Grammar Notebook Part Two Nouns

Nouns

• Definition: a word which shows a person, place, thing, or idea

• Classification:– Number: singular or plural– Gender : masculine, feminine, neuter– Case: nominative, genitive, dative,

accusative, ablative, vocative, locative

• Declension: based on genitive singular (second form of vocabulary listing)– ae 1st

– i 2nd

– is 3rd

– us 4th

– ei 5th

• Base: remove the genitive singular ending• Mater, matris = matr

• Vocabulary Listing– Nominative singular– Genitive singular– Gender– Definition– Example• Ursus, ursi m. bear

First declension

• Singular plual• Nom a ae• Gen ae arum• Dat ae is• Acc am as• Abl a* is• Voc a ae

2nd masculine

• Singular plural• Nom us/er i• Gen i orum• Dat o is• Acc um os• Abl o* is• Voc e/er/i i

2nd Neuter

• Singular plural• Nom um a• Gen i orum• Dat o is• Acc um a• Abl o is• Voc um a

3rd declension masculine and feminine

• Singular plural• Nom varies es• Gen is um, ium*• Dat i ibus• Acc em es• Abl e ibus• Voc repeat nom. es

I-stem Rules

• For masculine and feminine nouns using “ium” for genitive plural– Mono syllable nom. Sing with base ending in two

consonants• Nox, noctis yes• Pax, pacis no

– Nominative singular ends with “is” or “es” and genitive and nominative have same number of sylables (parasyllabic)

I-stem rules

– Nominative singular ends with “ns” or “rs”• Pars, partis yes

• For Neuter nouns: use “ium” for gen.sing, “ia” for nom. Pl, acc. Pl, voc pl. and “i” for abl. Sing– Basically just these nouns• Animal, animalis (animal)• Mare, maris(sea)• Calcar, calcaris(spur)

4th declension masculine and feminine

• Singular plural• Nom us us• Gen us uum• Dat ui ibus• Acc um us• Abl u ibus• Voc us us

5th declension masculine and feminine

• Singular plural• Nom es es• Gen ei erum• Dat ei ebus• Acc em es• Abl e ebus• Voc es es

The Neuter Rule

• All neuter nouns, adjectives, and pronouns repeat their nominative form for their accusative and vocative. You must use subject verb agreement and context clues to determine the noun’s function in these cases.

2nd dec neuter

• Sing pl• Nom um a• Gen i orum• Dat o is• Acc um a• Abl o is• Voc um a

3rd declension neuter

• Sing pl• Nom varies a, ia• Gen is um, ium• Dat i ibus• Acc repeat nom. a, ia• Abl e ibus• Voc repeat nom. a, ia

4th dec neuter

• Sing pl• Nom u ua• Gen us uum• Dat u ibus• Acc u ua• Abl u ibus• Voc u ua

Irregular Noun: vis, vis f. Force, violence

• Sing pl• Nom vis vires• Gen vis virium• Dat viri viribus• Acc vim vires• Abl vi viribus• Voc vis vires

Nominative Case

• Subject: main noun of the sentence– With active verb, person or thing doing the verb

• Quintilla servat infantem.

– With passive verbs, person or thing receiving the verb• Infans servatur a Quintilla.

– Subject verb agreement:• A singular verb takes a singular subject.• A plural verb takes a plural subject• Examples

– Puella vocat– Puellae vocant

Nominative Case

• Predicate Nominative: renames the subject after a linking verb ( some form of sum, esse, fui, futurus)– Quintilla est ancilla.

Vocative Case

• Used to call someone or something– Frequently used with imperatives and questions– Same endings as nominative except second

declension masculine which uses an “e”– Example:• Sylvia, fer aquam!

Genitive case “of”

• Possession– Whoever/whatever owns something = genitive

• Cerberus erat Plutonis canis.

• Description– With an adjective, the genitive can modify a noun.– Caesar erat dux magnae virtutis.

• Quantity– Used with special adjectives that denote quantity such as

satis, nimium, nimis, plus, plenus et al.– Whatever you have a quantity of uses the genitive

• Titus bibit nimium vini.

GENITIVE

• Used with the following adjectives:avidus,conscius, cupidus, expers, memor, immemor, nescius, peritus, plenus, studiosus, similis, dissimlis– Cato erat expers humilitatis.– Cato was lacking in humility.

GENITIVE

• used with impersonal verbs to show the cause of feelings– me taedet calidae aestate– i am tired of the hot summer

GENITIVE

• Value: tells how much something is worth– Domitian putavit suum fratrem titum nullius

momenti– Domitian thought his brother titus of no

importance.

GENITIVE

• Partitive: tells the group of which a part is mentioned

• Part of the girls were laughing.• Pars puellarum ridebat.

GENITIVE

• Used with special verbs , especially of remembering or forgetting– Oblita sum pecuniae– I was forgetful of money

Dative Case “to, for”

• With necesse est– The person or things for whom it is necessary will

use the dative– Necesse est matri adiuvare suos liberos.

• Indirect Object– Shows to whom or for whom something is given,

shown or told– Dedit Marco pecuniam.

Dative

• Special verbs– A group of verbs that take their direct object in

the dative instead of the accusative– Some of these are:• Noceo, credo, pareo, placeo, placet, faveo, studeo,

persuadeo, respondeo, appropinquo, obsto, prosum, expedio, cedo, licet, fido,opitulor, medeo, parco, resisto, invideo, irascor, minor, studeo, displicet, impero, suadeo, dissuadeo, libet• Credo meae matri.

DATIVE

• SOME VERBS WILL USE THIS CASE FOR THE OBJECT: APPROPINQUO, CONFIDO, DIFFIDO, CONSULO, CREDO, FAVEO, GRATULOR, IGNOSCO, IMMINEO, INDULGEO, INVIDEO, IRASCOR, MEDEOR, NOCEO, NUBO, OBSTO, OCCURRO, SUCCURRO, PARCO, PAREO, PERSUADEO, PLACEO, DISPLICEO, PRAECIPIO, RESISTO, SERVIO, STUDEO, SUBVENIO

Dative

• With compound verbs– Many compound verbs will use the dative for their

direct object instead of the accusative– Verbs compounded with ad, ante, circum, con, in,

inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, and super are most commonly used this way

– Example• Omnibus eius consiliis occurri.• I withstood all his plans• Occurri is a compound of ob and curro

DATIVE

• COMPOUNDS OF SUM EXCEPT POSSUM, ABSUM, INSUM ARE FOLLOWED BY THE DATIVE:adsum, desum,intersum,praesum,prosum, supersum

• SOME COMPOUND VERBS BOTH TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE ALSO TAKE THE DATIVE

DATIVE

• TO SHOW POSSESSION WITH A FORM OF SUM– ERAT CORIOLANI BELLUM.– THERE WAS A WAR FOR CORILANUS.

DATIVE

• ADVANTAGE: TO WHOSE ADVANTAGE/DISADVANTAGE

– CATO SERVAVIT REM PUBLICAM ROMINIS,– CATO SAVED THE REBULIC FOR THE ROMANS.

DATIVE

USED TO SHOW PURPOSE FOR WHICH SOMETHING IS DONE OR EXISTSCAESAR LEGIT OCTAVIANUM HEREDI.CAESAR CHOOSES OCTAVIUS FOR HIS HEIR.

DATIVE

• SEPARATION: FROM WHOM/WHAT SOMETHING IS SEPARATED

– LUCRETIA RAPTA EST COLLATINO.– LUCRATIA WAS SNATCHED FROM COLLATINUS.

DATIVE

• SHOWS THE PERSON/THING OBLIGATED TO PERFORM THE PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC– CARTHAGO DELENDA EST ROMANIS.– CARTHAGE MUST BE DESTROYED BY THE

ROMANS.

Accusative Case

• Direct Object:– Follows an action verb and answers who or what

after the verb• This is noun the verb happens to• Caesar amat suam uxorem et uxores alterorum

quoque.

Accusative Case

• Object of prepositions– Most Latin prepositions use the accusative case for their

objects (ask what after the preposition)– In(into), ad (to,…) adversus (against), ante (before,…)apud

(at,…)circiter (about), circum (around), cis (this side of) contra (against), erga (toward), infra (below), inter (between), intra (within), iuxta (next to), ob (on account of), per (through), post (after, behind), prope (near), praeter (beyond, past…), propter (on account of), secundum (following…), super (over…) supra (above), trans (across), ultra (beyond)

– Ambulamus trans pontem.

ACCUSATIVE

• DURATION: TELLS HOW LONG SOMETHING LASTS– CELEBRAVIMUS TOTUM MENSEM.– We celebrated the whole month.

ACCUSATIVE

• PLACE TO: SHOWS MOTION TOWARD– NAVIGAMUS AD SICILIAM– WE ARE SAILING TO SICILY

ACCUSATIVE

• EXTENT: TELLS HOW FAR SOMETHING GOES

– THE WALL EXTENDED FOR THREE MILES.– MURUS TENDIT TRES MILIA PASSUUM.

ACCUSATIVE

• SUBJECT OF INDIRECT STATEMENT– CATO PUTAVIT CARTHAGINEM DEBERE DELERI.– CATO THOUGHT HTAT CARTHAGE OUGHT TO BE

DESTROYED.

ACCUSATIVE

• EXCLAMATION– ME MISERUM!– POOR ME!

ABLATIVE

• GENERALLY ANSWERS THE QUESTIONS WHERE? WHEN? HOW? WHY?

Ablative

• Time: shows when– No preposition– Advenimus nocte.

• Special prepositions: These prepositions use the ablative for their objects.– A, abs, ab (from, by), de (from, down, about), e,ex

(from, out of), cum (with), prae (before, in front), pro ( for, in front of), sine (without), in (in), sub (under)

– Sine aqua mortui erunt.

Ablative

• Place where: shows location– Use “in” or “sub”– In villa habitamus.

• Place from: shows motion away from– Use “a,ab,abs,de,e,ex”– E villa ambulavi.

• Cause : shows reason why without preposition– Suis victoriis laeti sunt.

Ablative

• Manner: shows style or manner– Can use “cum” or can omit “cum” with an adjective– Currit cum celeritate.– Currit cum magna celeritate/magna celeritate.

• Means: shows means or instrument used to accomplish an action– No preposition in Latin but translate with “by: or

“with” into English; should not be a person– Vulneratus erat gladio.

Ablative

• Personal Agent: person who does the action of a passive verb– Use preposition “a,ab”– A Marco vulneratus est.

• Price: shows how much something costs– No preposition– Does not have to be money.– Vendam tibi porcum octo denariis.– Vendam tibi porcum duobus amphoris vini.

ABLATIVE

• TIME: SHOWS WHEN SOMETHING HAPPENS; NO PREPOSITION– AT THE NINTH HOUR, CATO WENT TO HIS

FRIEND’S HOUSE,– NONA HORA CATON AD SUI AMICI VILLAM VENIT.

ABLATIVE

• COMPARISON: WHEN COMPARING TWO THINGS, THE SECOND CAN BE PUT IN THE ABLATIVE WITHOUT A PREPOSITION– CINNCINNATUS ERAT FIDELIOR PATRIAE SULLA.– CINNCINNATUS WAS MORE FAITHFUL TO HIS

COUNTRY THAN SULLA.

ABLATIVE

• DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE: USUALLY USED WITH COMPARISON TO SHOW HOW MUCH THE DIFFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO COMPARED ITEMS IS– CINNCINNATUS ERAT MULTO FIDELIOR SULLA.– CINNCINNATUS WAS MUCH MORE LOYAL THAN

SULLA.

ABLATIVE

• PRICE: SHOWS THE PRICE PAID– CAESAR ‘S FRIENDSHIP WITH BRUTUS WAS AT A

CONSIDERABLE PRICE– CAESARIS AMICITIA CUM BRUTO ERAT MAGNO

PRETIO– SHOWS THE SPECIFIC PRICE • LUCILLA VENDEBATUR CENTUM DENARIIS.• LUCILLA WAS BEING SOLD FOR 100 DENARII.

ABLATIVE

• DIRECT OBJECT OF THE FOLLOWING VERBS: FRUOR(ENJOY, HAVE BENEFIT OF), FUNGOR,(PERFORM, DISCHARGE) POTIOR(GAIN POSSESSION OF) , UTOR( USE), VESCOR ( FEED ON)

• UTA SUM MEIS PECUNIIS DONO.• I USED MY OWN MONEY FOR THE GIFT.

ABLATIVE

• DESCRIPTION: A NOUN AND ADJECTIVE DESCRIBE ANOTHER NOUN WITHOUT A PREPOSITION

• CATO ERAT VIR DURIS SENTENTIIS.• Cato was a man of harsh opinions.

Ablative

• Specification• Separation• With cardinal numbers

Ablative Absolute

• Two words in the ablative which establish conditions for the main clause but are not grammatically connected to any word of the main clause.

• Can be:– Noun and participle– Two nouns– Noun and adjective

Ablative Absolute

• The ablative absolute is a very commonly used construction with a participle. It allows you to combine two thoughts concisely.– Urbe perdita, milites iter faciebant ad castra.– Discipulo dormiente, magister erat irata.

• However, you need to add English words such as “when, after, because, since, during, while” to sound more fluent in English when you translate.

Time and Space Constructions

• Time– When = ablative without a preposition

• At the fourth hour, we will sail.• Quartā horā navigabimus.

– Within which= Ablative with no preposition• Establishes a time frame but not a duration• Within this month we will sail.• Hāc mense navigabimus.

– Duration of time = accusative with no preposition• Shows how long • For three months we will sail.• Tres menses navigabimus.

• Place– Place from = ablative with a, ab,e, ex, de• Shows motion away from • With names of cities, towns, and small islands, the

preposition can be omitted.– Navigabimus e Carthagine. ( optional preposition)– Navigabimus Carthagine. ( omitted preposition) – Navigabimus e Africā ( required preposition)

• Place to = accusative plus prepositions “ad” ( to, toward, near)in (into), sub( up to, at the foot of)– Preposition can be omitted with small islands, cities

and towns– Navigamus ad insulam. ( required preposition)– Navigamus ad Romam. ( optional preposition)– Navigamus Romam. (omitted preposition)– For domus (home) and rus ( country) use domum (to

the house, home) and rus ( to the country)

• Place where– For normal nouns, use the ablative and the preposition

“in” or “sub”• Habitavimus in multis villis.

– For cities, towns, small islands use the locative• First declension ae or arum• 2nd declension o or is• 3rd declension singular e or sometimes i• 3rd declension plural ibus• Habitavimus Romae.• For domus (home) or rus (country), domo for home, rure for

countryside

• Extent of space: shows how far without a preposition with the accusative– Navigabimus viginti milia passum.– We sailed for 20 miles.