال �ن Does not accept tanweenي

ال� – ال �ل� �قب Does not accept alifيlaam

- �اك� �د� (- over there) ه�ن �ع�ي �ب ال �ان� �م�ك �ل ل ة� ار� �ش� اإل �س�م� ا

�اك� is a noun which is used to indicate/point to a place that is distant ه�نor far.

م�ح�م�د؟: �اب� �ت ك �ن� �ي أ ��ال ? Where is Muhammad’s bookم�ث

�ب� ه�و� �ت �م�ك ال �اك�ع�ل�ى It is on the table over there ه�ن

- �ح�ت� / ) (under)ت م�ا pج�ر� ي �ان� �م�ك ال ف� ظ�ر� �ان� �م�ك ال م� �س� ا�ع�د�ه�( ب

�ان� �م�ك ال م� �س� .is a noun of place and the ism that follows it is majroor ا

�ة �ب �ح�ق�ي �ح�ت�� ال �ب� ت �ت �م�ك The bag is under the الtable

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The particle �ا )!O( ي is used when we want to call somebody and the person we are calling is the ism which comes after this particle and it is

known as �اد�ى �م�ن the( ال one being called(. There are 5 types of

�اد�ى �م�ن .we will study 3 for now ,ال

�اد�ى �م�ن ال

(١ : �م�( �ع�ل د�ال �م�ف�ر� �ل م�ح�م�د� ا �ا �اس� ي The first type is،ح�ام�د�،ع�بwhen we call somebody by their name i.e. O Muhammad!, Haamid!,

‘Abbaas!, and so on.

(٢ : �م�قص�و�د�ة�( ال ة� �ك�ر� �اذ� الن ت أس� �ا ، ي ج�ل� ر� ،The second type is when we call somebody and we intend a particular or specific

person i.e. O Teacher!, Man!, and so on.

(٣ : �م�ض�اف�( �ل � ا الل �د� ع�ب �ا �د �ه� ي ال خ� �ت� �ن The third type is when ،بthe one being called is mudhaaf i.e. O ‘Abdallaahi!, O Daughter of

Khaalid!, and so on.

It is important to note that the first and the second types of اد�ى� end م�نin one dhamma, not tanween. As for the third type then the Mudhaaf will

be ��ص�و�ب .)take Fathah on the last letter( م�ن

The words �م �س� �ن� and ا �ب begin with hamzatu l-wasl. When preceded ا

by a word the kasrah )�-( is dropped in pronunciation, i.e.

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�اس� ع�ب �ا ي

�اد�ى- �م�ن ال �اس� ع�ب iد�اء�- الن ف� ح�ر� �ا ي

O- Particle of callingAbbaas- The one being called

، ��ب �ي ط�ب �م�د�رiس� ال �ن� �ب م�ا �الل� و�اس� ب �ب� �ي �ن�، الط�ب �الل و�اب ب �م�د�رiس� ال .ط�ال�ب�

اد�س�( ٦) الس� الد�ر�س�

�و�ة ه�ذ�ه� �م�كThis is an iron

-� �ه� ه�ا �ي �ب �ن �لت ل �ف Letter to bring to attention or alertح�ر�

�ف �ه�ح�ر� �ي �ب �ن �لت ل is a letter that is used to alert or to bring to attention the

person who is being addressed and it is mostly connected to م�اء� س�� أ

ة� ار� �ش� .)nouns of indication( اإل

ة� ذ�ه� ار� �ش� اإل �س�م� Noun of Indicationا

.but it is written without the first alif ه�اذ�ه� is pronounced asه�ذ�ه

The ة� ار� �ش� اإل �س�م� is ا used to point or indicate to people, animals, objects things which can be felt or touched and can also indicate to things

that have meaning such as �principle’ or‘ ق�اع�د�ة ��ح�ة �ص�ي .’advice‘ ن

�ح�ة ه�ذ�ه� �ص�ي �اف�ع�ة � ن � ن-This advice is beneficial.

The table below shows the properties of ه�ذ�ه�.

Indicates,points to ة� ار� �ش� �ل�ى اإل إthe near �ب� �ق�ر�ي ال

the feminine �ث� �م�ؤ�ن �ل اthe singular or )non-intelligent

plurals(د� �م�ف�ر� ال

The م� �س� ة� ا ار� �ش� اإل is م�ع�ر�ف�ة � )definite(.

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It can be used to indicate or point to those possessing intellect � or ع�اق�ل

things that do not possess intellect ع�اق�ل �ر� .غ�ي

-Generally words ending in ة )taa marboota( are regarded as feminine so

when we indicate to them we use the م� �س� ة� ا ار� �ش� ه�ذ�ه� اإل . However there are exceptions to this, )refer to lesson 4 under ‘types of femininity’(.

��ال �ار�: م�ث ي س� اج� ة�ه�ذ�ه� د�ر� This is a car and this is ةو�ه�ذ�ه�a bike.

-Body parts that are in pairs are regarded as feminine.

��ال �ن� و�ه�ذ�ه� أذ�ن� ه�ذ�ه�:م�ث This is an ear and this is ع�يan eye

-Also words which are particular to females are regarded as feminine.

: ��ال و�ه�ذ�ه� ال�م أخ�ت�ه�ذ�ه� م�ث �د�س� �ت��ه�ن �ن � ب This is اإلم�امthe engineer’s sister and this is the imaam’s daughter.

رi - ل� �ج� ال ف� ) ,Particle of Jarr )for, belongs toح�ر�

The particle of jarr enters upon an ism and causes it ل� to take pر �ج� �ل ا)kasrah(.

ه�ذ�ه� ل ه�ذ�ه�؟ رل �م�ن� �اس� .�Whose is this? This belongs to Yaasirي

�و�ر م�ج�ر�

�ح�م�د� �ل �ه� ا �ل All Praise belongs to Allaah ل

Note that the word ه�� �لل �ه� becomes ا �ل by just dropping the alif and no لlaam will need to be added to the word.

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�ع�( ٧) اب الس� الد�ر�س�

�ل�ك� ة� -ت ار� �ش� اإل �س�م� Noun of Indicationا

و� �ة �ب �ي ط�ب �ل�ك�ه�ذ�ه� ض�ة ت iم�م�ر This a doctor and that is a nurse.

�ك� �ل isت a noun of indication it is used to indicate/point to objects or

people that are distant/far and feminine. �ك� �ل can be broken down intoتthree parts:

ة�- �شار� اإل �س�م� ا �ي� Noun of indicationت

�ع�د�– ل� �ب �ل ل �لالم� The laam is for the far/distantا

- خ�ط�اب� ك� �Particle of addressح�ر�ف

Some of the grammarians say that the ‘ particle ’ك� of address also

indicates upon far/distant and the ‘ shows ’ل� upon even more or increased furtherness/distance.

The letter/particle of address ‘ is used if the person or objectwe are ’ك�addressing is masculine.

The table below shows the properties of �ك� �ل : ت

Indicates,points to ة� ار� �ش� �ل�ى اإل إThe far/distant �د� �ع�ي �ب ال

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The feminine �ث� �م�ؤ�ن �ل اThe singular د� �م�ف�ر� ال

All the ة� ار� �ش� اإل م�اء� س�� .definite م�ع�ر�ف�ة nouns of indication are أ

The letter in ي� � ي�ت is dropped when joined to the laam and kaaf and the laam takes a sukoon ل�ك� .ت

م�اء� ة�أس� ار� �ش� اإل�د� �ع�ي �ب �ل ل

م�اء� ة�اإلأس� ار� �ش��ب� �ق�ر�ي �ل ل

� �ك ح�ام�د� ذ�ل م�ح�م�د� ه�ذ�ا� �ك �ل �ب� ت �ن ي ز� �ة ه�ذ�ه� آم�ن

Al -I’raab - اب� �إلع�ر� ا

: �ف� �ع�ر�ي الت

اب� �ع�ر� �: اإل ت �الف� ه�و� ت �خ� ال � �م �ل �ك ال و�اخ�ر�� أ �ر� �ي �ع�و�ام�ل� غ�ي ال

�ة� ل �ه�ا الد�اخ� �ي + ع�ل �ف�ظا و� ل� + أ �را �قد�ي .ت

The Definition:

The I’raab is: Changing of the endings of the words because of the changing of the active elements entering upon them )the change is( apparent or not-apparent.

� ح�االت� م �س� اإلThe cases of the

ism

اب� ع�الم�ات� �ع�ر� اإل �ة �ي � األص�ل

The origin signs of ‘Iraab

�و�اع� ن� أ

اب� �ع�ر� اإلTypes of ‘Iraab

�ف�و�ع م�ر� �- /- � ف�ع� �لر� ا��ص�و�ب م�ن -+ / �- �ص�ب� �لن ا�و�ر م�ج�ر� - / �- pر �ج� �ل ا

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The above definition for I’raab mentions the ending of words changing what is meant by this is the changing of vowel markings that are on the end or last letter of a word. It also mentions that it is the active elements that enter upon a word that cause the change at the ending of a word, an

example of active elements are the �و�ف .)letters/particles( ح�ر� The

active element is called ع�ام�ل�� �ل al-‘aamil( in Arabic and the plural is( ا

�ع�و�ام�ل� �ل .ا

The definition also mentions that the change of a word can be apparent or

not apparent. What is meant by � �ف�ظا apparent change is when the لvowel markings at the end of a word can be pronounced and when the vowel markings at the end of a word cannot be pronounced then the

change isا �ر+ �قد�ي not ت apparent. This part will be explained in more depth later.

The table above illustrates types of I’raab and its origin signs.

ف�ع� )ar-raf’u( الر� is when the end or last letter of a word takes a

dhammah or dhammataan � �ي � / ت�ب �ي �ب ت�ال

�ص�ب� an-nasbu( is when the end or last letter of a word takes a fatha( الن

or fathataan � �ي � / تاب �ي �ب ال ت�+

pج�ر� al-jarru( is when the end or last letter of a word takes a khasrah or( ال

khasrataan � �ي � / تب �ي �ب ت�ال

Also when an ism is in the state of ف�ع� ف�و�ع� ar-raf’u( it is called( الر� م�ر�)marfoo’(.

When an ism is in the state of �ص�ب� )an-nasbu( الن it is called

��ص�و�ب .)mansoob م�ن

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When an ism is in the state of pر �ج� )al-jarru( ال it is called �و�ر م�ج�ر�)majroor(.

�ع�ام�ل� ( (ال ��ه� م�ف�ع�و�ل ب

�ص�و�ب� م�اضف�ع�ل� م� م�ن �س� و�ر� اإل م�ج�ر�

: ��ال � م�ث ي ز� �ح� �الس� ة الد�ج�اج� د�ذ ب ب �� iي Zayd slaughtered � ن�كthe chicken

with the knife. ف� رi ح�ر� �ج� �ع�ام�ل� ( ال (ال

�ف�اع�ل� ف�و�ع� م ال �ر�The example above shows the three types of I’raab , ��د ي is ز� �ف�و�ع م�ر�the �active element( which is causing it to be( ع�ام�ل �ف�و�ع is the م�ر�

م�اض )past tense verb( ف�ع�ل� �ح� , ذ�ب الد�ج�اج�ة is ��ص�و�ب the م�ن

��ص�و�ب� active element( which is causing it to be( ع�ام�ل is the م�ن ف�ع�ل�past( م�اض tense verb( �ح� �ن, ذ�ب iي ك iالس )knife( is �و�ر the م�ج�ر�

�active( ع�ام�ل element( which is causing it to be �و�ر is م�ج�ر� the

ب� ) iج�ر� ال ف� (ح�ر� .

The words which fall into the definition of I’raab as mentioned above are

known in Arabic as �ب .)mu’rab( م�ع�ر�

�اء� �ن �ب )al-binaa( ال

�اء� �ن al-binaa( are words which do not show change in their endings( البand they are considered by the grammarians to be the opposite of words

which take اب� �ع�ر� ,)al-I’raab( اإل as mentioned above. The words

which fall into this category are called rي� �ن .)mabni( م�ب

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�ف� �ع�ر�ي �ي� ت �ن �م�ب : ال �ر� ال م�ا� �غ�ي �ت ه� ي �ب� آخ�ر� ب �س� �ع�و�ام�ل� ب ال�ة� ل �ه�ا الد�اخ� �ي .ع�ل

Definition of �ي� �ن mabniyy(: That which it’s ending doesn’t change( م�بbecause of the active elements entering upon it.

The definition explains that words which are ي�� �ن their endings do not م�ب

change because of the � ,active elements( entering upon them( ع�و�ام�لbut rather they are built upon one ending which doesn’t change at all. However, these words can grammatically have a place in I’raab but they

will be in the position or state of pر �ج� ،ال �ص�ب� ف�ع�،الن due to their الر�place in the sentence. This point will be elaborated upon later.

rي� �ن م�بع�ل�ى .....

Built upon……

�لة � أم�ثExamples

�و�اع� �اء�أن �ن �ب الTypes of Al-binaa

rي� �ن ع�ل�ىم�ب�و�ن ك س�

، �ع�م� ن ،� هذا ، م�ن�ف�ي�

- ��و�ن ك -� س�

ع�ل�ى rي� �ن م�بض�م�ة

�ث� ي ح� ، �ح�ن� ن -�- ض�م�ة �

rي� �ن ع�ل�ىم�ب ة �ح� ف�ت

�ت� أن ، ذ�ه�ب� ، �ن� أي �ح�ة -� - ف�ت �

rي� �ن ع�ل�ىم�بة ر� �س� ك

، ل� ، �ت� أن ه�ذ�ه�،ه�ؤ�الء�

ة ر� �س� -�- ك �

The table above shows that words which are rي� �ن can fall م�ب into four

types of endings which do not change due to the � entering upon ع�و�ام�لthem, rather they are fixed or built upon that particular ending. There are

four possible endings, ة ر� �س� ك �ح�ة، ف�ت ض�م�ة، ، ��و�ن ك . س�

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��ه� م�ض�اف �ي �ل إ �م�ض�اف

��ال م� : م�ث �اب� �ت ?Whose book is thisهذا؟ ن�ك

rي� �ن �و�ن م�ب ك س� ع�ل�ى

The above example shows that the word م�ن� is ه�� �ي إل � and we م�ض�افknow that the mudhaaf ilaih is always majroor )takes kasrah(, however

the word م�ن� )who( is rي� �ن �و�ن م�ب ك س� ع�ل�ى )built upon a sukoon( so the ending will always show a sukoon even though it is in the position or

state of iر �ج� al-jarr( due to its place in the sentence. So the( ال � ع�ام�ل)active element( does not affect the ending of a word that is rي� �ن م�ب)mabni(.

الثام�ن�( ٨) الد�ر�س�

�د�ل� �ب )Badal-al(-ال

�د�أ �ت �م�ب �خ� ال �ر ال � ب

ج�ل�هذ�ا . الر� �ر �اج� . This man is a trader ت

�د�ل� �ب ( al-badal)ال

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In the above example the ism ج�ل� is الر� grammatically known as

�د�ل� �ب ,)al-badal( ال it used in a sentence in order to give ��د �ي �و�ك ت)emphasis( and ��ان �ي .clarity or explanation( to the word that precedes it( ب

So in the above example the ism ج�ل� is giving emphasis and clarity الر�

to the word ,ه�ذ�ا it is telling us that the one being indicated to is ‘the man’.It can also be understood that the badal is the same the thing as the word which precedes it, i.e. the man is the one being indicated to and the one being indicated to is the man.

Another example can be used to explain this, if I had a book in my hand

which I was indicating to and I said to my teacher, ‘this is new’ ه�ذ�ا' ��د It would be understood that the book is new and if I was to .'ج�د�ي

mention the book in my sentence I would say in Arabic, �ك�تاب� ال ه�ذ�ا��د .ج�د�ي By mentioning ' �ك�تاب� ,'ال I have put a �اد�ة � ز�ي )extra or

additional word in the sentence which is known as د�ل�� �ب al-badal(. It( ال

is important to note here that if I were to say in Arabic, ‘ �ك�تاب� ال ’ه�ذ�اthis would not be considered to be a complete or beneficial sentence. To

make it a beneficial sentence we must add a ��ر ب khabar(, as shown in( خ�

the example above. The subject of د�ل�� �ب and the types of al-badal will الbe covered later on inshaallaah.

م� �س� �م�قص�و�ر� اإل �م�قص�و�ر� ال ال م� �س� اإل

�م�د�رiس� �ل �ام�ن� ا �ك م�ر��ي� م�ن� أ الط�ال�ب� �ر�و� �ت �ل �ك �ن The teacher. اإ

is from America and the student is from England.

��ل�ى ح�ام�د إ ف�ىذ�ه�ب� �ش� ت �م�س� .Hamid went to the hospital.ال

م� �س� �قص�و�ر� ال�م اإل

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: �ف� �ع�ر�ي �ف� الت �ل أ ه� آخ�ر� �ب م�ع�ر� �م اس� ه�و� �م�قص�و�ر� ال م� �س� اإل�ز�م�ة �و�ح�ة ال م�ف�ت

�ه�ا �ل ق�ب .و� م�ا �ات� ك �ح�ر� ال �ع� ج�م�ي �ه� �ي ع�ل �ق�د�ر� ت

Definition: al-ismul-maqsoor, it is an ism mu’rab which has an inseparable or binding alif on its end and the letter before it takes a fatha and all the vowel markings on it are not apparent.

The words ف�ى �ش� ت ا،م�س� �ر� �ت �ل �ك �ن �ا،م�و�س�ى،إ �ك م�ر�ي� all end with an أ

binding alif or the letter ى which looks like the letter ي )ya( except that it doesn’t have the two dots but it is pronounced as an alif. Also the

ismul-maqsoor is �ب mu’rab( it takes( م�ع�ر� اب� �ع�ر� �إل al-I’raab( but( ا

the I’raab is ��ر �قد�ي )taqdeer( ت not apparent. The examples above illustrate this, the ismul-maqsoor )nouns ending with the binding alif at

the end( are preceded by iر �ج� ال و�ف� but the change caused by the ح�ر�

iر �ج� ال و�ف� is ح�ر� not apparent, the case of pر �ج� �ل al-jarr( cannot be( اseen. The Ismul-maqsoor falls into one of the categories or types of

words where the I’raab is ا �ر+ �قد�ي please refer back to the definition of( تI’raab(.

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