graduate thesis book
DESCRIPTION
ÂTRANSCRIPT
Cover Type: Hardcover, ImagewrapBook Size: Standard Landscape 10x8Page Count: 100Paper Type: Premium Lustre (100# Text)
These instructions should not appear in your exported pdf.
Please be sure to complete your Pages design prior to creating your Cover template. The Page Count must be exact when creating your Cover template.
Please note, all critical text and art should appear within this gray area. Any content outside this area may be unevenly trimmed or hidden when the book is bound. If you would like your artwork to extend to the very edge of your finished book then pull your artwork edge to the red bleed line.
Be sure to review your exported PDF in an outside program (like Adobe Reader) to ensure it appears correctly and without these instructions.
Further info can be found at http://www.blurb.com/apps/indesign-plugin.
BACK COVER FRONT COVER
The placeholder ISBN below is to show you where the ISBN will be printed on your book. All Trade Books require this ISBN. If you have chosen not to include an ISBN on your Photo Book or Magazine, you may ignore this placeholder.
← Spine H
inge Crease →
← S
pine
Hin
ge C
reas
e →
manifestInterior Design and the Prosthetics Revolution
NEXT
man
ifest
NEX
TRD
ID
RD IDRae Duncan Interior Design
Harrington College of Design Master of Arts in Interior Design
Rae Duncan
11
2 3
raeduncanid.com
Harrington College of Design
RD IDRae Duncan Interior Design
Master of Arts in Interior Design
manifestInterior Design and the Prosthetics Revolution
NEXT
Graduate Thesis Rae Duncan
Chicago, IL
Roz Solomon and Rob Duncan for their constant love, support, and encouragement.
Dedicated to
2 3
4 5
Certification
This is to certify the written portion of the thesis prepared by Rae Duncan, titled “Manifest Next: Interior Design and the Prosthetics Revolution” has been approved by her committee and meets the requirements to complete the degree of Masters of Arts in Interior Design at Harrington College of Design. Completed December 18, 2015.
Louis Raia, Thesis Committee Chair
Demetra Vartzikos, Thesis Committee Reader
Daniela Ghertovici, Outside Thesis Committee Member, Reader
4 5
6 7
Table of Contents
Case Studies- Hugh HerrCase Studies- Neri Oxman Case Studies- Oliveira Barrata
Thesis Statement
Table of Contents
DefinitionsIntroduction
Researcher Bio
Lineage
Certification 461112131718202224
Material and Color Palette
User Experience
Design Continuum
Site Selection User Groups
Design Drivers
Design Concept
Case Studies- Warby Parker 2629313238404243
Lounge Entry Bar Level 3 Floorplan
Level 2 Floorplan
Level 1 Floorplan
Accessories Counter Entry
Level 1 isometric
Level 2 Isometric
Massing and Programming 44454748495051525354
Gallery
Seminar Space
3D Printing Lab
Level 4 Floorplan Level 4 Isometric
Prosthetics Lab
Exterior of Seminar Space
Level 3 isometric 5556575859606162
Table of Contents
6 7
8 9
Table of Contents
Bibliography
Level 5 Isometric
Exam Room Conclusion
Reception
Appendix A, List of Illustrations
Level 5 Floorplan 64656667687074
Appendix B, Thesis Paper 78
8 9
10 11
Researcher My interest in the healthcare field, particularly the disabled, stems from growing up with a mother who was ill, disabled, and in a wheelchair. Even before the wheelchair, my mother used a cane and a walker, and wore a very basic prosthetic on her leg to help her bend her knee so she could walk. As a child, I became very familiar with the limited assistance from social services as well as the negative stigma associated with the handicapped. Staring and avoidance were common. Moving through space was exceedingly difficult, as not many spaces were built to fully accommodate a wheelchair. As a designer, I am interested in Interior Design as a tool that can help normalize what we see as abnormal, even make the abnormal cool and attractive, creating a more inclusive society. Interior design can shape how people perceive others and their environment.
Bio
10 11
12 13
WWw
Prosthetics Are EverywhereIn modern society, people use prosthetics all day, every day. Humans, disabled and non-disabled, rely heavily on prosthetics such as phones and cars.
The human environment is full of prosthetics as well. Columns, glass, and steel support massive structures to house us. There are interior prosthetics like stairs, elevators, doors and windows that shelter us and help us utilize space that would be inaccessible otherwise. Interior décor of all kinds is a prosthetic.
12 13
Prosthetic, traditional definition The origin of the word prosthetic is Greek and the translation means “addition.” Merriam Webster defines prosthetic as, “an artificial device to replace or augment a missing or impaired part of the body”.
Prosthetic, new definition A functional and/ or aesthetic artificial device to replace or augment the human body or the human environment to benefit the user.
CyborgA person whose physical abilities are extended beyond normal human limitations by mechanical elements built into the body.
BionicHaving normal biological performance and capability through the use of electromechanical devices.
Definitions
14 15
There is currently a paradigm shift in the field of prosthetics because of the rapid advancement in design technologies. Growing movements like trans-humanism, craving greater integration of man and machine will also propel this field forward.
Prosthetics and accessories are more customizable and affordable than ever before. This new accessibility will meet the demand of multigenerational consumers craving a unique mechanism to express their personal identity.
The human body has limited functioning even in a non-disabled person. As technology advances, the unaltered body will prove to be insufficient and the use of more prosthetics- life enhancing designed objects- will be necessary to facilitate normal human life.
14 15
In a medical sense, many of us are already cyborg- part machine. Unseen prosthetics like cochlear implants, pain management implants, artificial joint and bone replacements for shoulders, knees, and hips are commonplace.
16 17
Workspace
Workspace
Workspace
Humans have created an infrastructure of prosthetics, designed objects, technologies, and environments that help them overcome limitations. With the rapid advancement of technology, prosthetics will become increasingly pervasive; both functionally and as fashionable expressions of individuality.
Interior design, which is a functional and aesthetic prosthetic to the human environment, can help transform the way society integrates, perceives, and uses prosthetic devices. Prosthetics and interiors are part of the same system; the design continuum of buildings, interiors, objects, and fashion. Collective identity can be developed through a combination of these elements.
There is a need for a cutting edge retail facility that will demonstrate the function, beauty, and ubiquity of prosthetics. This environment will de-stigmatize those prosthetics related to trauma and age and it will help expand the market for a multitude of individualized products, normalizing and expanding the prosthetics market.
Thesis
16 17
18 19Time
424 B.C.
1500’s
1800 Civil War
WWII
1957
1985
2015
WWI
2000
LineageTe
chno
logy
Traditional prosthetics have a history dating all the way back to 424 B.C. A leg of bronze and iron was found in Capua Italy dating back to this time. Generally, only the wealthy would be fitted with a hook or peg leg that was actually functional. Many people did not live through the procedure so demand for prosthetics didn’t grow until around 1500.
The American Civil War’s devastation led to many new developments in prosthetics. After the Civil war, some states, like North Carolina, offered primitive prosthetic limbs to veteran amputees. The use of rubber in prosthetics came out of this time period as well as the foot prosthetic with pneumatic functions.
After World War One, prosthetics were relatively difficult to get. They were very expensive and many were better off finding a blacksmith to make a hook for a hand rather than trying to find an actual prosthetic. Many others were confined to wheelchairs.
In the 20th Century many advancements were made in prosthetics; cochlear implants were appearing as early as 1957. A prosthetic for use after breast removal was patented as well as joint replacement prosthetics in the seventies.
Recently, advances in bionic technology have advanced the field of prosthetics. This has made prosthetics more “real” and lifelike than ever before.
The way prosthetics are manufactured and procured has changed more in the past thirty years than in the previous 2000. The capacity for 3D printers to manufacture fully functioning limbs has changed the prosthetic marketplace.
New materials and technologies are making it possible for designers and technicians to make prosthetics available and affordable to everyone. Prosthetics have also advanced aesthetically. People can opt to make and create a multitude of individualized prosthetics, both for fashion and function.
18 19
20 21
Hugh HerrHugh Herr
“Even today, permanent assistive devices are viewed by the physically challenged as separate, lifeless mechanisms and not intimate extensions of the human body- structurally, neurologically, and dynamically. The biomechanics group seeks to advance technologies that promise to accelerate merging of body and machine, including device architectures that resemble the body’s own musculoskeleton design.”
MIT Media Lab
Traditional prosthetics have a history dating all the way back to 424 B.C. A leg of bronze and iron was found in Capua Italy dating back to this time. Generally, only the wealthy would be fitted with a hook or peg leg that was actually functional. Many people did not live through the procedure so demand for prosthetics didn’t grow until around 1500.
The American Civil War’s devastation led to many new developments in prosthetics. After the Civil war, some states, like North Carolina, offered primitive prosthetic limbs to veteran amputees. The use of rubber in prosthetics came out of this time period as well as the foot prosthetic with pneumatic functions.
After World War One, prosthetics were relatively difficult to get. They were very expensive and many were better off finding a blacksmith to make a hook for a hand rather than trying to find an actual prosthetic. Many others were confined to wheelchairs.
In the 20th Century many advancements were made in prosthetics; cochlear implants were appearing as early as 1957. A prosthetic for use after breast removal was patented as well as joint replacement prosthetics in the seventies.
Recently, advances in bionic technology have advanced the field of prosthetics. This has made prosthetics more “real” and lifelike than ever before.
The way prosthetics are manufactured and procured has changed more in the past thirty years than in the previous 2000. The capacity for 3D printers to manufacture fully functioning limbs has changed the prosthetic marketplace.
New materials and technologies are making it possible for designers and technicians to make prosthetics available and affordable to everyone. Prosthetics have also advanced aesthetically. People can opt to make and create a multitude of individualized prosthetics, both for fashion and function.
20 21
w
Hugh Herr is the head of the Biomechanics Research Group at the MIT Media Lab.
Herr believes that, “a human being can never be broken, technology is broken, technology is inadequate”. He strives to increase human ability so there is no gap between the non-disabled and the disabled in function. He says, “eventually they will rid the world of disability”.
Herr has also in some ways begun to normalize the prosthetic device by proving that it can not only provide normal functioning, but that prosthetics will allow humans to exceed normal functioning. Herr has developed prosthetics for the non-disabled. In the future, it is likely that most people will use an exoskeleton for running to have less impact on their joints.
22 23
Oliveira Barata
22 23
Neri Oxman, an associate professor at MIT, formed the group known as Mediated Matter.
Oxman focuses on how, “digital design and fabrication technologies mediate between matter and the environment to radically transform the design and production of objects.” In enhancing the relationship between objects and the environment, she began to develop sculptural prosthetic pieces that could be worn by users.
Oxman’s fashion prosthetics are additions to the human form and have no other function. Herr and Oxman believe that in the future people will be wearing bionic clothing that adjusts to their body’s individual needs.
Neri Oxman
24 25
Oliveira Barata
24 25
Oliveira Barata is an artist trained in prosthetics. She started the Alternative Limb Project, which provides amputees and prosthetics wearers many options for their devices.
Her creations can either blend naturally into the human body or they can be wild artistic creations.
One of her clients, Kiera Roche, said, “I think losing a limb has a massive impact on one’s self esteem and body image. Having a beautifully crafted limb designed for you makes you feel special and worthy.” And singer, Viktoria Modesta, said, “The first time I wore a limb that was so obviously BIONIC, it gave me a total sense of uniqueness and feeling like a mutant human, in the best way possible.”
26 2726 27
Warby Parker Warby Parker is a new retail chain that sells glasses which are customizable medical prosthetics. This retail chain has made glasses more affordable and also turned this prosthetic into an affordable fashion accessory.
Their interiors are unique and simple with a lot of mirrors, a reader kiosk, and library ladders. Dave Gilboa, one of the founders, said, “What I think Apple did tremendously well when they launched retail was not to focus on how to shove as many products into the footprint as possible. It was really focused around creating a magical experience. That’s what we’ve tried to create here.”
28 29
The Design Continuum
w
28 29
These three specialists, Hugh Herr, Neri Oxman, and Oliveria Barrata represent three common themes in the design disciplines; technology, aesthetics, and customization.
Architecture
Interiors
Fashion
Designed Objects
Aesthetics
Customization
Technology
Technology like robotics and 3d printing is changing the cost and production time of products in all three areas. It is also increasing the capacity for affordable customization and expanding the possibilities for a variety of new aesthetic possibilities. .
30 31
w
30 31
Design Drivers
Identity
Accessibility
Technology
Biology
Materiality
It is crucial that a retail location have its own identity and branding in order for it to successfully communicate its concept and attract consumers.
Accessibility is important on several levels. In working with disabled people, the facility needs to be highly accessible to people with prosthetics or wheelchairs, but it also must be highly accessible to the general public; meaning that it have a high level of visibility and a clear public presence
Technology is central to the design because of its connection to the human condition and to the evolution of prosthetics . It is extremely important to blend technology into the built environment to fully integrate prosthetics culture with interior design.
At its core, interior design is about the intersection of human biology and ever-changing technology; its main purpose is to help us function more efficiently and improve our quality of life. This is key to the design concept because the design emphasizes the prosthetic attributes of the built environment and emphasizes how these elements are incorporated into the organic forms of the human body.
Materiality is imperative in that it will help communicate the concept by emphasizing the transitions between interior design prosthetics.
32 33
WW
Site Selection 633 N Michigan Ave, Chicago IL 60611
The Burberry Flagship Store
32 33
34 35
WW
633 N Michigan
Downtown Chicago
Proximity to the Rehab Institute of Chicago
633 N Michigan
RIC
Proximity to Downtown Chicago
The site is a short walk from the Rehab Institute of Chicago, which is one of the leading rehabilitation hospitals in the world. People come from around the globe to get medical care at the RIC for many catastrophic conditions.
Putting it in proximity to local and visiting patients that have prosthetic needs will facilitate exposure to the disabled community.
34 35
36 37
The Magnificent Mile Retail Map
This site was also chosen because of its location on the famous “Magnificent Mile,” a distinguished shopping epicenter in the heart of Chicago.
By locating the site where it has the highest level of visibility to tourists and local residents, normal consumer culture and prosthetics culture can be integrated.
36 37
38 39
WWw
Everyone Uses Prosthetics
38 39
Everyone is a user of prosthetics. The general public can use the public spaces such as the gallery, bar, and viewing area to learn more about the prosthetics industry and prosthetics culture.
It will appeal to people who want to wear a prosthetic as a fashion accessory. The possibilities for prosthetics are as endless as the customer’s imagination. Disabled people can make aesthetic alterations to their device and design a new limb or device to improve function
40 41
User Experience
“Disabled” Individuals
“Non-disabled” Individuals
Optional
40 41
User Experience for someone with a disability:
• Users would first make an appointment.• They would have their records transferred before coming to the Michigan Avenue location. • Upon arrival, they would check in with the information desk and go to the 5th floor to meet a prosthetist. • And finally, their custom prosthetic would be manufactured.
Users who are non-disabled:
• Users would Arrive at the store and check in with the information desk to receive a tablet to guide them through the experience and see a designer if required.• Users could look around the showroom for inspiration.• Users would then meet with a designer.• And finally, their custom prosthetic would be manufactured.
For both groups, the option of shopping at the accessories counter and showroom is available at all times as well as spending time in the bar and gallery. Customers can purchase ready made prosthetics from the showroom as well.
42 43
Design ConceptThe physical interior experience is inspired by the organic structures of the human form, built around manufactured elements.
These elements provide prosthetic support to the functions of interior systems and spaces.
The intention of the physical space is to amplify the retail experience by highlighting the intention of good prosthetics.
Contrasts and connections will illuminate this relationship through the use of form, color, and
materiality.
Material and Color Palette
Neutrality is central to the physical concept. The environment is meant to accentuate the products and exhibits as well as the manufactured elements in the existing structure, some which will retain their natural material for added emphasis.
White is central to this neutrality and chosen for its connotation of “wholeness.” Being whole is not exclusive of having manufactured parts and pieces.
There will also be hints of red throughout the space, the physical color of life and of blood. Red is often excluded from environments of health and wellness because it brings the anatomy to light. In this instance, it needs to be highlighted to pronounce and accent this correlation. In addition, red is also energizing, positive, and motivating.
Gold is used throughout the public spaces, which adds warmth and is also associated with
luxury and quality.
42 43
44 45
Level 2Massing and Programming
Showroom Information Accessories Counter
Level 1
Bar
Level 2
Prosthetics Labs
Level 3
Seminar Room
Level 4
Exam Rooms
Level 5
Gallery
Designers Prosthetists
Floor Plan Level 1
44 45
46 47
Floor Plan Level 1, Main Entry and vertical Circulation
Materiality
Isometric, Level 1
Technology
Accessibility
Materiality
46 47
48 49
Level 1, Accessories Counter
View of the accessories counter and information desk; visitors can stop at the accessory counter for a premade prosthetic accessory. The columns remain visible through the organic structure encasing them. Visitors can also see the displays at the back of the showroom through the prosthetic glass.
Level 1, Entry
View of entry into the facility; the information desk is immediately accessible to visitors who can acquire a tablet and use technology to guide them through the space. The ceiling is a wayfinding device that helps circulate guests around the showroom and over to the stairs and elevator on the south side of the building. The bar is above on the second level.
48 49
50 51
Floor Plan, Level 2 Isometric, Level 2
Materiality
Identity
Biology
50 51
52 53
Level 2 Bar
Level 2, Lounge Entry
View of lounge entry; the elevators are all glass to emphasize their prosthetic nature and to give visitors constant visibility into the spaces. The Bar uses pop culture references, images and films to illustrate how prosthetics are evolving into something trendy and desirable.
Level 2, Bar
The bar and the view down to the first floor; again, there are many visual references to prosthetics in pop culture and prosthetics as high fashion. A bar is vital to this facility as the typology itself accentuates biology, promoting interaction and exposing our humanity. There is a prosthetic web that covers
52 53
54 5554
Floor Plan Level 3 Isometric Level 3
Technology
Accessibility
Materiality
Biology
Identity
54 55
56 5757
Level 3, 3D Printing Lab
The 3D Printer Lab; This space is about technology and biology. It is the space where products are manufactured. There is a wall covering that is a prosthetic illustrating something organic. This space is primarily used by designers, but visitors can be brought in to watch their prosthetic being made.
Level 3, Prosthetics Lab
The prosthetics lab; This space is where prosthetics are modeled. It is central to the concept and to the identity of the facility. Visitors are brought to this space to be fitted and to make adjustments to their designed prosthetic.
56 57
58 5958
Floor Plan Level 4 Isometric Level 4
Technology
Identity
Materiality
58 59
60 6160
Level 4, Seminar Space
Level four is about educating visitors about prosthetics culture. There are videos to inform people about what the most current technological advancements are and about the history of prosthetics. In this space, prosthetic columns are highlighted in gold, and prosthetic glass creates a transparent barrier between viewing space and the space where videos are shown and guest speakers present. Visibility is key, as it helps ensure that the facility’s identity is constantly reinforced.
Level 4, Exterior of the Seminar Space
60 61
62 63
Level 4, Gallery
The gallery is where historical artifacts relating to prosthetics are on display as well as the most cutting edge prosthetics. This space highlights technology, materiality, identity, and accessibility. Visitors can look down into the 3D printer lab from this area. The floor has an organic, transparent network etched into it, revealing the floor below.
62 63
64 65
Floor Plan Level 5 Isometric Level 5
Technology
Biology Accessibility
Identity
64 65
66 67
Level 5 Reception
A view of reception. The red used here emphasizes biology, which is a primary function of this space. Visitors come to this level to meet with designers and prosthetists and have their body scanned for fitting. The floor is concrete to expose the raw material and there are skylights, a prosthetic for illumination. They also let some natural light in, again blending the organic with the mechanical.
Level 5, Exam Room
66 67
68 69
Conclusion
Normalizing the disabled by emphasizing the cyborg in everyone will destigmatize disabled people. In modern society there are few people who don’t rely on some kind of modern prosthetic on a daily basis. Emphasizing the every day prosthetic and redefining the term prosthetic can help change the way people think about prosthetics, whether its an arm, a column, or a telephone. Interior design can help with this shift in perception. Interior design is dependent on many prosthetics, much like the human body, and as such, it is an ideal visual and physical analogy. It highlights the prevalence of prosthetics and in contrast with the human condition can help change the way people visualize prosthetics.
In a retail space, the community will see the kinds of prosthetics that are being produced and a large number of people will want them, disabled and able bodied people will want them because they are attractive and unique. They can be both aesthetic and functional. This represents a paradigm shift. It represents the integration of human prosthetics into the built environment. It is a new way for people to procure prosthetics in the marketplace. The lab also could lead to a new, comprehensive area of study. A study that combined engineering, biology, and design, which would bring research together and build cohesion. It would unify different spheres of knowledge and benefit the users of all types.
68 69
70 71
“A Global Network of Passionate Volunteers Using 3D Printing To Give The World A “Helping Hand.” Enabling the Future. Accessed September 21, 2015. http://enablingthefuture.org/about/
Aiden, H., and McCarthy, A. “Current attitudes towards disabled people,” Scope. Last modified May, 2014. https://www.scope.org.uk/Scope/media/Images/Publication%20Directory/Current-attitudes-towards-disabled-people.pdf?ext=.pdf
“Alleles Design Studio brings fashion to prosthetic limbs.” Dezeen. Last modified January 7, 2015. http://www.dezeen.com/2015/01/07/alleles-design-studio-prosthetic-limb-covers-fashion/.
“Amputation Statistics.” Center for Orthotic and Prosthetic Care. Accessed July 27th, 2015. http://www.centerop-care.com.
“Apple Watch.” Wikipedia. Accessed September 15, 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Watch.
Armour, Stephanie. “Medicare’s Proposed Changes on Prosthetics Stirs a Fight.” The Wall Street Journal. Last modified September 20th, 2015. http://www/wsj.com/articles/medicares-proposed-changes-on-prosthetics-stirs-a-fight.
“Beyond Pistorius: rise of the cyberathletes.” CNN. October 2, 2014. http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/02/tech/inno-vation/prosthetics-mecha-athletes/.
Brachmann, Steven. “The Evolution of Prosthetic Devices: A Patent History.” IPWatchdog. Last modified De-cember 1, 2014. http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2014/12/01/the-evolution-of-prosthetic-devices-a-patent-history/id=52227/.
“Biomechantronics.” MIT Media Lab. Accessed September 20, 2015. http://biomech.media.mit.edu/#/technolog-ical-programs/.
Bibliography “Google Glass.” Wikipedia. Accessed September 15, 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Glass.
Honigsbaum, Mark. “The future of robotics: in transhuman world, the disabled will be the ones without pros-thetic limbs…” The Guardian. June 15, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/16/future-robot-ics-bionic-limbs-disabled.
“Hugh Herr.” MIT Media Lab. Accessed September 20, 2015. https://www.media.mit.edu/people/hherr.
“Hugh Herr: The new bionics that let us run, climb and dance.” TED Talk video, 19:00. March 2014. https://www.ted.com/talks/hugh_herr_the_new_bionics_that_let_us_run_climb_and_dance?language=en.
“How Many People Have Disabilities?” CDC.com. Accessed August 25th, 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dis-abilityandhealth/documents/disability-tipsheet_phpa_1.pdf.
Istvan, Zoltan. “A New Generation of Transhumanists Is Emerging.” Huffington Post. March 10, 2014. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zoltan-istvan/a-new-generation-of-transhumanists-is-emerging.
Kelion, Leo. “Open Bionics robotic hand for amputees wins Dyson Award.” BBC New. Last modified August 25th, 2015. http://wwwbbc.com/news/technology-34044453.
“Mechatronics.” MIT Media Lab. Accessed September 15th, 2015. http://www.biomech.media.mit.edu
Merrian-Webster: Dictionary and Thesaurus. 2015. http://www.merriam-webster.com.
“Michael Graves.” Michael Graves Architecture and Design. Accessed September 19th, 2015. http://www.mi-chaelgraves.com.
“Microchip implant (human).” Wikipedia. Accessed September 15, 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_implant_%28human%29.
“Natural Design.” MIT Spectrum. Spring 2013. http://spectrum.mit.edu/articles/natural-design/.
70 71
72 73
“Neri Oxman.” MIT Media Lab. Accessed July 27, 2015. https://www.media.mit.edu/people/neri.
Norton, Kim N. “A Brief History of Prosthetics.” In Motion. Last modified February 5th, 2009. http://www.ampu-tee-coalition.org/inmotion/nov_dec_07/history_prosthetics.html.
Oatman-Stanford, Hunter. “War and Prosthetics: How Veterans Fought for the Perfect Artificial Limb.” Collec-tor’s Weekly. October 29, 2012. http://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/war-and-prosthetics/
“One in Five U.S. Adults Now Has a Tattoo.” Harris Interactive. February 23, 2012. http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Newsroom.
Oxford Dictionaries. 2015. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us.
“Prosthetic Leg Covers with Fashionable Flair.” Hexapolis. Accessed September 20, 2015. http://www.hexapolis.com/2015/01/08/alleles-design-studio-creates-prosthetic-leg-covers-fashionable-flair/.
“Prosthetics with Personality: London Artist Creates Intricate Limbs to Fit Individual Styles.” Healthline News. Accessed July 27th, 2015. http://www.healthline.com/health-news/tech-prosthetic-maker-cre-ates-limbs-with-personality.
“Prosthetics with Personality: London Artist Creates Intricate Limbs to Fit Individual Styles.” Healthline News. Accessed July 27th, 2015. http://www.healthline.com/health-news/tech-prosthetic-maker-cre-ates-limbs-with-personality.
“Small Robots,” KUKA Robotics. Accessed September 21st, 2015. http://www.kuka-robotics.com/usa/en/prudcts/industrial_robots/small_robots/.
Schweitzer, Wolf. “Stigmatization and demonization I – does the uncanny valley make us getting terrorized by the public,” Swisswuff. Accessed July 25th, 2015, http://www.swisswuff.ch/tech/?p=49.
“Sophia de Oliveira Barata.” TEDMED. Accessed July 27, 2015. http://tedmed.com/speakers/show?id=293049.
“Tattoo Statistics.” Statistic Brain. Accessed September 19th, 2015. http://www.statisticbrain.com/tattoo-statis-tics/.
72 73
74 75
Appendix A
Wheelchair, http://wheelchairassistance.com/power-wheelchair/2.jpg
Car, http://www.hdcarwallpapers.com/walls/2013_acura_nsx_concept_car-wide.jpg
Iphone, http://i-cdn.phonearena.com/images/articles/139136-image/Apple-iPhone-6--amp-iPhone-6-Plus.jpg
Column, http://www.sinorock.com/upload/products/Museum%20Column.jpg
Steel, http://lauriemcginley.com/portfolio/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/structureSteelConnection.jpg
Window, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Stained_glass_window,_overlooking_gardens_ of_Montacute_House_(4675709559).jpg
Doors, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Blue_and_red_doors_(256704837).jpg
Stairs, http://tophdimgs.com/data_images/wallpapers/36/448622-stairs.jpgElevator,
Glass, http://www.interpane.com/medien/referenzen/09-11_structural_glazing_g.jpg
Interior, http://www.theenglishroom.biz/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/kelly-wearstler-mercer-island-04.jpg
Glasses, http://a.fastcompany.net/multisite_files/fastcompany/poster/2013/09/3016907-poster-glasses.jpg
Shoulder Replacement, https://fxrxinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Reverse-Total-Shoulder.png
Hip Replacement, http://www.medeguru.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/ceramic-Implant-for-hip.jpg
Dentures, http://craftsmiles.com/wp-content/uploads/dental_dentures.jpg
Knee Replacement, http://bonesmart.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/conformis-customized-implant.jpg
Prosthetic Heart, http://www.heartpioneers.com/images/abiocor/large/abiocor-hand.jpg
Breast Implants, http://www.finesseplasticsurgery.com/sites/default/files/images/breast-implants-comparison.jpg
Shoes, http://www.yomister.com/image/large/iPZ8kLwDT=tzi47pk=pxj=bC6=gB/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Christian-Louboutin-Shoes-Silver-2013.jpg
Stethascope, http://site.ambercity.com/images/mabis/legacy-sprague-lc-rappaport-type-stethoscope-adult-burgundy-10-420-070-lr.jpg
Prosthetic Arm, http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/dangerroom/2010/07/OK.jpg
Prosthetic Eye, http://www.chinmayaartificialeye.com/assets/images/gallery-img/scleral%20shell.jpg
Oxman Gloves, http://www.metropolismag.com/gloves.jpg
Oven Mitt, http://www.hitpromo.net/imageManager/show/9002_red_back.jpg
Life Vest,http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/71rydhhIWBL._SL1500_.jpg
Prosthetic Fashion, https://stylewhisperer.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/una-burke-praying-arms.jpg
Space Suit, https://cameraclips05.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/astronaught.jpg
Skis, http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/skis-boots-goggles-poles-16571777.jpg
Lamps, http://hivemodern.com/public_resources/full/spun-table-lamp-flos-6.jpg
Knee Brace, http://www.breg.com/sites/default/files/product-gallery/FusionMensOAPlus_100.png
Google Glasses, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Google_Glass_with_frame.jpg
Hugh Herr, http://image.issuu.com/140730201029-fc0f4cc26ac9679c66e83b1b7d201c93/jpg/page_4.jpg
74 75
76 77
Neri Oxman, http://blog.stratasys.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/neri-gemini-chaise.jpg
Fashion Prosthetics, http://jewishbusinessnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Wanderers-Wear-ables-for-Interplanetary-Pilgrims.jpg
Stereo Leg https://36.media.tumblr.com/203f16003f757322d819017dcf95b58e/tumblr_momb-89WAoO1r3a562o1_400.jpg
Spike Leg https://roguerave.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/screen-shot-2015-01-03-at-10-06-08-am.png?w=1200
Snake Arm, http://188.65.113.101/~thealter/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/home_05.jpg
Oliveira Barrata, http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Iy_NWYukVr0/UC7FrfTGZPI/AAAAAAAAAYY/_86zRosiaS4/s1600/P1150811.jpeg
Crystal Leg, https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/02/c8/50/02c850a51800cc49fa1aef2dcf5bdd68.jpg
Warby Parker, http://media.bizj.us/view/img/7811242/wpnashville-6309*1200xx1200-675-0-63.jpg
Burberry Building, http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Nytfx1RX5KU/UL5PppV5L5I/AAAAAAAAOlU/2U4sNNfM4CM/s1600/burberrydaycorner.jpg
Magnificent Mile, http://chicagogenie.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Mag-Mile.jpg
Retail Map, http://www.thewrigleybuilding.com/images/areaMap.jpg
Prosthetic Cover, http://www.alleles.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Nadine-Richards-bilateral-amputee.jpg
Barrata Leg, http://www.totheunknown.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/custom-prosthetic-limbs-2.jpg
Human Body, http://i.livescience.com/images/i/000/025/668/original/human-body-systems.jpg?1332445752
76 77
78 79
Appendix B
Table of Contents
1. Researcher Background2. Key Definitions 3. Introduction 4. Thesis Statement 5. Strategic Thesis Argument 6. Supporting Research • User Group • Lineage • Theoretical Framework • Thought Leaders • Paradigm Shifts7. Case Studies8. Research Synthesis9. Preliminary Design Test • Site Analysis • Programming and Design10. Conclusion
Thesis Paper
Researcher BackgroundI am originally from Minneapolis, Minnesota. I received my undergraduate degree in Theatre and English from DePaul University. My interest in the healthcare field, particularly the disabled, stems from growing up with a mother who was ill, disabled, and in a wheelchair. Even before the wheelchair, my mother used a cane and a walker, and wore a very basic prosthetic on her leg to help her bend her knee so she could walk. As a child, I became very familiar with the limited assistance from social services as well as the negative stigma associated with the handicapped. Staring and avoidance were common, even my brother felt anxious and embarrassed to be in public with her. As a designer, I am interested in innovative leading edge design. This type of design that is changing the way we live and see the world around us. I am interested in creating new programming for new building typolo-gies that didn’t exist before and shaping space in new and innovative ways. Interior design is a tool that can help normalize what we see as abnormal, even make the abnormal cool and attractive, creating a more inclusive society. Interior design can shape how people perceive others and their environment. Key DefinitionsProsthesis, traditional definition The origin of the word prosthesis is Greek and the translation means “addition.” Merriam Webster defines prosthetic as, “an artificial device to replace or augment a missing or impaired part of the body”. Prosthesis, new definition A broader, more accurate definition, closer to the original origin of the word is: “a functional and/ or aesthetic artificial device to replace or augment the human body or the human environment to benefit the user.” CyborgA fictional or hypothetical person whose physical abilities are extended beyond normal human limitations by mechanical elements built into the body. Robot A real or imaginary machine that is controlled by a computer and is often made to look like a human or animal. Bionic Having normal biological performance and capability through the use of electromechanical devices1. Merriam-Webster Online, “addition.” http://www.merriam-webster.com/addition.2. Merriam-Webster Online, “prosthesis.” http://merriam-webster.com/prosthesis.3. Ibid.4. Oxford Dictionaries, “cyborg,” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/cyborg5. Merriam-Webster Online, “robot.” http://merriam-webster.com/robot.6.Ibid., “bionic.”
78 79
80 81
Uncanny ValleyUsed in reference to the phenomenon whereby a computer-generated figure or humanoid robot bearing a near-identical resemblance to a human being arouses a sense of unease or revulsion in the person viewing it. Transhumanism
An intellectual movement with the goal of fundamentally transforming the human condition by eventually developing and making widely available technologies to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities. Transhumanism is a set of philosophies that seek to guide us to a posthuman condition. Transhumanism differs from humanism in recognizing and anticipating the radical alterations in the nature and possibilities of or lives resulting from various sciences and technologies.
7. Oxford Dictionaries, “uncanny valley,” http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/uncanny-valley
8. Ibid., “transhumanism.”
IntroductionIn modern society, people use prosthetics all day, every day. Humans, disabled and able bodied, rely heavily on prosthetics such as phones, elevators, and cars. In a medical sense, unseen prosthetics like cochlear implants, pain management implants, artificial bone replacements for shoulders, hips, and knees are commonplace. According to the definitions listed, most people on earth are already cyborgs- part machine. The human body has limited functioning even in an able bodied person. As technology advances, the unaltered body will prove to be insufficient and the use of more prosthetics will be necessary to facilitate normal human life.
Thesis StatementHumans are innately inadequate to function at the highest level of modern society without the use of prosthetics since the future will require even higher levels of functioning from the individual. Furthermore, with the rapid advancement of technology, prosthetics will become essential for a greater number of people; not only for the added functions they offer, but also because they will provide a new and different kind of aesthetic beauty and individuality. Interior design, which is a functional and aesthetic prosthetic to the human environment, can help transform the way society understands and uses prosthetic devices. Interior design has the ability to shape space in a way that makes products more attractive and change how products are perceived. A cutting edge retail location that will emphasizing the necessity, beauty, and ubiquity of prosthetics will de-stigmatize how prosthetics are viewed and help create a market for a multitude of individualized prosthetics,normalizing and expanding the prosthetics market
80 81
82 83
Strategic Thesis ArgumentThe strategy for this thesis is to make prosthetics useful and appealing to both disabled and able bodied people through the use of interior design. An exciting and beautiful retail space that accentuates the capacity for prosthetics to be custom, individualized, affordable, and beautiful will create a demand for prosthetics by a larger group of consumers. This will not only make them acceptable, but desirable. Normalizing prosthetics by emphasizing the prosthetics already in use in our culture will be a key component of this project. Technology such as 3D printing has allowed makers to customize traditional and non-traditional prosthetics to the user. People can chose their colors and designs and products can be shaped to fit the user precisely by scanning the body part that the prosthetic enhances. Other technologies allow for hyper-realistic designs and also high fashion alternative designs that express the individual, similar to the way tattoos are used for self-expression. Prosthetics can be just as customized as tattoos if not more so and they have the benefit of being flexible, changeable, and impermanent. 3D printing also allows for an extremely fast production time. Custom prosthetics can be designed and made in less than a week. While turn around time for prosthetics made by other means can be weeks or months, a prosthetic can be 3D printed and assembled in about 24-42 hours.
9. Leo Kelion, “Open Bionics robotic hand for amputees wins Dyson Award,” BBC News, August 25th, 2015, http://wwwbbc.com/news/technology-34044453
Another benefit to 3D printing is cost. Affordability is a central issue for people in need of prosthetics. The cost of a traditional working prosthetic with operational fingers could cost up to $80,000. In an article released recently by the Wall Street Journal, Stehanie Armour writes about how Medicare is changing its coverage, which will make it even harder for patients to get funding for their prosthesis. The cost of obtaining quality, functional artificial limbs is prohibitive, leaving a wide, unfilled gap in the market for more attainable and affordable prosthetics. An operational hand from a 3D printer costs around $2,000. 3D printing is a very accurate and economical way to manufacture customizable products and prosthetics. Prostheses are often exceedingly expensive and unattainable for many people who need them. Robotics will also make prosthetics more easily made and more affordable. There are robotic manufacturing arms that can do small activities and assemble small parts. These robots may make it even easier to construct prosthetic arms in the future just as customizable and likely more functional than those from a 3D printer. It is also interesting that most manufacturing robots also resemble a human arm and will soon be making the robotic arms that amputees need to function. The fact that patients and customers can participate in the design of their custom prosthetics has many benefits. Users with a missing limb or some other medical necessity can wear their custom replacement or enhancement with pride and can use it to express who they are, which can be empowering. It can help those with a medical necessity feel like they have control over their own health and wellbeing and that they can contribute to their own wellness. For many, participation in the design process would be a new and fun experience, an opportunity to create to help create an advanced piece of personal technology, without needing to have the technical skills or means to fabricate their creations. This space facilitates personal creativity and allows the community to be involved in something they would not normally have access to. The co-design experience is the epicenter of this retail store’s mission and will occur within an interior space that is inspiring and engaging for people from all backgrounds. It will guide visitors through the history of prosthetics and design and lead them into the current technology and future design capabilities. The interior will inspire the community to be creative and to think differently. It will be a place where people can go to see what is happening in the world of prosthetics or to create something themselves and be immersed in a culture of creative expression and dynamic social progressiveness.
10. Stephanie Armour, “Medicare’s Proposed Changes on Prosthetics Stirs a Fight,” The Wall Street Journal, September 20th, 2015, http://www/wsj.com/articles/medicares-proposed-changes-on-prosthetics-stirs-a-fight11. Ibid., 12. “Small Robots,” KUKA Robotics, accessed September 21st, 2015, http://www.kuka-robotics.com/usa/en/prudcts/industrial_robots/small_robots/
82 83
84 85
Supporting ResearchThis thesis focuses on prosthetics because of the way people with disabilities are treated in American culture and in other cultures around the world. Any visible deformity is looked down on and is also discomforting to a large portion of society. After reading many forums from people using prosthetic devices, it was clear that people with these disabilities feel outcast in society and less that human. However, a woman who recently received an alternative limb said, “The first time I wore a limb that was so obviously bionic, it gave me a total sense of uniqueness and feeling of being a mutant human in the best way possible.” The ability for her to have a customized limb made her feel more than human. Many people whether they need a limb or just want a limb cover may get this same satisfaction from their customized prosthetic. Whether someone wants a more real looking prosthetic, a cover for their prosthetics, or an alternative prosthetic, this program will have answers to their demands. SCOPE, a British organization to improve attitudes toward disabled people found that 67% of British people are uncomfortable talking to the disabled and 36% of people think that disabled people are not as productive as everyone else. 20% of people 18-34 actually admit to having avoided talking to disabled people. More importantly 35% of disabled people said that in the past 12 months people spoke to them in a patronizing way and 30% said that they were stared at. This attitude toward handicapped people illustrates a strong global prejudice towards people with disabilities. Wolf Schweitzer comments on a website dedicated to technical below the arm amputees. In his essay, “Stigmatization and Demonization I- Does the Uncanny Valley Make Us Getting Terrorized by the Public?” Schweitzer says, And particularly initially, but also for some people after two decades of being an amputee- the stigmatization and demonization by the public has something deeply terrorizing and intimidation about it….If you see my prosthetic hand, it may subconsciously turn your gut reflex ‘hand of dead body.’ And then it may not-it may just turn on your ‘oh that’s a plastic hand reflex….However there is a certain chance that it may make you feel fear, horror, and terror…loss stares you directly in the face.
13. “Prosthetics with Personality: London Artist Creates Intricate Limbs to Fit Individual Styles,” Healthline News, accessed July 27th, 2015, http://www.healthline.com/health-news/tech-prosthetic-maker-creates-limbs-with-personality.14. Hardeep Aiden, Andrea McCarthy, “Current attitudes towards disabled people,” Scope, May 201415. Wolf Schweitzer, “Stigmatization and demonization I – does the uncanny valley make us getting terrorized by the public,” Swisswuff, accessed July 25th, 2015, http://www.swisswuff.ch/tech/?p=49.
Changing the ways that people think about disabilities and prosthetics is necessary. The CDC states that 20% of adults in the United States are handicapped. This number is expected to rise with increasing rates of diabetes and amputations. This means that a huge portion of our population is stigmatized because of something they can’t control. It is necessary to change the way people think because all humans have value whether they are handicapped or not. No group of people should be treated as less than human or made to feel as less than human because of an illness or handicap. It’s not only necessary to improve the lives of the handicapped, but it’s also necessary to create a more inclusive culture. Whether people are discriminated against because of their race, ability, or religions, discrimination in society is unacceptable. While disabled people are no longer isolated in same-sex institutions for life as they were at the turn of the century, there hasn’t been much advancement in recent years towards the way the disabled are treated and perceived in mainstream culture. There have been movements and legislations such as the Disabilities Act and ADA, but these modifications make the world more accessible, but not more accepting. Society benefits when prejudices decrease. People with disabilities have a lot to offer society. Many people with disabilities are highly intelligent, talented, and functional. Society benefits by having a more diverse population and it also benefits from the value the handicapped population can add. In the later years of his life, architect, Michael Graves was confined to a wheelchair. Even after he became disabled, he pushed forward innovation in interior design and product design for the world, and particularly for people with disabilities. He had a great mind and he made incredible contributions to the design field even with his handicap, which enabled innovative design thinking. Prosthetics will be normalized because the bionic products cater to both disabled and able-bodied people. Bionic prosthetics are being developed by Hugh Herr at MIT and they will likely be worn in the future by many able bodied people. When people see and understand that able-bodied people will wear prosthetics for running, such as exoskeletons, to have less impact on their knees, this will help them appreciate that we are all inadequate in some way and we all wear prosthetics.
16. “How Many People Have Disabilities?” CDC, http://www.cdc.gov.17. “Amputation Statistics,” Center for Orthotic and Prosthetic Care, accessed July 27th, 2015, http://www.centeropcare.com.18. https://attitudes2disability.wordpress.com/2007/02/03/the-19th-century/19. “Michael Graves,” Michael Graves Architecture and Design, accessed September 19th, 2015, http://www.michaelgraves.com.20. “Mechatronics,” MIT Media Lab, accessed September 15th, 2015, http://www.biomech.media.mit.edu
84 85
86 87
Prosthetics can enhance the able-bodied in a number of ways. Prosthetics can make the able bodied more functional or enhance function. If a cook, for example did not want to use a hot pad he could have a fire resistant prosthetic made for his hand. Prosthetics such as exoskeletons, metal hips and joints, and other medical prosthetics can be used by able-bodied people. Aesthetic prosthetics and accessories that are fully customizable would be very attractive to the public. Aesthetic prosthetics are additions to the human form that have no functional purpose, they are purely cosmetic fashion accessories. 45 million Americans have at least one tattoo, or 1 in 5 adults. The popularity of tattoos, which are a form of aesthetic self-expression on the body, indicates that there is a demand for other forms of self-expression on the body. The importance of fashion in modern culture is also indicative of a demand to adorn the body in an attractive and expressive way. Many companies have also offered customizable products such as Nike shoes and UGG boots, to name a few. The increasing availability of these customizable products further illustrates the demand for products that are individualized for the consumer. Almost everything humans use could be considered a prosthetic. The phone helps us talk with people miles away and allows us to hear them. The car helps us get from one place to another incredibly quickly. Shoes help us walk without injury. Coats allow us to be in temperatures that humans can’t survive in normally. Humans have created and adapted to environments that we could not live in and function without the use of prosthetics. The use of prosthetics leads to healthier more capable people. Because of prosthetics people can live much longer from internal prosthetics like artificial hearts, bones, veins, and other organs. The human body is not meant to live as long as people do in modern society do and many prosthetics are necessary to facilitate the extended human lifespan. It has created a more global, diverse culture. People can do more with enhancements, both the disabled and the able-bodied. Prosthetics can be a positive means for self-expression. People have benefited greatly from studios that provide alternative, customized limbs. As Ryan Palibroda of Alleles states, “Although the functionality is better than ever, it has less relationship with the human body, while some people are fine with the bionic or robotic nature of the prosthetic itself, others want to regain the silhouette of the body.” There is a need for limbs to be customizable because people want different looks from their prosthetics. Oliveira Barata of the Alternative Limb Project states, “The appearance of a limb can have a significant impact on the psychological well being of an amputee, customization of a prosthesis can create a greater sense of control, personal connection to yourself and others, and, ultimately, acceptance.”
21. “Tattoo Statistics,” Statistic Brain, accessed September 19th, 2015, http://www.statisticbrain.com/tattoo-statistics/22. “Prosthetic Leg Covers with Fashionable Flair,” Hexapolis, accessed September 20, 2015, http://www.hexapolis.com/2015/01/08/alleles-design-studio-creates-prosthetic-leg-covers-fashionable-flair/23. “Prosthetics with Personality: London Artist Creates Intricate Limbs to Fit Individual Styles,” Healthline News, accessed July 27th, 2015, http://www.healthline.com/health-news/tech-prosthetic-maker-creates-limbs-with-personality.
For people without a disability, a prosthetic can be expressive like a tattoo as stated earlier. 86% of people with tattoos say it makes them feel sexier, 25% rebellions, and 21% attractive and strong . The point being that a customized prosthesis is similarly as expressive as a tattoo, but it is more versatile and more customizable. Everyone is different and as populations increase, it gets harder to differentiate oneself from the masses. Most likely, ways to express individuality will become increasingly popular as time moves on. There are increasing numbers of people interested and supporting Transhumanism. Transhumanism is an intellectual movement with the goal of transforming the human condition by developing and making widely available technologies to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities. Transhumanism is a set of philosophies that seek to guide us to a posthuman condition. The popularity of this movement represents a large group of public users that are increasingly interested in prosthetics to improve the human condition. While some of their beliefs are futuristic and possibly implausible, the general philosophy of the movement supports the development of this kind of program. It is likely that more outlets will begin to emerge that address the idea of human enhancement in a more cutting edge way. In an article titles, “The future of Robotics: in a transhuman world, the disabled will be the ones without prosthetic limbs,” Bertolt Meyer, a social psychologist and prosthetic wearer, explains how a bionic arm has entirely removed the shame he used to feel about his disability. It especially affects him because he says it’s the “first prosthesis where the aesthetics matched the engineering.” Meyer was in the documentary, “ How to Build a Bionic Man,” Where his entire body was replicated as a robot. Nick Bostrom, head of the Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford says, “it seems to me fairly obvious why one might have reason to desire to become a posthuman in the sense of having greatly enhanced capacity to stay alive and healthy…I suspect the majority of humankind already has such a desire implicitly.” And Andy Miah, director of Creative Futures Institute and a professor of ethics and emerging technologies, states, “The human enhancement market will reveal the truth about our biological conditions- we are all disabled. This is why human enhancements are here to stay.”
25. “One in Five U.S. Adults Now Has a Tattoo,” Harris Interactive, February 23, 2012, http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Newsroom26. Ibid., “transhumanism.”27. Mark Honigsbaum, “The future of robotics: in transhuman world, the disabled will be the ones without prosthetic limbs…,” The Guardian, June 15, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/16/future-robotics-bionic-limbs-disabled28. Ibid.
86 87
88 89
Prosthetics are amazing now. The bionic prosthetics from Hugh Herr are fascinating, but also the prosthetics allowing athletes like Andy Lewis to run in the Paralympics. He lost a leg when he was hit by a truck. He stated, “By the Paralympics 2016 I can envisage a lot of new legs coming out…The knees are getting smaller, the legs will have microprocessors, and you will be able to press a button to change foot for different events.” Oscar Pistorius made headlines as a Paralympic champion and beat the world record in the 200 meter. He was dubbed the “fastest man on no legs.” Its astonishing that prosthetics can allow a man to beat a world record in running. Another feature of a design lab and customizable design products is that it empowers people and takes power away from the corporate design system. There is no corporate entity that designs the products in this program, they are all designed and inspired by users. This gives users power and control over the outcome of their products, which creates a more successful customer experience. Prosthetics could have applications in the military, professional sports, and even space travel. If you can imagine a helmet for a football player that has robotic legs on the exterior and sensors so that when the head comes crashing to the ground the legs extend and cushion his fall, decreasing brain trauma. There are many potential military applications as well. Advancements in prosthetics are many potential military applications as well. Advancements in prosthetics are necessary with the advancement of space travel and potential life in outer space. Humans are not naturally equipped for life on a spaceship or another planets, prosthetics will be necessary in the advancement of these pursuits. An advanced prosthetics lab could contribute to all these prosthetic applications. User GroupsThere are many different users for prosthetics. The disabled are users. Disabled people in need of a limb as well as the disabled in need of a device to increase function or a prosthetic that’s cosmetic. If someone needs a tool or device to help open a can or if someone wans a prosthetic to cover burn scars, there will be customized products of this nature available. Other users include people that want to increase their ability or capacity, for instance a foot prosthetic/orthotic could be made to the foot. Users who want accessories for their current prosthetics or for their body to express themselves will be key users for this program. Whether it’s a custom cuff or a full prosthetic cover, the labs in this facility will be designed to make a full range of custom products. There will also be an accessories counter to accommodate people who want custom or premade accessories for their prosthetics.
29. “Beyond Pistorius: rise of the cyberathletes,” CNN, October 2, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/02/tech/innovation/prosthetics-mecha-athletes/30. Doug Williams, “Oscar Pistorius stunned in 200 final at Paraolympics,” ESPN, accessed September 21, 2015, http://espn.go.com/olympics/story/_/id/8332031/oscar-pistorius-stunned-200-final-paralympics
Lineage Prosthetics have a history dating all the way back to 424 B.C. A leg of bronze and iron was found in Capua Italy dating back to this time. A prosthetic wooden toe was found in Cairo dating back to 950 B.C. This toe and other prosthetics from that time were primarily aesthetic. Pliny the Elder wrote that a Roman general had an iron hand to hold his shield and he returned to battle with it. But that was the most functional prosthetics would be during this period. Prosthetics throughout the dark ages were not much different. They were usually made to hide deformities or injuries sustained in battle. The medical practice of amputations dates back the 4th century B.C. Prosthetics were primarily aesthetic and cosmetic and not very functional. Generally, only the wealthy would be fitted with a hook or peg leg that was actually functional. Many people did not live through the procedure so demand for prosthetics didn’t grow until around 1500. Prosthetics during the renaissance vastly improved from those of the middle ages. They were constructed of materials like iron, steel, copper, and wood. A German mercenary named Gots Von Berlichingen had a pair of technologically advanced hands that could be manipulated with springs and leather straps. Later in the 1500’s, Surgeon Ambroise Paré began tying arteries during amputations increasing survival rates. Later he began developing prosthetics. He invented an, “above-knee device that was a kneeling peg leg and foot prosthesis that had a fixed position, adjustable harness, knee lock control and other engineering features that are used in today’s devices.” One of the largest contributions to the field at the time was made by an associate of Paré’s. He began making prosthetics with leather, paper, and glue instead of iron. In the 1600’s a man named Pieter Verduyn developed the first non-locking below the knee prosthesis. It wasn’t until 1800 that the next major advancement in prosthetics would take place. In 1800, James Potts, a London native, designed a prosthetic leg made of wood that used a knee steel joint and an articulated foot. The articulated foot was controlled by tendons from the knee. It was called the “Anglesey Leg” until William Selpho brought it to America and it was dubbed the “Selpho Leg”. In the mid 1800’s Benjamin Palmer improved on this design by hiding the tendons and smoothing the appearance. Selpho also developed an artificial hand using cat tendons.
31. Kim M. Norton, “A Brief History of Prosthetics,” In Motion, November/December 2007, http://www.amputee-coalition.org/inmotion/nov_dec_07/history_prosthetics.html32. Steven Brachmann, “The Evolution of Prosthetic Devices: A Patent History,” IPWatchdog, December 1, 2014, http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2014/12/01/the-evolution-of-prosthetic-devices-a-patent-history/id=52227/33. Ibid.34. Ibid.35. Kim M. Norton, “A Brief History of Prosthetics,” In Motion, November/December 2007, http://www.amputee-
88 89
90 91
In the late 1800’s a man named Dubois Parmlee developed an advanced prosthesis with a suction socket. Gustav Herman replaced heavy steel with lighter aluminum to make limbs lighter and more functional. A lighter aluminum device was not made until 1912. The American Civil War’s devastation led to many new developments in prosthetics. About 70 percent of all wounds sustained in the war affected soldier’s limbs. Amputation was often the method of choice on the battlefield and around 70,000 soldiers lost limbs during the way. The government made a commitment to the wounded at this time to provide prosthetic devices to all soldiers who needed one. The use of rubber in prosthetics came out of this time period as well as the foot prosthetic with pneumatic functions. World War I and II did not leave the same kind of devastation to soldiers or lead to further developments in prosthetics but the Department of Defense did develop several organizations to help veterans obtain prosthetics such as the American Orthotic and Prosthetic Association. The governments programs after WWII also led to some of the modern developments in prosthetics. In addition to lighter, patient-molded devices, the advent of microprocessors, computer chips and robotics in today’s devices are designed to return amputees to the lifestyle they were accustomed to, rather than to simply provide basic functionality or a more pleasing appearance. Prosthesis are a more realistic with silicone covers and are able to mimic the function of a natural limb more now that at any time before. In the 20th Century many advancements were made in prosthetics. A prosthetic for use after breast removal was patented as well as hip joint replacement prosthetics, and the surgically implantable prosthetic joint. Initially, cochlear implants were appearing as early as 1957. In most recent time advances in bionic technology through the US Department of Defense such as DEKA, a prosthetic system by which the prosthetic uses electrodes controlled by the brain to control muscle movement. This makes the prosthetic more “real” and lifelike than ever before. Hugh Herr, at MIT, is developing even more complex bionic prosthetics,These devices are advancing an emerging field of engineering science that applies principles of biomechanics and neural control to guide the designs of human rehabilitation and augmentative devices. The goal is to rehabilitate individuals that have undergone limb amputation or have suffered a pathology, and also to augment human physical capability for those with normal intact physiologies.
39. Ibid.40. Steven Brachmann, “The Evolution of Prosthetic Devices: A Patent History,” IPWatchdog, December 1, 2014, http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2014/12/01/the-evolution-of-prosthetic-devices-a-patent-history/id=52227/
Herr is moving beyond the idea that prosthetics are only for amputees and is advancing both the field and technology to a place where even able bodied people will use prosthetics to improve their own physical functioning. Prosthetics have also advanced in the past fifteen years in terms of aesthetics. People can opt to make and create very individualized prosthetics because of the technology available today. Oliveira Barata makes alternative limbs for amputees with a variety of different materials and end results. Amputees can have prosthetics that look like a spike leg or a Swarovski crystal leg. These legs maintain the same functionality as the most advanced prosthetics. Neri Oxman of MIT, is developing another kind of custom prosthetic that can worn by the able bodied. A woman can wear a spine on the exterior of her body and other elaborate prosthetics that enhance the appearance of the user. The procurement of prosthetic devices has changed along with technology. After the Civil war, some states, like North Carolina, offered primitive prosthetic limbs to veteran amputees. Similarly, after World War One, the late 20th century, however, prosthetics were relatively difficult to get. They were very expensive and many were better off finding a blacksmith to make a hook for a hand rather than trying to find an actual prosthetic. Many others were confined to wheelchairs. As technology advanced over the last fifty years, materials have changed. Many doctors have developed more affordable solutions for patients with missing limbs and people could purchase limbs through a medical professional. In the past fifteen years, technology has progressed even further. The bionic limbs with computer interfacing between the limbs and wearers have increased functionality exponentially. The capacity for 3D printers to manufacture fully functioning limbs has changed the prosthetic marketplace forever making functional limbs affordable and available. The marketplace for prosthetics has changed more in the past thirty years than in the previous 2000. The materials and technology are making it possible for designers and technicians to make prosthetics available to everyone in an affordable way.
41. Ibid.42. Hunter Oatman-Stanford, “War and Prosthetics: How Veterans Fought for the Perfect Artificial Limb,” Collector’s Weekly, October 29, 2012, http://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/war-and-prosthetics/
90 91
92 93
Theoretical FrameworkThe theoretical framework surrounding this thesis is that the human body is inadequate for modern life. There are many reasons that humans need prosthetics on a daily basis. Humans must communicate over long distances, we need different medical prosthesis because of illness, injury, and extended lifespans, and we need prosthetics to move through space such as cars and airplanes. In the future, as technology advances, the necessity for prosthetics will only increase. Humans currently use prosthetics to travel to and though space. In the future, more prosthetics will be developed to help sustain human life in outer space and on Earth. Thought LeadersThere are several important thought leaders for this thesis. The first is Hugh Herr, head of the Biomechanics Research Group at the MIT Media Lab. Herr believes that “a human being can never be broken, technology is broken, technology is inadequate”. He strives to increase abilities of the disabled so there is no gap between the able bodied and the disabled in function. He says they are, “beginning to bridge the gap between disability and ability, between limitation and human potential” and that eventually they will “rid the world of disability”. Herr’s personal experience as a disabled person gives him a lot of credibility. Herr was considered one of the best rock climbers in the world at the young age of seventeen. He subsequently lost his legs in a climbing accident. Doctors told him he would never climb again, but he did. He designed specialized prosthesis that made him a more advanced climber than he was before. His prosthesis could change his height, which help him avoid awkward positions. They were designed to help him climb ice walls with specialized feet and spiked feet that allowed him to stand on smaller surfaces. Herr’s personal triumph over his debilitating injury is awe-inspiring. He refused to accept defeat and as a result he has since changed the way the disabled view their own handicap. He “became the first person with a major amputation to perform in a sport on par with elite-level, able-bodied persons.” At MIT, Herr has “developed revolutionary work in the emerging field of biomechatronics-technology that marries human physiology with electromechanics.” He has transformed the future of prosthetics. He has created the world’s first bionic legs, which he wears himself and responsible for countless bionic limbs that give greater mobility and control to the disabled. His research group has, “developed gait-adaptive knee prostheses…variable impedance ankle-foot exoskeletons for patients suffering from drop-foot, a gait pathology caused by stroke, cerebral palsy, and multiple sclerosis.
43. Ibid.44. “Hugh Herr: The new bionics that let us run, climb and dance,” TED Talk 19:00, March 2014,45. “Hugh Herr,” MIT Media Lab, accessed September 20, 2015, https://www.media.mit.edu/people/hherr46. “Biomechantronics,” MIT Media Lab, accessed September 20, 2015, http://biomech.media.mit.edu/#/technological-programs/
Herr has given hope to countless disabled people who wish to regain their normal functioning. He has also in some ways begun to normalize the prosthetic device by proving that it can not only provide normal function, but that prosthetics will allow humans to exceed normal functioning. His own prosthetics allowed him to surpass his previous level of expert climbing, much like Pristorius with his running records as mentioned earlier. Herr has also begun to develop prosthetics for the able bodied. In the future, it is likely that most people will use an exoskeleton for running to have less impact on their joints. In time, it is probable, that Herr will develop more prosthetics to enhance human life and activity for everyone. As stated in the goal of the Biomechanics Group, Even today, permanent assistive devices are viewed by the physically challenged as separate, lifeless mechanisms and not intimate extensions of the human body-structurally, neurologically, and dynamically. The Biomechanics group seeks to advance technologies that promise to accelerate the merging of body and machine, including device architectures that resemble the body’s own musculoskeletal design.
Another thought leader is Neri Oxman. Oxman is an associate professor of Media Arts at MIT. Oxman formed the group at MIT known as Mediated Matter and focuses on how “digital design and fabrication technologies mediate between matter and environment to radically transform the design and production of objects.” Oxman works closely with Herr to develop products like spider exoskeleton to assist rock climbers.
Oxman herself is interested in integrating her products and objects into the environment. In enhancing the relationship between objects and the environment, she began to develop sculptural prosthetic pieces that could be worn by users. Herr and Oxman believe that in the future people will be wearing bionic clothing that adjusts to their bodies individual need and reactions. Oxman uses a 3D printing technique of her own creation, variable property printing, to create her dynamic aesthetic prosthetics. Some of her inventions are a therapeutic glove that provides support for Carpal Tunnel. Many of Oxman’s creations are simply aesthetic. She created a spine that rests on ones shoulders on the back. She also created nature inspired corset pieces that are beautiful structures worn on users. Her coined the term “material ecology,” a new research area that merges architecture, engineering, computation, and technology.
47. Ibid.48. “Neri Oxman,” MIT Media Lab, accessed July 27, 2015, https://www.media.mit.edu/people/neri49. “Natural Design,” MIT Spectrum, Spring 2013, http://spectrum.mit.edu/articles/natural-design/
92 93
94 95
Another thought leader relevant to this thesis is Oliveira Barata. Barata is an artist trained in prosthetics. She worked mainly for medical prosthetic providers until she realized the different possibilities that were possible in prosthetics. She started the Alternative Limb Project, which provides amputees and prosthetics wearers many options for their devices. They can either blend into their human bodies or they can be artistic creations of their own making. Barata has helped countelss people obtain limbs that improve their self esteem and express their individuality. One of her clients, Kiera Roche, said, “I think losing a limb has a massive impact on one’s self esteem and body image. Having a beautifully crafted limb designed for you makes you feel special and worthy.”Paradigm ShiftsThere are several paradigm shifts affecting this thesis. The first is that the United States has begun accommodating disabled people, but the US has yet to normalize the disabled. Legally there have been many changes such as ADA in 1990 to help make all physical spaces accessible to people with disabilities. Also, discrimination is not allowed against persons with disabilities. There are many protections that help the disabled and protect them against discrimination and allow them to physically move through public spaces but they are still not normalized in society. As mentioned earlier, many disabled people still feel stigmatized and as outsiders in American society. Another paradigm shift is that everyone is using prosthetics and disabled people simply use different prosthetics. The awareness of this will help to de-stigmatize the use of all prosthetics by everyone. A paradigm shift that is affecting many design fields is 3D printing and robotics. Manufacturing is easier that it has ever been. Products can be made faster and cheaper than ever before. Products can also be affordably customized to the user and the consumer. There is advancement in technology that will make it possible for the average person to benefit from prosthetics. Whether its an exoskeleton made by Hugh Herr at MIT, an aesthetic prosthetic made my Neri Oxman, or other prosthetic devices that have yet to be developed to helm human life, prosthetics are practical for everyone. In the future, technology will advance in this field to make prosthetics even more important and necessary for modern human life.
50. “Sophia de Oliveira Barata,” TEDMED, accessed July 27, 2015, http://tedmed.com/speakers/show?id=29304950 51. Ibid.52. “The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Revised Regulations Implementing Title II and Title III,”
Case StudiesCase Study One: Google Glasses Google glass was developed to enhance vision and add technology for the user of their glasses. The glasses were offered to both consumers that did not wear glasses and in prescription version for people already using visual prosthetics. Google Glass contains its own camera as well as a visual interface of information that can be displayed on the screen. It can give information like weather and current events as well as personal interactive information such as personal voice mail, phone calls, and email. Aps for Google Glass have been developed to make Google Glass even more functional. New applications allow facial recognition, exercise, and translation. Companies even developed books to be read specifically with Google Glass. Google Glass can be controlled by voice. It has been criticized for a variety of reasons. One being that it makes it easier to record people in public without their permission. Others praised Google for their innovation saying, “Best Innovations of the Year.”Although there are many heated debates on the topic of Google Glass. It has helped surgeons communicate during surgery being worlds apart. There are many applications of this visual prosthetic that could vastly improve human functioning. Overall the benefits for this technology seem to outweigh the risks. There are risks to every new technology, but often they assist and improve human capabilities far beyond what is normal or natural and it improves the live a people around the world. Google glass is relevant to interior design because it could be used for way finding within buildings. If users had a prosthetic that could give them information about each built environment that would greatly impact the way interiors are designed. Google glass impacts the built environment also, because there is transparency in everything the designer does. In the future, the user may be able to look at a piece of furniture or a material and see where it was sourced, how sustainable it is, and even the cost. Case Study Two: Apple WatchThe Apple Watch is a new prosthetic that people are using to increase functionality. The watch has health tracking and other fitness applications incorporated into it. The watch can be integrated with the I-phone and other Apple products. The Apple Watch can display information such as phone calls, messaging, and weather. The wearer can use Siri from their wristband as well and even send short messages and notes to others. The Apple watch is transformative in that so much can be done from such a small device. It is reminiscent of science fiction shows like Star Trek, which showed similar devices were used by people aboard a spaceship. Its ability to also track normal bodily functions is also revolutionary.
53. “Google Glass,” Wikipedia, accessed September 15, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Glass54. Ibid.55. “Apple Watch,” Wikipedia, accessed September 15, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Watch
94 95
96 97
Internal prosthetics are also intriguing. There are cochlear implants for hearing, pain management implants, and bone and joint implant to name a few. Internal prostheses are numerous. Internal prosthetics are surgically implanted into a patient. “The AbioCor II self-contained artificial heart is currently under development, with a patient life expectancy of over 5 years.” The evolution of bio-ceramics will soon make hip and joint replacements obsolete. The new prosthetic can encase the broken joint and support within and around the tissue imitating new bone growth. Internal prosthetics like microchips, like the ones implanted in dogs will also become more common as well. Whether the chips store our identification or our personal information for making purchase, they will become more necessary in the future. Several microchips have already been implanted in people. In the future these microchips could help locate and identify missing people or help catch a criminal. Medications are also internal prosthetics. People take medication to help their mood. Medications also are available that improve cognitive abilities like Ritalin or Adderall. Sleep problems also contribute to the wide use of medication prosthetics used by a large portion of the population. Internal Prostheses are relevant to interior design because like the human body Interior design uses many internal prosthesis. Elevators, stairs, and escalators are all prosthetics to the human environment. Much like a bone prosthesis, steel bars and columns hold up a physical structure. Case study Four: Swarovski Crystal Leg The Alternative Limb project is an inspiring case study for this project. Oliveira Barata has created amazing functional works of art for people to wear. She makes limbs such as a black lacquered spike leg, a Swarovski crystal leg, a leg that has small compartments and drawers, and an arm that is like a Swiss Army knife with a pull out knife and compass etc. Barata makes incredibly realistic limbs for people as well. Barata works with artists and clinicians to collaborate on making these innovative new limbs. The result of having an individualized limb has increases the confidence and overall wellbeing for hundreds of amputees. Barata also collaborates with her clients, bringing their creative visions to life.
56. “Microchip implant (human),” Wikipedia, accessed September 15, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_implant_%28human%2957. Ibid.58. “Prosthetics with Personality: London Artist Creates Intricate Limbs to Fit Individual Styles,” Healthline News, accessed July 27th, 2015, http://www.healthline.com/health-news/tech-prosthetic-maker-creates-limbs-with-personality.
Case Study 5: Alleles Design StudioAlleles Design Studio is another case study for this project. Alleles Studio makes prosthetic limb covers that are creative and unusual. They make ready to wear items as well as custom accessories. The covers are made from plastic and attach in several places with strapping. Turn around time for making these covers is 2-3 days. Their Mission is, “At the intersection of technology, digital design, bionics, fashion, and humanity we aim to empower amputees through providing choice of self-expression.” The company also states that affordability is key to their mission. Enable foundation is an inspiration for the non-profit aspect of this program. Enable is made up of a network of people who have engineering and design backgrounds who can print hands from their own home. There are hands being printed for children in need all around the world. This kind of support is very necessary to help the victims in war torn countries that can’t afford a prostheses. For many, access to prosthetic device will mean they can support themselves and their families. Case Study Six:A 3D printed robotic hand recently won the Dyson Award. The maker of the hand, Joel Gibbard, says,” he can scan an amputee and make them a custom-fitted socket in less than two days.” The designer is planning to charge people 2,000 GBP for the device. This is a low cost for a prosthetic and its highly functional. Prosthetics with controllable fingers usually cost around 60,000 GBP. To move the fingers in this device, the user must flex their muscles. Another Dyson award winner, Nick Parrotta, developed an exoskeleton arm that helps patients with back injuries. It also enhances the user’s strength by 40 pounds. These types of developments are crucial to the programs in this thesis.
59. “Alleles Design Studio brings fashion to prosthetic limbs,” Dezeen, January 7, 2015, http://www.dezeen.com/2015/01/07/alleles-design-studio-prosthetic-limb-covers-fashion/60. “A Global Network of Passionate Volunteers Using 3D Printing To Give The World A “Helping Hand,” Enabling the Future, accessed September 21, 2015, http://enablingthefuture.org/about/61. “Titan Arm Recieves 2013 James Dyson Award,” Penn Engineering, November 7, 2013, http://www.seas.upenn.edu/media/news/titan-dyson.php
96 97
98 99
Research SynthesisNormalizing the disabled by emphasizing the cyborg in everyone will destigmatize disabled people. In modern society there are few people who don’t rely on some kind of modern prosthetic on a daily basis. Emphasizing the every day prosthetic and redefining the term prosthetic can help change the way people think about prosthetics, whether its an arm, an implant, or a telephone. Interior design can help with this shift in perception. Interior design is dependent on many prosthetics, much like the human body, and as such, it is an ideal visual and physical analogy. It highlights the prevalence of prosthetics and in contrast with the human condition can help change the way people visualize prosthetics. In a retail space, the community will see the kinds of prosthetics that are being produced and a large number of people will want them, disabled and able bodied people will want them because they are attractive and unique. They can be both aesthetic and functional. This represents a paradigm shift. It represents the integration of human prosthetics into the built environment. It is a new way for people to procure prosthetics in the marketplace. The lab also could lead to a new, comprehensive area of study. A study that combined engineering, biology, and design, which would bring research together and build cohesion. It would unify different spheres of knowledge and benefit the users of all types.The design drivers for the space are technology, biology, identity, accessibility, and materiality. These five design drivers are key to the concept. Interior space is about biology. It is about how we live and how we use space. Technology is important because all prosthetics involve technology, prosthetics for the disabled, able bodied, and the built environment prosthetics. Identity is important because every retail space needs its own identity, but it’s even more important as it relates to the users. This interior is providing a place for people to redefine themselves and find their own individuality. Accessibility is necessary because there will be many disabled participants.Site AnalysisThe site is the Burberry building on Michigan Ave in Chicago, IL. This site was chosen because of its location on the famous “Magnificent Mile,” a distinguished shopping epicenter in the heart of Chicago. The building itself is relatively new, opening its doors in 2012. It is modern glass and steel construction, which is versatile to rebranding. This building has the highest level of visibility to tourists and local residents. This high traffic area provides the most exposure for a new typology and it is important to insert this program into normal consumer culture in order to facilitate the normalizing of prosthetics in society. Another feature is that this building is a short walk for the Rehab Institute of Chicago, putting it in proximity to local and visiting patients that have prosthetic needs. This would be a great draw to the area. Chicago is one of the country’s major cosmopolitans and should showcase the most forward thinking designs and ideas. This space would be a novelty and very attractive to both locals and tourists. It is also an attractive retail concept where there is a clear demand and need in the marketplace.
Programming and DesignThe programming for this project will be retail on the first floor with an accessories counter. The accessories counter will have prosthetic accessories that are premade or customized. The accessories can be worn on or with prosthetic limbs or other aesthetic prosthetics. There will be prosthetics lab for custom prosthetics that do not require clinical or medical expertise and a lab with clinical and medical expertise. Both labs will be in an exhibit like space to allow for public viewing. On the top floor there will be a café/ restaurant on one floor with some gallery exhibits. Gallery exhibits will exist throughout the space. There will be historical prosthetics on display in all areas to emphasize the history and progress in the prosthetics field. There will be viewing rooms throughout the retail and gallery spaces for screening videos about the making and designing of current prosthetic devices. There will also be informative videos explaining the process of designing and making your own prosthetic device as well as the procedures involved. Another feature of programming will be a seminar room for educational purposes. The sales people in the retail area will be highly trained in human physiology. There will be counselors to help evaluate particular needs and trained to assist people in assessing what they need or don’t need. Custom assistance to help build custom prosthetics will be provided. The labs will have highly trained prosthetics designers and medical professionals to help identify the impact and success of different prosthetics. The labs will also have proper equipment to scan body parts to ensure proper fittings. There will be robot made prosthetics as well as 3D printed prosthetics. There will also be an opportunity to help those in impoverished countries who cannot obtain prosthetics. The design for the space will emphasize human prosthetics such as stairs and elevators. The interior shapes and designs will be based on biological images and representations of human forms. This organic visual imagery will be juxtaposed with mechanical forms and artificial implants within the space. This will create a context for the products that is representative of the cyborg like human condition of modern society. It is also representative of the evolving and increasingly technological environment that defines the human experience. The displays for the products will be elaborate, biological and technological at the same time. They will enhance the product and make a product that was utilitarian beautiful and desirable to the everyday consumer.
98 99
100100