GRADE 8 SOCIAL STUDIES

10-DAY STAARREVIEW

Written by Chris Jackson, Ed.D.www.hedgehoglearning.com

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All clipart and images used in this review are either created by Hedgehog Learning, found in public domain, or used with permission from iStockphoto, iClipart, Microsoft, or www.123rf.com

Exploration and Colonization of North AmericaREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 2A, 3A, 7C, and 12B

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Today’s Objectives:

• Identify reasons for European exploration and colonization

• Explain the growth of representative governments

• Analyze the reasons for the spread of slavery in the colonial period

� Exploration is the act of seeking and claiming new lands for economic, political, and social gain.

� Colonialism is the establishment of settlers and traders outside of a specific country who have common reasons for relocating to a new region.

List four major reasons why European countries sought to explore and colonize North America.

1. ?2. ?3. ?4. ?

List four major reasons why European countries sought to explore and colonize North America.

1. Religious2. Political3. Economic4. Social

SPANISH ENGLISH

DUTCH FRENCH

SPAIN FRANCE

Spanish conquistadors conquered much of Central and South America, forcing Native Americans such as the Aztecs and Incas into slave labor for mining gold, ranching, and farming. The Spanish sent missionaries to the New World to convert native people to Catholicism.

French explorers established New France west of the Mississippi River through the Great Lakes and on into much of present-day Canada. The French sent missionaries and established trading outposts and a few towns to engage in the fur trade with Native Americans.

ENGLAND HOLLAND

Dutch explorers claimed control of the Hudson River Valley and established New Amsterdam (New York). The Dutch West India Company merchants traded fur with native peoples, making New Amsterdam and its natural harbor a leading center for trade in the New World.

At war with Spain, England wanted to match the wealth Spain created in the New World through the establishment of thirteen colonies along the Atlantic Coast for various reasons, including political, economic, and religious motivations.

Plymouth Colony in 1620

Religious separatists (Pilgrims) unhappy with the Church of England established the first permanent settlement in present-day Massachusetts to escape religious persecution.

Jamestown in 1607

Virginia Company, a private English business, established a colony on the James River in Virginia in hopes of profiting from gold, and in later years, tobacco. Most of the first settlers did not survive the first two winters.

New York in 1664

Holland, at war with England, surrendered New Amsterdam out of fear of English warships and invasion. England gained the colony out of political force and renamed it New York.

Georgia in 1733

James Ogelthorpe formed the colony of Georgia in 1733 as a place for imprisoned debtors and convicts sent from England.

What are three major reasons colonists sought self-government in the English colonies?

1. ?2. ?3. ?

What are three major reasons colonists sought self-government in the English colonies?

1. Distance from England2. Need for Legal Structure3. Traditional Rights of Englishmen

Mayflower Compact (1620) – The Pilgrims agreed to self-government in the Plymouth Colony

House of Burgesses (1619) – The colony of Virginia established an elected representative assembly.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) –Three towns in Connecticut agreed on individual rights, elective government, and self-rule.

• Slave trading began in colonial America in the mid-1600s to provide labor primarily for large-scale farming in the southern colonies.

• Although the northern colonies had some slaves, their population was one-tenth of that in the southern colonies.

• The number of slaves in the southern colonies increased from 13,000 in 1690 to over 125,000 in 1740.

Discussion Point:

Why do you think many European nations did nothing to stop slavery in the American colonies?

American RevolutionREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 4A, 4C, 15C, 19A

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Today’s Objectives:

• Analyze causes of the American Revolution

• Explain the issues surrounding important events of the American Revolution

• Identify colonial grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence

• Define and give examples of unalienable rights

Proclamation of 1763

� British gained control of a lot of new land after the French and Indian Wars (1763).

� British forbid settlement west of the Appalachians.

� This upset colonists who wanted to move west into the new area.

Stamp Act of 1765

� Tax on printed materials such as newspaper, pamphlets, and other public documents

� Colonists boycotted the tax and protested against it.

Mercantilism� The British controlled colonial

trade and businesses.

� Colonists boycotted the tax and protested against it.

� Riots (such as the Boston Massacre), boycotts, and harassment of tax collectors were common

Intolerable Acts

� As punishment for the Boston Tea Party, the British enforced the Intolerable Acts in Massachusetts:1. Closed Boston Harbor2. Allowed British soldiers to live in

unoccupied colonial houses3. Banned town meetings4. Accused officials will be tried in

England

Taxation Without Representation

� Colonists were outraged they had no authority to represent themselves in what to tax and how much to pay.

Battles of Lexington and Concord

� In April 1775, British troops and colonial “Minutemen” broke into warfare when the British tried to arrest Patriot leaders near Boston, MA.

� Paul Revere’s Ride� The Shot Heard ‘Round the World

Independence Declared

� On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress declared the colonies free and independent from England.

� Defined unalienable rights as:� LIFE� LIBERTY� PURSUIT of HAPPINESS

Colonial Grievances in the Declaration of Independence

Provision in the

US Constitution

The king had absolute power. Checks and balances limit the power of the executive.

Colonials were taxed without their consent. Only Congress, as the representative of the people, can levy taxes.

The king made war against colonials. Only Congress can declare war.The king suspended trial by jury. Citizens are guaranteed speedy and fair trials.The king required that citizens quarter soldiers.

No one can be forced to keep soldiers in his home in times of peace.

The king took away the rights of people. Freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly are guaranteed.

Articles of Confederation

� 1777 – 1781� Created US Government� Strengths:

� foreign treaties� national army� westward expansion

� Weakness:� could not tax� no executive or judicial power� no regulation of commerce

Battle of Saratoga� September/October 1777� Turning point in the War for the Americans� French support followed the victory

Winter at Valley Forge� Winter of 1777-1778 camp� Starvation and sickness� 2,500 out of 12,000 soldiers died

Battle of Yorktown� October 1781� American victory ended the War

Treaty of Paris - 1783� Formal end to the American Revolution� England recognized American as independent

The ConstitutionREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 4E, 7C, 15A, 15C, 17A

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Today’s Objectives:

• Analyze the arguments for/against ratification

• Analyze the impact of slavery on the Constitution

• Identify the influence of historic documents

• Analyze the arguments of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists

The Need for a New Document

� The Articles of Confederation could not sustain a long-term government.

� States were taxing goods from other states.

� Each state printed its own money.

� No federal funding system

Key Influences� Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights – The

king of England’s protection for individual rights and approved taxation

� Mayflower Compact – Self-governing agreement reached by the Pilgrims at Cape Cod in 1620

� Federalist Papers – A set of essays written in support of the ratification of the Constitution

FEDERALISTS ANTI-FEDERALISTSAlexander Hamilton and James Madison Thomas Jefferson and George MasonStrong NATIONAL government Strong STATE governmentsViewed presidential power as necessary Feared presidential powerConcerned with national prosperity Concerned with individual prosperity

Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

• The FEDERALISTS gained enough support for ratification to create a strong national government.

• The ANTI-FEDERALIST got the protection of individual freedoms they sought.

Northern and Southern states reach a compromise on how slave population would be counted in Congressional representation for each state. This become known as the Three-Fifths Compromise.

The Constitution (continued)READINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 15D, 16A, 18A, 19A, 19B, and 25C

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Today’s Objectives:

• Analyze how the U.S. Constitution reflects:• limited government, republicanism,

checks and balances, federalism, separation of powers, popular sovereignty, and individual rights

• Summarize rights guaranteed in the Bill of Rights

• Summarize the purposes for and process of amending the U.S. Constitution

Key Principles� Republicanism – elected representatives

should make and enforce laws

� Popular Sovereignty – authority to govern comes from the people

� Limited Government – only has powers established in the Constitution

� Separation of Powers – three independent branches with system of checks and balances

Amendment Summary of Right or Protection

Amendment 1 Right to the freedom of speech and religion

Amendment 2 Right to own guns

Amendment 3 No quartering of soldiers

Amendment 4 No searches or seizures without warrant

Amendment 5 No trial without a Grand Jury deciding there is enough evidence

Amendment 6 Right to a speedy and public trial by a jury of his peers

Amendment 7 Right to a jury in a civil case

Amendment 8 No cruel and unusual punishments and no excessive bail

Amendment 9 Rights beyond those listed in the Constitution

Amendment 10 Right of States outside of the Constitution

2/3 of Congress votes to propose new amendment

OR

2/3 of States ask Congress to call a National Convention

3/4 of State Legislatures approve

OR

Ratifying conventions in 3/4 of the states approve

The Early RepublicREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 5A, 5C, 5E, 6A, and 18A

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Today’s Objectives:• Describe major domestic problems faced by the

leaders of the new republic

• Explain the origin and development of American political parties

• Identify the foreign policies of presidents Washington through Monroe

• Explain how the Northwest Ordinance provided orderly expansion

• Identify the origin of judicial review

Early Problems

� Large amount of debt from the Revolutionary War

� No national currency

� No regular military for national security

� No court system

Different Ideas on How to Solve Problems

Federalists Priorities Republican PrioritiesLeader – Alexander Hamilton Leader – Thomas Jefferson

Wanted a central bank to build US credit, pay war debt, and create national security

Opposed to a central bank, most southern states were debt-free

Wanted “sin” taxes on liquor and luxury taxes

Taxes were unfair to small, western farmers

For higher tariffs to create revenue Against tariffs that would hurt agriculture

Loose interpretation of the Constitution Strict interpretation of the Constitution

GEORGE WASHINGTON1789 – 1797

• Neutrality Proclamation – refused to take part in war between England and France

• Farewell Address – warned against political parties, national debt, foreign alliances, influential military, and decline in moral values

JOHN ADAMS1797 – 1801

• XYZ Affair – US diplomats insulted by a demand of a bribe in order to negotiate a resolution with France

• Quasi-War with France – avoided war with France despite a strong influence from others to engage in war

THOMAS JEFFERSON1801 – 1809

• Louisiana Purchase – 1803 expansion of US territory that doubled the size of the nation; gained the port of New Orleans

• Embargo Act – banned trade with Europe and devastated the US economy

JAMES MADISON1809 – 1817

• War of 1812 – Conflict with Britain over the impressment of US sailors that proved the nation could defend itself

JAMES MONROE1817 – 1825

• Florida – Purchased Florida from Spain

• Monroe Doctrine – Warned that the US would resist any attempt from European nations to recolonize or claim land in the Western Hemisphere

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• First establish case of judicial review on whether a law passed by congress was unconstitutional

• Decision by first Chief Justice John Marshall

• Ruled Judiciary Act was unconstitutional

The Age of JacksonREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 5C, 7C, 15D, 17B, and 18A

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Today’s Objectives:• Analyze the impact of slavery on different sections

of the United States

• Explain the origin and development of American political parties

• Explain constitutional issues arising over the issue of states' rights, including the Nullification Crisis

• Explain how the Northwest Ordinance provided orderly expansion

• Identify the origin of judicial review

ANDREW JACKSON• President from 1828 – 1837

• Key Issues of Presidency

• Nullification Crisis• Indian Removal Act• Trail of Tears

• Ending of “Spoils System”

• Beginning of “Jacksonian Democracy”

Northwest Ordinance• Law passed to address the

western territory north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi

• Territory was eligible for statehood when population reached 60,000

• Guaranteed civil liberties and prohibited slavery

• Many areas gained statehood during the Jacksonian Era

• Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

• Increase the profitability of cotton farming

• Increase in cotton plantations = Increase in slavery

South Carolina Goes Rogue• South Carolina declared the Tariff

of 1832 illegal within its own state

• South Carolina threaten to secede

• Jackson threatened force

• South Carolina backed down but asserted it had the right to nullify federal law and could secede

• NOTE: South Carolina goes rogue again 29 years later (1861).

War on the Bank• Supreme Court declared the bank

constitutional in McCulloch v. Maryland

• Still, Jackson wanted to eliminate the National Bank

• Shifted money to State Banks

Westward Expansion and SectionalismREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 6B, 6D, 7C, 10B, 11A, 12D, and 23A

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Today’s Objectives:• Explain the political, economic, and social

roots of Manifest Destiny

• Explain the causes and effects of the US-Mexican War

• Compare places and regions of the US

• Analyze economic differences among different regions of the US

• Identify selected racial, ethnic, and religious groups reasons for immigration

• Many believed it was the God-given destiny of the United States to control all lands from East to West Coasts

• Influenced domestic and foreign policies

• Growth of US Territory:

• Louisiana Purchase (1803)• Florida Purchase (1819)• Annexation of Texas (1845)• Oregon Territory (1846)• Mexican Cession (1848)• Gadsden Purchase (1853)

• Expand democracy

• Secure borders against threats from England, Spain, or Russia

• Future prosperity

• Pioneer spirit and individualism

• Romantic view of the West

• CAUSES• US annexed Texas in 1845;

Mexico still claimed Texas• US wanted California

(Manifest Destiny)• US owed money by Mexico

• EFFECTS• US purchased Mexican

Cession for $15 Million• US army gained tactics used

in Civil War

THE WEST

• Lightly populated• Mixture of ethnic groups• Few slaves• A lot of land and resources• Farming• Mining• Fur trapping

THE NORTH

• Big cities and high population• Social reform• Factories• Cool climate and rivers• Fishing• Shipping and trading THE SOUTH

• Plantations• Large slave population• Low population growth• Warm climate• Farming• Distinct class system

• In 2000, 70% of US citizens had Irish or German heritage.

• Top two immigrant groups of the mid-1800s• Germans – escaping political turmoil in Germany• Irish – famine in Ireland, over 1,000,000 died

Industrialization and Cultural ReformREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 6B, 6D, 7C, 10B, 11A, 12D, and 23A

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Today’s Objectives:

• Identify the economic factors that brought about rapid industrialization and urbanization

• Evaluate the impact of reform movements

• Explain the effects of technological and scientific innovations

• Analyze the impact of transportation and communication systems

Increase in factories & manufactured goods

People moved to cities for jobs

Technology advances efficiency

INDUSTRIALIZATION

URBANIZATION

STEAMBOATS

INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS

CANALS

TELEGRAPH

RAILROADS

1860

1890

• Second Great Awakening – National spiritual revival from 1820 to 1860

• Lead to many reform efforts such as:

• Abolitionism – Movement to end slavery• Prison Reform – Fair treatment of inmates (Eliza Farnham)• Care for Mentally Ill – Dedicated hospitals (Dorothy Dix)• Education for All – Public funding of schools (Horace Mann)• Women’s Rights – Voting suffrage (Seneca Falls Convention)• Temperance Movement – Outlawing alcohol

Civil WarREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 8B, 17B, and 18A

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Today’s Objectives:

• Explain the causes of the Civil War

• Explain the significant events of the Civil War

• Explain constitutional issues arising over the Civil War

� Reason #1 – SLAVERY

� Many attempts to try to compromise this issue:� Missouri Compromise – 1820� Compromise of 1850� Kansas-Nebraska Act – 1854

� Supreme Court� Dred Scott Decision (1857)

� Reason #2 – STATES’ RIGHTS

� Southern states believed they had the right to nullify federal laws and secede from the United States

� Reason #3 – SECTIONALISM

� The North and South had grown apart in values, culture, political goals, and economic interests.

NORTHSOUTH

THE SOUTH THE NORTHThe Presidents

Jefferson Davis vs.

Abraham Lincoln

The Generals

Robert E. Leevs.

Ulysses S. Grant

� FIRING ON FORT SUMTER� South Carolina Goes Rogue, Part 2� Lincoln's victory in the Election of 1860

triggered South Carolina's secession� South Carolina forces fired on Fort

Sumter in April 1861

� BATTLE OF ANTIETAM� September 17, 1862� Single bloodiest day of the Civil War� Strategically a Union victory

� BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG� Deadliest battle of the Civil War� July 1-4, 1863� Union victory� 8,000 killed in three days

� BATTLE OF VICKSBURG� Occurred same time as Gettysburg� Union victory and control of the

Mississippi River

� President Lincoln declared slaves free through Executive Order on January 1, 1863.

� The Proclamation applied in the ten states that were still in rebellion in 1863.

� Following a Union victory at the Battle of Appomattox, General Lee surrendered to General Grant on April 9, 1865

� Effectively ended the Civil War

� President Lincoln is assassinated by John W. Booth on April 14, 1865

ReconstructionREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 9C, 16A, 16B, and 19A

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Today’s Objectives:

• Explain the economic, political, and social problems during Reconstruction

• Describe the impact of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments

• Summarize the purposes for and process of amending the U.S. Constitution

� Large number of freed slaves that need assistance

� Bringing the rebel States back into the Union

� Amendments needed to be added to the Constitution to outlaw slavery

� US Government established the Freedman’s Bureau to provide education, food, and medical care to former slaves.

� As Union troops withdrew from the South after Reconstruction, many states passed “Black Code” laws to suppress freedoms of former slaves.

� A new racial terrorist group, the Ku Klux Klan, harassed many freed slaves.

13th Amendment

ENDEDSLAVERY

14th Amendment

Granted

CITIZENSHIPto all former slaves.

15th Amendment

Extended the

RIGHT TO VOTE

to all former slaves.

Grade 8 Social Studies10-Day STAAR Review

Written by Chris Jackson, Ed.D.www.hedgehoglearning.com

© Hedgehog Learning

Best wishes to you on the Social Studies STAAR!

You will do great!