government of maharashtra · iwwa indian water works association j jsa jalyuktshiwarabhiyan l ......

Master Plan For Integrated Development & Management of Water Resources of Patalganga SubBasin

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GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA

WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT

Executive Director,Konkan Irrigation Development Corporation, Thane

Chief Engineer,Water Resources Department, Konkan Region, Mumbai

Superintending Engineer,North Konkan Irrigation Project Circle, Kalwa-Thane

Executive Engineer,Irrigation Project (Construction) Division, Shahapur

DRAFT REPORT FOR

INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR

PATALGANGA SUB BASIN


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INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR PATALGANGABASIN

Abbreviations:

AACZ Agro climatic ZoneAER Agro Ecological Region

AI/DC Area Irrigated /Day Cusecsamsl Above mean sea level

APMC Agriculture Produce Marketing CommitteeARG Automatic Rain gauge StationAWC Available Water Capacity

Bbgl Below Ground levelC

CA Catchment AreaCADA Command Area Development AuthorityCBIP Central Board of Irrigation and PowerCDAP Comprehensive District Agricultural PlanningCDO Central Designs Organisation

CGWB Central Ground Water BoardCPCB Central Pollution Control BoardCWC Central Water Commission

DDGPS Differential Global Positioning SystemDIRD Directorate of Irrigation Research and DevelopmentDOA Department of Agriculture, GOM

DOLR Department of Land Resources, GOIDPA Drought Prone Area

EEcdsm Electrical Conductivity of soilEGS

Employment Generation SchemeEIA

Environmental Impact AssessmentF

FCS Full Climatological StationFLD Front Line Demonstration

GGCA Gross Command AreaGD Gauge and Discharge StationGIS

Geographical Information SystemGOI Govt. of India


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GOM Govt. of MaharashtraGOS Gate Operation ScheduleGPS Global Positoning System

GSDA Groundwater Survey and Development Agency,PuneGSI Geological Survey of IndiaGUI Grapical User InterfaceGW GroundwaterHHP Hydrology Project, WRDHW Hot weather

IIBWT Inter Basin Water TransferICA Irrigable command area

ICAR Indian Council for Agriculture ResearchICPO Irrigation cum power outle

IDMWRP Integrated Development and Management of Water Resources PlanIIT Indian Institute of Technology

IM D India Meteorological DepartmentIPI Irrigation Projects Investigation

ISWP Integrated State Water PlanIWRDM Integrated Water Resources Development and ManagementIWRM Integrated Water Resources ManagementIWWA Indian Water Works Association

JJSA JalyuktShiwarAbhiyan

LLIS Lift Irrigation Schemelpm Liters per Minute

LUMAPS Land Use Management Activities And PracticesM

MERC Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory CommissionMERI Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute

MI Minor IrrigationMIDC Maharashtra Industrial Development CorporationMIS Modern Irrigation SystemMJP Maharashtra JeevanPradhikaran

MMDB Maharashtra Marketing Development BoardMMISF Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers

(MMISF)MNRE Ministry of Nonconventional and Renewable EnergyMOA Ministry of Agriculture, GOIMOEF Ministry of Environment and ForestMOWR Ministry Of Water Resources


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MRSAC Maharashtra Remote Sensing Application CentreMSAMB Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing BoardMSEB Maharashtra State Electricity BoardMSNA Maharashtra SujalNirmalAbhiyanMTPD Metric Ton Per DayMUS Million Units (Million kWh)

MW&IC Maharashtra Water & Irrigation CommissionMWRRA Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory AuthorityMWSIP Maharashtra Water Sector Improvement Project

NNABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

NBSS&LUP National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning,NagpurNEERI National Environmental Engineering Research Institute

NFS Non Farm SectorNGO Non-Government OrganisationNGRI National Geophysical Research Institute

NRDWP National Rural Drinking Water ProgrammeNWC National Water Council

NWDA National Water Development AuthorityNWDPRA National Watershed Development Project in Rain fed AreaNWQMP National Water Quality Monitoring Programme

NWP National Water PolicyO

OB Observation wellOPS Other Priority Sectors

PPIM Participatory Irrigation ManagementPLF Plant Load FactorPLP Potential linked credit planPT Percolation TankR

R & RV Renovation and RevitalisationR& R Rehabilitation and ResettlementRBA River Basin AgencyRIF Rainfall Infiltration FactorROS Reservoir Operation ScheduleRR Rainfall Runoff

RRSSC Regional Remote Sensing Services CentreRS Remote Sensing

RSC Residual Sodium CarbonateS

SAA Service Area ApproachSAR Sodium Absorption Ratio


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SCADA Supervisory Control And Data AcquisitionSERC State Electricity Regulatory CommissionSEZ Special Economic ZonesSRG Standard Rain gauge StationSTP Sewerage Treatment PlantSW Surface water

SWB State Water BoardSWC State Water Council

SWQMP State Water Quality Monitoring ProgramSWP State Water Policy

TTDS Total Dissolved SolidsTGA Total Geographical AreaTMC Thousand Million Cubic FeetTOR Terms of Reference

UUIDSSMT Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme For Small And Medium

TownUSDA United States Department of AgricultureUSSSL U.S.Soil Salinity Laboratory

WWALMI Water and Land Management Institute

WAMADSS Watershed Management Decision Support SchemeWER Water Evaporation RetardantWLF Water Level FluctuationWMO World Meteorological OrganisationWRD Water Resources DepartmentWTP Water Treatment PlantsWUA Water Users Association


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Executive Summary

This report provides valuable information related to the topographic, demographic, climatic,

surface and ground water resources, hydro-meteorological and water quality scenario of

Patalganga sub- basin. The core components of the water network include the river

Patalganga, and its principal tributaries.

The Patalganga river system flows through the state of Maharashtra in Raigad ,Thane & Pune

districts .This river receives several tributaries on both the banks, out of which its principal

tributaries joining Patalganga sub basin are the Kasadi, Ghadhi, Balganga & Bhogeshwari.

The overall catchment comprises of 05 number of Watersheds. Patalganga sub-basin

comprises of 1667.48 Sq. Km (as per MRSAC Nagpur)and 1540.11Sq.Km (as per Hydrology

study ref. chapter No.06 Report) catchment area falling entirely in the state of Maharashtra.

The Patalganga sub-basin falls in Western Ghats and Coastal part. The Patalganga sub-basin

has a tropical climate. The mean annual rainfall is more than200cm.The mean July

temperature varying between 25 °C and 30 °C and mean January temperatures between 18 °C

and 30 °C.

The Sub basin falls into one major agro-climatic zones Major part of the sub basin 84904.43

Ha is covered with agricultural area. Approximately 26.89 % of the sub basin area is covered

by forest;Barren & uncultivable around 16.48% of the total basin area. The important soil

types found in the basin are black soils, red soils, lateritic soils, alluvium, mixed soils (red and

black, red and yellow, etc.) and saline and alkaline soils.

As per 2011 census, the total population in the sub basin is about 34.50 Lakhs falling majorly

in Raigad district with about48% population residing in urban areas.

Patalganga Sub basin consists of surface water bodies in the form of lakes, ponds, reservoirs,

tanks etc. Generally the water bodies in the basin provide water suitable for irrigation, and

water supply. Water Resource project reservoirs are the most predominant with the total

number of 24 in the sub basin. There are 7 (Major, Medium, Minor, Barrages) State sector &

17 local sector projects including Zilla Parishad projects. Around 70% water of dams is used

for the purpose of drinking.

There are 13 Rain Gauge stations, 9 Gauge Discharge (GD) stations. In this valley Water

quality observations are taken at 09 sites of MPCB in sub basin. The GSDA is monitoring the

ground water levels four times a year through a network of 1293 ground water observation

wells.


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The major crops grown in the basin are rice, coconut, Mango, cashewnut, pulses cereals, etc..

Presently 10418 Ha are provided with irrigation facility. As per planning proposed in this

report, all cultivable command can be irrigated with the available resources. The water

dependability of Patalganga sub basin at 50% is 3524.03 Mm3 and at 75% is 3181.83 Mm3.

Officers involved in Preparing Integrated State Water Plan for Patalganga SubBasin-

Basin Incharge:- Shri. A. S. Kalokhe, Superintending Engineer, North Konkan

Irrigation Project circle , Kalwa-Thane

Sr.No. Contribution of Officer For Preparation Of ISWP

1 Shri. P.R. Gawale

Executive Engineer, Irrigation Project (Construction) Division,

Shahapur

Basin:- Patalganga/Maharashtra Salient Features

1 Geographical area1540.11Sq.km (As per Hydrology study chp. No.06)

1667.48 Sq.Km (MRSAC Nagpur )

2 Cultivable area 218.37 Sq.Km (As per Agriculture Dept.)

3 Districts Covered 1)Thane 2)Raigad 3)Pune 4)Mumbai

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Taluka Covered 1)Thane District

1)Thane

2)Raigad District

1) Karjat 2) Khalapur 3) Panvel4)Pen 5)Uran 6)Alibag7)Sudhagad

3)Pune District

1)Mawal

4)Mumbai

1)Kurla


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5 Population (Lakhs)

*(As Per census 2011)

Year Total

2011 34.50 lakh

2030 51.95 lakh

6 No. of Watersheds 05

7 Main River Patalganga

8 Main Tributaries Kasadi, Gadhi, Balganga, Bhogeshwari

9 GeologyMajor portion of basin consists of Basalt –remainingconsists of Alluvium & laterite formation

10 Soils

i) Soil type and FertilityMajor texture – Gravelly clay,clayey, Gravelly sandyclay loam; shallow to very deep soils. 41.64% of goodarable land .The soils are laterite and coastal alluvial.

ii) Soil Suitability for crops Rice, coconut, Mango, cashewnut, pulses cereals are themain crops.

iii) Land Development 21837.09 Ha (As per Agriculture Dept.chp. No.05)

11 Land Use Pattern

i) Agro Climatic Zone Patalganga sub-basin fall in Agro climatic zone no.( xii)i.e.Western coastal plains and Ghats.

ii) Present Land Use( Lakhs ha)

1. Forest-22828.98 ha

2. Net sown area-12551ha

3.Cultivable area-21837.09 ha

4. Gross Cropped area- 14178.50 Ha

(Data from Agriculture Department)

12 Hydrology

i) Annual Rainfall in mm The mean annual rainfall is more than 200 cm.

ii)Surface water Availability(Mm3)

50% Dep. Average Dep. 75% Dep.

3524.03 3486.16 3181.83

iii)

Categorization of Sub basin:Surface water available per ha ofCA

CA 21837.09 Ha,Surface Water Available -3181.83 Mm3= 145707.60 M3/Ha. Hence, Basin is abundant.


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iv)

Ground water availability(mm3)(As per GSDA)

(1) Net GW: 202.75Mm3 , (2) Utilizable GW(70%):120.10Mm3, (3)Current Draft:23.741Mm3,(4) Balance GW potential:96.36Mm3. Hence, Groundwater development is possible.

v) No of wells in sub basin 1. Wells in Sub basin : 1293 Nos

vi) Watershed No & categoryOver exploited:00; Critical:00; Semi critical:00; Safe:05,

Total watersheds: 05, Category :Safe

13 Water Quality

a) Surface Water b) Ground Water(polluted)

Polluted stretches length:NA

No of Villages:NA


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14.1-Water Balance of Patalganga Valley

Sr.No. Availability Planning Mm3 Sr.No Use Planning Mm3

Ø Availability of Water Ø Sectorial Water DemandPresent 2030 Present 2030

1 Natural 1 Non Irrigation Usea Natural Water Available 3181.83 3181.83 1.1 Domestic

Urban 173.98 259.65Rural 29.03 48.24

2 Manually Managed Sub Total (1.1) 203.01 307.89a Regeneration-Urban-Industry 0.02 0.18 1.2 Industrial Use 18.25 50.00b Regeneration-Industrial Use 0.00 10.97 Sub Total (1.1+1.2) 221.26 357.89

SubTotal (a+b) 0.02 11.152

Intra Basin/Sub Basin Transfer(Export) 0.00 0.00

3Intra Basin/Sub Basin Transfer(Import)

200.54* 200.54* 3 Water for Environment 28.41SubTotal (1+2+3) 221.26 386.30

4Water Required through River 0.00 0.00 4 Irrigation Use 86.85 113.75

4.1 Major+Medium 79.07 94.744.2 Minor(State+Local) 7.78 19.01

5 Recharge from Irrigation 0.00 0.00 5 From Export 0.00 0.006 Ground water 23.74 120.10A Total(1+2+3+4+5+6) 3205.59 3313.08 B Total(1+2+3+4+5) 308.11 500.05

C Balance Water (A-B) 2897.48 2813.03

Note- *indicates- The quantity of water which is Imported from Valvan Dam (TATA Power) which is considered in 75% yield of PatalgangaSub-Basin (Surface Water).


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14.2-Water Balance of Patalganga Valley

Status

Available Water (Mm3)

TotalWater

(2+3+4+5)

Water Use (Mm3)

BalanceWater(6-13)

TotalWater

availableSurface

+GroundWater

Recycledwater

+Regenerationfrom domestic& industrial

use

ImportDomestic Industrial Irrigation

Ecology(1% ofBalancewater)

Export Total(7+8+9+

10+11+12)

Intrabasin

InterBasin

Intrabasin

InterBasin

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

PresentStatus 3205.57 0.02 200.54* - 3205.59 203.01 18.25 86.85 - - - 308.11 2897.48Statusby2030 3301.93 11.15 200.54* - 3313.08 307.89 50.00 113.75 28.41 - - 500.05 2813.03

Note- *indicates- The quantity of water which is Imported from Valvan Dam (TATA Power) which is considered in 75% yield of Patalganga Sub-Basin (Surface Water).


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INDEXSr.No. Name

Page No.From To

1 Introduction1.1 Preparation of Master plan

1.1.1. Need for preparation of Master plan1.1.2. Principles of preparation of Master Plan1.1.3. Objectives of Master Plan1.1.4. Overall planning strategy

1.2 Patalganga River and sub-basin1.2.1 Location and Boundaries of the Sub-

basin1.2.2 Topographical Description

1.3Demographic Profile of The Basin1.4 Watershed Details

1.5 Vegetative cover (Flora and Fauna)

1.6 Communication

27 34

2 River System

2.0 River-System

2.1 Patalganga River

2.2 Topographical Description

2.3 Geomorphology of the Sub-Basin

2.4 Geology of the Sub-Basin

35 39

3 Geology and Soils3.0 Geology

3.0.1 Introduction3.0.2 Drainage

3.1 Soils3.1.1 Land capability classification3.1.2 Soil Depth

3.2 Fertility status of soils3.2.1 Soil Reaction3.2.2Electrical conductivity of soil3.2.3 Major nutrient levels of soil3.2.4Micro nutrients

3.3 Soil series in basin3.4 Details of area of textural class3.5 Irrigability classification of soils.

40 52

4 Hydrometeorology4.0 Introduction

53 57


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4.1 Climatic conditions of Basin4.2 Rainfall phenomena

4.2.1.Raingauge & Rivergauge Station4.3 Rainfal Data

5 Agriculture5.0 Introduction5.1 Land Use Pattern5.2 Land Holding5.3 Area & Production For various crops5.4 Water & Irrigation requirements of crops5.5 Effect of Irrigation on Crop yields5.6 Water Saving Techniques5.7 Agricultural research institutes5.8 Agricultural Extension Services

5.8.1 National Horticulture Mission5.8.2 Dryland Agriculture Mission5.8.3 Extention5.8.4 Horticuture5.8.5 Soil Conservation5.8.6 Input & Quality Control

58 70

6 Surface Water Resources6.0 Preamble6.2 Patalganga Basin6.3 Past Assessments of Availability of Water:6.4 Data Available6.5 Methodology adopted for assessment ofavailability:6.6 Water availability:

6.6.1Rainfall- Runoff Relationship6.7 Gross Yield Series6.8 Directives In State Water Board Meeting

71 79

7 Ground Water Resources

7.00Hydrology-

7.1 Groundwater occurrence

7.1.1 Vesicular Basalt

7.1.2 Massive basalt

7.1.3 Movement of Groundwater

7.1.4 Aquifer parameters

7.1.5 Groundwater Monitoring:-

7.2 Ground Water Availability:-

7.3 Ground water recharge

80 103


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7.3.1 Monsoon Season

7.3.2 Non- Monsoon season

7.3.3 Total annual ground water recharge

7.4 Ground water draft

7.5 Stage of groundwater development andcategorization of units

7.5.1 Categorization of areas for groundwaterdevelopment

7.6 Allocation of ground water resource forutilization

7.7 Poor quality ground water

7.8 Apportioning of ground water assessmentfrom watershed to development unit

7.9 Additional Potential Recharge

7.10Recommendations of R&D AdvisoryCommittee

7.11 Criterion for Categorization of AssessmentUnits

7.12 Future allocation of groundwater resources

7.12.1Groundwater Recharge in PatalgangaSubbasin

7.12.2 Groundwater draft in Patalganga Subbasin

7.12.3Groundwater Balance and Stage ofDevelopment in Patalganga Subbasin

7.13Watershed wise details of Wells inPatalganga basin

7.14 Groundwater Availability & Use

7.15 Groundwater Status

7.16 Ground Water Quality

7.17 Groundwater Management plan

7.17.1 Observations and Recommendations

7.18 Maharashtra Groundwater (Developmentand Management) Act 2009

8 Irrigation

8.1 Introduction104 109


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8.2 Area

8.3 Yield

8.4 Directives in state water board meeting

8.5 Future needs

8.6. Irrigation

8.7. Irrigation projects

8.8. Siltation in Reservoirs and Silt monitoring

8.9. Micro Irrigation

8.10. Priority for water use

8.11.1 Non irrigation uses & Domestic Use

8.11.2 Prudent practices of water use

8.12 Domestic water supply schemes linked withlift irrigation projects

8.13.1 Industrial Water Use

8.13.2 Water supply for co-operative industrialarea

8.14 Water for Environment

8.15 Water for forest, social forestry and wildlife

8.16 Pisciculture

8.17 Tourism9 Water Conservation

9.0 Introduction9.1Status of Watershed Development andManagement9.2 Soil Conservation Works9.3 Small Scale Irrigation Schemes 0 to 250 ha(Minor Irrigation Tanks, Storage Tanks,K.T.Weir and etc)9.4- Review of Impact9.5- Increase in Recharge due to Completed ofSmall Scale Irrigation Schemes-9.6. Effect of Water Conservation works – Abasin specific Case Study9.7. Construction & Maintenance.

110 116

10 Floods 117 121


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10.1 Introduction

10.2 Flood Prone Area of Patalganga river basin

10.2.1 Prominent floods in History

10.2.2 Flood damage in the year 2005-06

10.2.3 Maharshtra State Water Policy

10.3 Critical Points from view of Flood Control

10.4.1 Rainfall Phenomena Pattern

10.5 Preventive Actions

10.5.1 Alert Signals

10.5.2 Control Measures for Prevention ofDamage

10.5.3 The Prohibitive Zone

10.5.4 The restrictive zone

10.5.5 The Caution Zone

10.6.1 The information regarding the same iscommunicated immediately to Revenue andPolice Authorities by WRD.

10.6.2 Blue Zone

10.6.3 Green Zone

10.6.4 Red Zone

10.7 Hetawane Irrigation Project

10.8 Recommendations related to Flood in thePatalganga river basin

10.9 References11 Drainage

11.1 Introduction11.2 Identification And Norms Of Damaged Area11.2.1 Identification of water logged area.11.2.2 Identification and norms of salt affectedarea11.3 Drainage system

122 127

12 Drinking Water (Municipal and Rural)12.1 Introduction12.2 Coverage Of Scheme In The Sub Basin12.3 Population, Water Demand And Supply12.4 Management Of Water Resources

128 135


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12.4.1 Following Plans Are Suggested12.5 Distribution And Management (O&M)12.6 Management Plan And Infrastructure12.7 SPECIAL CONSIDERATION FOR RURALWATER SUPPLY SCHEMES12.8 Recycle & Reuse of Water For Irrigation

13 Industries13.1 Introduction13.2 Regulation of Water Supply in MIDC Areas13.3 Major Water Consuming Industrial sectors13.4 Present Scenario13.5 Present use of Water_ Basin wise:13.5.1Patalganga Basin13.5.2. Present Reservation/ Sanction13.5.3 Industrial Use13.5.4 Present Consumption of Water by Industriesin sub-Basin and Future Water Demand.13.5.5 Industries to Include completed,underconstruction and future Industries13.5.6 Present Status of industries & Productivity13.5.7 Urban/Domestic Use13.6.Water availability & Utilization13.7. Reduction in water losses

136 143

14 Legal Issues (Tribunal Awards / Inter StateAgreements)

144 147

15 Trans Basin Diversions15.0 Introduction15.1 Inter-Basin Diversions At National Level15.2 Intra-Basin Diversion At State Level15.3 Import & Export Of Water In Basin :-15.3.1 Import Of Water In Patalganga Sub Basin :-15.3.1.1 Patalganga River15.3.2 Export Of Water From Patalganga Basin15.4 Recommendations of Study Groups

/Commissions/ Committees15.4.1Fact Finding Committee For Drought Prone

Area, (Sukthankar Samiti), 197315.4.2 Maharashtra Water Irrigation Commission,199915.4.3 National Water Policy, 200215.4.4 State Water Policy, 2003

148 151

16 Other Special Requirements16.0- Introduction

152 157


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16.1 Hydro Power Generation in Patalganga Basin16.2 Navigation16.3 Recreation16.4 Tourism16.5 Tourism facilities developed near the lakes.

17 Environmental Management and Ecology17.0 Background17.1Introduction17.2. Paatalganga River17.3 Probable Sources of Water Pollution inPatalganga Sub-basin17.3.1Urban Development17.3.2 Industrial wastewater17.3.3 Leachate from Solid Waste17.3.4Agricultural Practices17.3.5 Algal Growth17.3.6 Siltation17.3.7 Miscellaneous Sources17.4. Sewage Generation Potential17.5 Industrial effluent potential17.5.1 Raigad District17.6 Hydraulic & Organic Load17.6.1.Load Estimations for Sewage17.6.2 Load Estimations for Industries17.7 Water Sampling and Quality MonitoringStations17.7.1 Khalapur & Panvel Talukas in RaigadDistrict17.7.2.Water Quality at Gagangiri MaharajTemple17.7.3.Water Quality at Shilphata Bridge on17.7.4.Water Quality at Khalapur Pumping Station17.7.5.Water Quality at Savroli Bridge17.7.6 Water Quality at Vyal Pump House atPatalganga River17.7.7.Water Quality at Near Intake of MIDCW/W at Patalganga17.7.8. Water Quality at D/s Kharpada Bridge atSaline water Zone of Patalganga River17.8.Environment Management17.8.1.Control of Pollution at the Source17.8.2.Sewage Treatment Plants17.8.3. Sewage Irrigation (Short Term Temporary

158 181


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Relief)17.8.4.Control of Pollution In the Path (Short &Long Term Relief)17.8.5.Nallah Treatment using In-situPhytoremediation17.8.6.Control of Pollution at End of Pipe17.8.7.De-silting17.8.8.Mechanical Aeration17.8.9.Marina Adaptation or BiologicalRejuvenation17.8.10 Physical Cleaning & Beautification17.8.11.Minimum Flow in the River17.8.12.Conservation & Best Possible Options forImprovement

18 Institutional Arrangements18.1 Legal arrangements18.2 Review of various acts and policies18.3.Commission/Committees and itsrecommendations

182 190

19 Use of Modern Tools19.1. Watershed Importants:19.2. Geographic Informaton System19.3 The components of a GIS

19.3.1 Data19.3.2 Software19.3.3 Plaform19.3.4 User

19.4 Environmental application of GIS19.5 Software used19.6 Approaches of GIS application in watershedmanagement19.7 Watershed management decision supportsystem19.8 Groundwater modeling in watershed

19.8.1 Related Technologies19.8.2 Global positioning systems (GPS)

19.9 References

191 198

20 Water Balance20.0. Introduction20.1.Yield in the Sub basin20.2.Availability and use of water20.3.Sectorial Water demands for Surface andGround water20.4.Water Available for future use

199 206


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20.5.Per capita availability of water20.6.Water availability per ha of Cultivable area

21 Financial Aspects21.1 Introduction

207 209

22 Stake Holder Consultation*23 Action Plans

23.1 Development Plan –23.1.1 New irrigation23.1.2 Water Conservation23.1.2 - Water Conservation (Local Sector)department23.1.3 Drinking Water MJP Action Plan –23.1.3.1 MJP Development Plan23.1.3.2 MJP Action Plan23.1.3.3 Measures To Be Taken After TheCompletion of the Scheme23.2 Flood management Plan23.3 Management Plan23.4 MPCB - Water Quality management Plan23.4.1 Action Plan for prevention of RiverPollution23.4.2 Industrial pollution23.4.3 Financial Management23.5 GSDA Ground Water Plan

210 219

24 Approval of SWC* Annexures 220 270


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List of Tables in reportSr.No. Chapter/Table Particulars

A Chapter No.1 –Introduction

1 Table No. 1.3 Prominent Features of the Patalganga Sub-Basin

2 Table No. 1.3.2.1 Location & boundry details3 Table No.1.3.2.2 Basin spreads4 Table No. 1.4 Demographic Profile of Patalganga Sub5 Table No.1.5. Watershed Details6 Table 1.7. Communication Facility

B Chapter No.2 –River System of Patalganga Sub basin

7 TableNo. 2.1. Details of Tributaries in the Sub Basin8 Table No. 2.3 Prominent Features of Patalganga Sub basinC Chapter No.3- Geology & Soil9 Table No.3.0.2 Soil Drainage10 Table No 3.1 Talukas Covered under Sub basin

11 Table-3.1.1Land capability classification in the area of inPatalganga Sub –Basin

12 Table 3.1.2 soil depth classification

13 Table No.3.2. Fertility status of soils in Patalganga Sub Basin

14 Table 3.2.1 Soil Reaction15 Table 3.2.2 Electrical Conductivity16 Table No.3.2.3 Major Nutrients Level of Soil17 Table No.3.2.4 Micro nutrients18 Table No. 3.3.1 Soil Series in Patalganga Sub –Basin19 Table No.3.4 Textural Class details20 Table No.3.5 Soil SlopesD Chapter No.4-Hydrometrology21 Table 4.1 Basin spreads22 Table No.4.2.1. Raingauge Stations23 Table No. 4.2.2 GD Stations24 Table No. 4.4 Patalganga River Rainfall DataE Chapter No.5-Agriculture25 Table No.5.1 Land Use Pattern in Patalganga Sub Basin26 TableNo.5.2 Land Holding in Patalganga Sub-Basin

27 Table No. 5.3 (a to d)Area and Production for various Crop in PatalgangaSub

28 Table No. 5.3.1Area and Production for Fruit Crops in PatalgangaSub

29 Table No. 5.4.Water and irrigation requirement of crops inPatalganga Sub-Basin


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30 Table No.5.5Effect of Irrigation on Crop Yields(Crops yieldKg./ha.) in Patalganga Sub Basin.

31 Table No.5.6 Water Saving Techniques in Patalganga Sub Basin.

32 Table No.5.7Agricultural Research Institutions in Patalganga SubBasin

F Chapter No.6- Surface Water Resources

33 Table No.6.1 Nodal Points34 Table No.6.2.1 Details of Main Tributaries of Sub basin

35 Table No. 6.2.2 Patalganga basin Distribution of the drainage area

36 Table No.6.4.1 (A) GD Station37 Table No.6.4.1(B) Raingauge Station

38 Table No.6.4.2- Patalganga basin- Period of Availability and AverageAnnual Rainfall

39 Table No.6.4.3Area of influence and influence factor of theraingauge stations at various sites

40 Table No.6.4.4 Details of G&D sites41 Table No.6.6.1 Monsoon Rainfall-Runoff relations @ site42 Table No.6.7.2 Partwise Yield Calculations

G Chapter No.7 Ground Water Resources

43 Table No.7.5.1 The criteria for categorization of assessment units

44 Table No.7.14Watershed-wise Groundwater Exploitation inPatalganga Sub Basin

45 Table No.7.15 Groundwater Status ib patalganga Sub basinH Chapter No.8 –Irrigation46 Table No. 8.6.1 (A) Irrigation Projects Completed in Patalganga

47 Table No. 8.6.1 (B) Irrigation Projects Under construction in Patalganga

48 Table No. 8.6.1 (C) (A+B)Irrigation Projects Completed & Under Constructionin Patalganga

49 Table No. 8.6.1 (D) Irrigation Future Projects in Patalganga50 Table No. 8.6.1 (D) Irrigation Future Projects in Patalganga51 Table 8.7.(A) Watershed wise wells52 Table 8.7.(B) Details of Wells in Patalganga Basin53 TableNo.8.10. Summary of State Sector Projects

I Chapter No.09 –Water Conservation

54 Table No.9.2.1Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes below100Ha


23

55 Table No.9.2.2Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes 101 to250 ha

56 Table No.9.3.2Abstract of JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan WorksinPatalganga Basin

57 Table No.9.3.3Abstract of JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan WorksinPatalganga Basin -Raigad District

58 Table 9.5Increase in Recharge due to Completed of SmallScale Irrigation Schemes

59 TableNo.9.7. TableNo.9.7. Summary of Local Sector Projects

J Chapter No.10 –Flood

60 Table No. 10.1.1List of Tahsil Raingauge station with rainfall figureson 25th to 27th july 2005 in Patalganga Basin

61 Table No. 10.1.2. Details of Medium Projects in Patalganga Basin

62 Table No. 10.2Details of Flood Line ,Showing various zones ofFlood Level in Patalganga Basin of HetawaneMedium Project Rivers ( 26 July 2005 )

63 Table No. 10.4 Critical Points in Patalganga Basin64 Table No. 10.4.1 Rainfall Details for Raigad District

K Chapter No.12- Drinking Water

65 Table No.12.2 Domestic Use66 Table No.12.3 Status of Completed Water Supply Scheme67 Table No.12.5 Income and O & M ExpenditureL Chapter No.13-Industrial Use

68 Table No.13.4.2WRD has granted permission to MIDC,MJP, Nagar

Parished Khopoli & Gram panchayat for lifting waterfrom Patalganga River.

69 Table No 13.4.3Industrial Area wise Water Requirement and EffluentGeneration

70 Table No.-13.4.4Present Consumption of Water by Industries in subBasin and Future Water Demand.

71 Table No.-13.4.5Industries to Include completed under constructionand future Industries

72 Table No.-13.4.6 Present Status of industries & Productivity73 Table No.13.4.7 Urban/Domestic Use

74 Table No. 13.6 Probable account of water after Construction of dam

75 Table No. 13.9 Summary of Industrial Water Use


24

M Chapter No.15- Trans Basin Diversions

76 Table No.15.5 Total Available & Balance Yield

N Chapter No.17 Environmental Management & Ecology of Patalganaga Sub basin

77 Table No.17.4 Sewage Generation Potential78 Table No.17.7.2 Water Quality at Gagangiri Maharaj Temple79 Table No.17.7.3 Water Quality at Shilphata Bridge

80 Table No.17.7.4 – Water Quality at Khalapur Pumping Station atPatalganga River

81 Table No.17.7.5 – Water Quality at Savroli Bridge at Patalganga River

82 Table No.17.7.6Water Quality at Vyal Pump House at Patalganga

River

83 Table No.17.7.7Water Quality at Near Intake of MIDC W/W at

Patalganga River

84 Table No.17.7.8Water Quality at D/s Kharpada Bridge at Saline water

Zone of Patalganga River

85 Table No. 17.8.12 Action Plan for prevention of River PollutionO Chapter No.20 –Water Balance86 Table No.20.1 Yield in the sub basin87 Table No.20.2.A Availibility of Water88 Table No.20.2.2B Sectorial use of Water89 Table No.20.2.1 Water Balance of Patalganga Valley90 Table No.20.2.2 Water Balance of Patalganga Valley

91 Table No. 20.3 Per capita Water requirement92 Table No 20.4 Water availability for future use93 Table No. 20.5 Water availability per Ha of Cultivable area94 Table No.20.6 Norms for Categorization of BasinP Chapter No.23 –Action Plan

95 Table No.23.1.2 (A)Future Investment for Irrigation Development in

Patalganga Sub Basin

96 Table No.23.1.2(B) Status of Future Project97 Table No.23.2.1 Ongoing Schemes 101 to 250 Ha.98 Table No.23.2.1 Future Schemes 101 to 250 Ha.

99 Table No- 23.3 Annual Action Plan for 2015-2016 under NRDWP


25

Annexures-Sr..No Chapter/Annexure ParticularsA Chapter No.01- Introduction1 Annexure 1.1 Watershed Details

2 Annexure No.2List of Villages with respective Watershed numbersin Patalganga Basin

B Chapter No.07.-Ground Water Resources

3Annexure No. -7.1 Static water level readings from the observation

wells in Patalganga Basin4 Annexure No.7.2 Ground Water Recharge in Patalganga Basin5 Annexure No. 7.3 Ground Water Draft in Patalganga Sub Basin

6 Annexure No.7.4Groundwater Availability and Stage of Developmentin Patalganaga Sub basin

7 Annexure No.7.5Stage of Development of Watersheds, Categories ofwatershed and Groundwater availability.

C Chapter No.08- Irrigation8 Annexture 8.1. Raigad District Project Details (Major And Medium)

9 Annexture 8.2 Raigad District Project Details (Minor State Sector >250 Ha)

D Chapter No.09- Water Conservation

10 Annexure 9.1 Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes Below100 ha [ Appendix-I]

11 Annexure 9.2 Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes 101 to250 ha [ Appendix-II ]

E Chapter No.10- Flood12 Annexure 10.1 Rainfall Data Patalganga BasinF Chapter No.12-Drinking Water

13 Annexure 12.1 Present Use & Future Requirement of Water( MJP And Rural)

14 Annexure 12.2 Number of Water Supply Schemes15 Annexure 12.3 Water Losses From Municipal Corporation

16 Annexure 12.4 Present Use & Future Requirement of Water( Municipal Corporation)

G Chapter No.21- Financial Aspect17 Annexure 21.1 Raigad District Project Details (Major And Medium)

18 Annexure 21.2 Raigad District Project Details (Minor State Sector >250 Ha)

19 Annexure 21.3 Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes Below100 ha [ Appendix-I ]

20 Annexure 21.4 Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes 101 to250 ha [ Appendix-II ]

21 Annexure 21.5 Financial status of Projects in Patalganga basin22 Annexure 21.6 Irrigation potential status of Projects

23 Annexure 21.7-Comparison between Financial Investment andIrrigation Potential Patalganga Basin

(Attached seperaretly at end of report)


26

Maps-

Sr.No.

Title AttachedSeparately

1 GSDA Plates (From Plate 01 to Plate 10)(Pg No.94-103)2 Political Map/Road Map3 Maps Showing all Sub Basins4 Administrative Map Patalganga Sub Basin5 Watershed Map Patalganga Sub Basin


27

PatalgangaSub-Basin

Chapter No. 01

Introduction


28

Chapter No.-1Introduction

1.1 Introduction :The need for preparing an Integrated Water Resources Development a Management Plan arisebecause water is a limited commodity with respect to its multiple uses like agriculture,industry, domestic, power generation, flood control and navigation. These uses lead to thedemands that are not static over time and continue to grow with increase in population andurbanization. The need for IDMWR is also due to the fact that development of waterresources comes only at a cost which changes over time and in a welfare state the principle ofmaximum benefit to maximum people with minimum cost has to be followed.

1.2. Preparation of Master plan1.2.1. Need for preparation of Master plan

The prevailing conventional sectorial approach to water resources development andmanagement is non-integrated, non participatory, centralized and target oriented one. There isneed to replace the conventional sectorial approach by IDMWR approach taking river basin/river sub-basin/watershed as a unit of development. An IDMWR is a multi-sectoral approachto water resources planning, development and management on a sustainable basis and canassist planners and policy makers in their endeavour to deal with issues in water sector viz.scarcity, food and livelihood security, equity, gender, empowerment, competition andconflicts, economic and financial viability etc in a most effective and sustainable way. TheNational Water Policy-2002 and State Water Policy-2003 have the provisions to ensuresustainable development, efficient management and optimal use of the scarce water resourcesgiving due importance to ecological values. Maharashtra Water Resources RegulatoryAuthority (MWRRA) Act-2005 has been mandated to determine the distribution ofentitlements for various categories of water use and to ensure equitable distribution withineach category of use. Equitable distribution of scarce water resource among multiple usersposes major challenge. Hence there is need to prepare Master Plan of Patalganga sub-basin.

1.2.2. Principles of preparation of Master PlanWater is considered as a capital investment for creation of food security and economicdevelopment through agro-industries and other water based industries such as generation ofpower, tourism and aquaculture. Holistic approaches, least damage to the environment,sustainable and dynamic nature to accommodate the future changes, are the major principleson which the Master Plan is prepared. This needs adequate capacity building, education,empowerment and involvement of users, stakeholders and policy makers at all levels ensuringtheir active participation in water resources planning. The purpose of the plan is to effectivelyregulate the use, conservation and protection of water resource`s, balancing requirements forbroad economic development and the need to sustain the ecosystem. Planning shall be formaximum sustainable direct and indirect economic returns and employment generation.


29

1.2.3. Objectives of Master PlanThe objectives of the master plan of the sub-basin are:1. Prepare a long term integrated plan for the development of surface and groundwater

resources.2. Identify and set priorities for promoting water resources development projects.3. Formulate a long term action plan consistent with finance allocations and priorities of the

State Government.4. Identify steps to promote water conservation and preservation and enhancement of water

quality, including extensive measures for evaporation control.5. Improve water resource management and irrigated agricultural productivity.6. Formulate a plan for management of irrigation, domestic water, industrial water, water for

environment, pisciculture, tourism, water routes and allied uses in conformity with theState Water Policy and Acts promulgated by the State.

7. Formulate an Action Plan for the development of hydropower and water needsfor other energy sources.

8. Draw a long-term plan for management of floods, droughts, water quality, galper land,sewage irrigation, groundwater, soil and water conservation

9. Develop institutional arrangements for IDMWR.

1.2.4. Overall planning strategy.The State of Maharashtra is geographically divided into five basins viz. 1) Godavari, 2)Krishna, 3) Tapi, 4) Narmada and 5) West flowing rivers of Konkan strip. West flowingrivers of Konkan strip are divided into 24 sub-basins. Patalganga is one of these sub-basins.The geographical limit of the master plan would be Patalganga Sub-basin, but it is importantto recognize cross basin effects as well as the impact on other environmental media. Theresponsibility for the planning process itself invariably rests with the river basinorganizations. The planning process has to be designed to allow involvement and contributionfrom all affected parties, including private sector, community groups and other stakeholders.The plan is prepared by following “Whole to part approach” by dividing it intowatersheds. The endeavour is to assess the potential of natural resources, present managementand prepare future plans.

1.3. Patalganga River and sub-basinThe Patalganga River is a river that rises in the steep western scarps of the Matheran uplandswhere it branches off from the main ridge near Khopoli and maintains a general westwardflow till it joins the Dharamtar Creek with a wide estuary. The total length of this Westflowing river from its origin to its outfall in to the Arabian Sea is 54 km.The important tributaries of the Patalganga River are Balganga And Bhogeshwari.The Catchment area of entire Patalganga River is 1540.11 km2 which lies completely inRaigad district of Maharashtra.


30

Table No. 1.3: Prominent Features of the Patalganga Sub-Basin

References:1. Report of The Hydrogeological Conditions of North Konkan Sub Basin, Directorate of Ground Water

Survey’s and Development Agency, Government of Maharashtra Pune.2. Maharashtra Remote Sensing Applications Centre, VNIT Campus, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur.

1.3.2 Location and Boundaries of the Sub-basin

Table No. 1.3.2.1-Location & boundry detailsSr.No.

Name ofRiver

Catchment Area km2 Latitude Longitude Lengthkm.

1 Patalganga1540.11(By Hydrology)1667.48(By MRSAC)

18º 29’ to 18º48’N

73º 24’ to 73º4’E 54

References:1. India-WRIS Wiki

Water resources Information System of India.(india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/).

2. Maharashtra Remote Sensing Applications Centre, VNIT Campus, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur.3. Report of The Hydrogeological Conditions of North Konkan Sub Basin, Directorate of Ground Water

Survey’s and Development Agency, Government of Maharashtra Pune.a) Boundaries of basin:- North and West - Ulhas Sub-basin,

South and West - Amba Sub-basin,East - Arabian Sea.

b)

1.3.3 Topographical DescriptionWithin sub-basin, Patalganga River flows through following districts:A) Raigad District – Talukas. 1) Khalapur. 2) Pen 3) Panvel 4)Uran 5)Karjat6)Sudhagad 7)Alibag.B) Pune District – Taluka. 1) Mawal.C) Mumbai District – Taluka. 1) Kurla.

Sr. No. Particulars Total1 Topographical Area in Km2 (As per data given by

MRSAC, Nagpur)1667.48 Sq.km

2 No. of Watersheds 53 No. of Main Tributaries 44 No. of Villages 4975 Total Population. (Census 2011) 34.50 Lakhs6 Total CCA Ha (As per the data given by Agri. Dept) 21837.09 Ha

Table No.1.3.2.2- Basin spreads

Sr.No. District Name

Areain Ha.(As per

Hydrology study)

Areain Ha.(As per

MRSAC, Nagpur)

1. Raigad,Pune,Thane,Mumbai 154011.00 166748.40


31

1.4. Demographic Profile of The Sub-basinTable No. 1.4.: Demographic-Profile of Patalganga Sub-Basin (Census 2011)

Sr. No. Details Total

1Area in Km2 1540.11(By Hydrology)

1667.48(By MRSAC)2 No. of Villages. 4973 Total Population. (Census 2011) 34.50 Lakhs3a Male 17874523b Female 16625484 S.C. 1041475 S.T. 280075

References:1. Maharashtra Remote Sensing Applications Centre, VNIT Campus, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur.

1.5. Watershed DetailsTotal area of the Patalganga sub-basin is divided into Five watersheds(Attached in Annexure No.01)

Table No.1.5 watershed Details

Watershed Area(Ha)DISTRICT NAME TALUKA NAME SUBWATERSHED

1 2 3Raigad Thane WF-36Raigad Karjat

WF-40Raigad PanvelRaigad KhalapurRaigad Uran

Mumbai Kurla

WF-42Raigad PanvelRaigad PenRaigad UranPune Mawal

WF-43Raigad KarjatRaigad KhalapurRaigad Panvel


32

Raigad PenRaigad SudhagadRaigad UranRaigad Alibag

WF-44Raigad KhalapurRaigad PenRaigad Sudhagad

1.6 Vegetative cover (Flora and Fauna)Forest Flora :-

The Patalganga sub-basin lies in Raigad district.The details of trees, fruit bearing,nonfruit bearing, Shrubs, Herbs, Climbers etc. are as shown below:a) Trees grown – Teak (Sag), Ain, Kuda, Karvand, Dhavda, Takla, Khair, Koshimb, Bel,

Babul, Mango, Beheda, Bhor Jambhul, Biba, Bor, Chinch, Hed, Hirda, Kaju, Lokhandi,Palas, Pimpal, Ritha, Shisam, Umbar, Vad etc.

b) Shrubs – Adulsa, Dhaiti, Ghaypat, Kanfuti, Koranti, Kevni (Murud Sheng), Nirgudi,Nivdung (Prickly pear), Ranbhendi, Rui, Shikekai, Suran, Thor, Toran, Ukshi etc.

c) Herbs – Anant mul, Burada, Chikata, Dinda, Kajra (Kuchala), Litchi, Papadi, Rankel,Ranhalad, Rankanda, Sarp mukha, Sonki, Tarota (Takala) etc.

d) Climbers – Alsi, Bhuikohala, Chilhari, Gunj, Gulvel (Amarvel), Kanguni, Kantjaruel,Kuhili, kusariMadvel, Mastod, Morvel (Ranjai), Nandanvel, Palasvel, Phulsun, Sakalvel,Valbiwala, Watvel, Wagati, Wag, Govinsi etc.

e) Bamboos – Bundhi (Cher), Manvel, Padhai (Katas) etc.f) Grasses – Ber, Bhale Kusal, Bhongrut (Phuleraphul), Bhuri, Boru, Chirika, Dongari gavat,

Ghanya, Gondvel, Harali (Durva), Kunda, Kothar, Kusali, Lavhala, Marvel, Pavnya,Phool, Rosha, Sheda etc.

Forest Fauna :-a) Mammals – Leopard (Bibalya Wagh), Striped Hyaena (Taras), Wild Boar (Ran Dukkar),

Langur, Barking Deer (Bhekad), Mouse Deer (Pisori, Aheda), Blacknaped Hare (Sasa),Bonnet monkey (Makad), Ranmanjar (Wild Cat), Spotted Deer (Chital), Nilgai, Kolha,Porcupine (Salu), Mongoose, Salindar etc.

b) Birds – Whitebelled Sea Eagle (Sagari Garud), Little Grebe (Pandubi), Little Cormorant(Chotapankawl), Purple Heron (Bagla), Ferruginous Duck (Nayansari), Pariah Kite(Ghar), Shikra, Gidhad, Ran Kombda, Panmor, Lalmukhi Titvi, Timbla, Parva, ThipkyaKavada, Popat, Keera, Brain Fever Bird (Pavshaa), Kokil, Bharadwaj, Spotted Owl(Pingla), Khandya, Kaudya Sutar, Myna, House Crow(Kaola), Jungle Crow (Dom Kaola),Bulbul, House Sparrow (Chimni) etc.


33

c) Reptiles – Indian Crocodile (Muggar), Indian Pond Terrapin (Kasav), Common GardenLizard (Sarda), Indian Chameleon (Girgit), Common Indian Monitor (Ghorpad), DurkiyaGhoonas, Dutondya, Kaudya, Gautya, Naneti, Dhaman, Dhul Nagin, Common IndianBronzeback (Rookai), Sarpatoli, Manyar, Kandar, Indian Cobra (Nag), Ghoonas, Poorasaetc.

d) Fish – Stinging Cat Fish (Nal Shingala), Cat Fish (Shingala), Mureel (Dhokh, Daku),Kharadi, Catla, Rohu, Shivda, Khavlya, Mandeli, Vagti, Niviti, Mullet (Boi, Pilsa),Bombay Duck (Bombil) etc.

1.7 CommunicationThe total road network in the sub-basin is 645.21km. The good communication facilities helpin development of the sub-basin (Table 1.7.1).

Table 1.7-Communication Facility

1) Maharashtra Remote Sensing Applications Centre, VNIT Campus, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur.a)Patalganga Basin – Administrative Map.b)Patalganga Basin – Watershed Map.

2) Google Earth Map.

References1) Report of The Hydrogeological Conditions of North Konkan Sub Basin, Directorate of

Ground Water Survey’s and Development Agency, Government of Maharashtra Pune.2) Maharashtra Remote Sensing Applications Centre, VNIT Campus, South Ambazari Road,

Nagpur – 440011.a) Patalganga Basin – Administrative Map.b) Patalganga Basin – Watershed Map.

3) India-WRIS WikiWater resources Information System of India(india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/)

4) Forest Department for – Raigad5) Google Earth Map.

Sr.No.

Facilities Type Length(km)

1 Roads

Express Highway 19.53National Highway 123.56Major StateHighway 14.05State Highway 223.30Major District Road 141.11Other District Road 123.66

2 Railway Konkan railway 75.00


34

Satelite View of Patalganga River


35

PatalgangaSub-Basin

Chapter No. 02

River System


36

Chapter-2

River System2.0 River-System

Patalganga sub-basin is the part of North Konkan Sub-Basin covers an area of about 1667.48

sq.km, which lies completely in Raigad district, Maharashtra.


The Patalganga River is a river that rises in the steep western scarps of the Matheran uplandswhere it branches off from the main ridge near Khopoli and maintains a general westwardflow till it joins the Dharamtar Creek with a wide estuary. The total length of this Westflowing river from its origin to its outfall in to the Arabian Sea is 54 km. The importanttributaries of the Patalganga River are Balganga and Bhogeshwari. The Catchment area ofentire Patalganga River is 1667.48 km2, which lies completely in Raigad district ofMaharashtra.

The Main tributaries of the Patalganga River are-

a) Kasadi

b) Gadhi

c) Balganga

d) Bhogeshwari

Table No. 2.1.: Details of Tributaries in the Sub-Basin

Sr.

NoRIVER SUB RIVER

Length

in km

ORIGINMERGING PLACE

PlaceElevation

in mPlace

Elevation

in m

1 Patalganga - 54 Dasturi 822Dharamtar

Creek

0

2 - Kasadi 15 Hajimalang 778 Panvel Creek 0

3 - Gaadhi 28 Matheran 766 Panvel Creek 0

4 - Balganga 32 Savroli 300 Rawe 8

5 - Bhogeshwari 40 Gandav 314Dharamtar

Creek

0


37

2.2 Topographical Description

The spread of the basin lies in following District and Taluka’s:-

A) District Raigad :- Taluka’s

1) Khalapur

2) Panvel

3) Pen

4) Uran

5) Alibag

6) Sudhagad

7) Karjat

8) Mawal

Boundaries of basin :-

North and West - Ulhas Sub-basin,South and West - Amba Sub-basin,West - Arabian Sea,East – Bhima Sub-basin.

2.3 Prominent Features of Patalganga Sub basin

Table No. 2.3 Prominent Features of Patalganga Sub basin

S.N. Particulars Total

1 Topographical Area in km21540.11(By Hydrology)1667.48(By MRSAC)

2 No. of watersheds 5

3 Main Tributaries 4

4 No. of villages

Raigad 491

Thane 4

Pune 1

Mumbai 1

5 Main Urban Centres

A) Raigad District

Karjat:- Nagar Parishad 1


38

Khalapur :- Grampanchayat 1

Panvel :- Nagar Palika 1

Pen :- Nagar Palika 1

Khopoli :- Nagar Parishad 1

Uran :- Nagar Parishad 1

B) Thane District

Thane :- Navi Mumbai Mahanagarpalika 1

6 Population (2011)

A) Raigad 34.50 Lakhs

B) Thane 0

C) Pune (Mawal) 0.1954

7Total CCA Ha (As per data given by Agri.

Dept.)21837.09 Ha

2.4 Geomorphology of the Sub-Basin

The Sub-basin exhibits a highly rugged and mountainous topography manifested by the north-south

trending Sahyadri mountain ranges with steep scarp on the western side and a gently undulating

terrain known as Konkan plain bordering the Arabian Sea. The major geomorphic landforms

demarcated are scarp slopes, hills and ridges, dyke ridges, and pedimented plains.The eastern

boundaries of both Balganga and Bhogeshwari basins are marked by steep scarps, while the central

and western parts of both basins are marked by gently undulating topography interspersed with hills

and ridges.

2.5 Geology of the Sub-Basin

The Sub-basin is covered almost entirely by Deccan basalt of Upper Cretaceous to eocene age except

for a few patches of alluvium occurring in the river valleys. The Deccan Trap is capped by laterite at

a few places.

The Deccan basalt flows are classified as ‘pahoehoe’ and ‘aa’ and are normally aphyric to feldspar

phyric. At places, some of the feldspar flows are quite extensive and serve as reliable regional

markers for grouping the flows into various formations. Three different megacryst horizons viz. (M1,

M2, and M3) have been identified and on the basis of these marker horizons the lava pile has been

divided into six formations. The lowermost Salher Formation comprises of 11 aphyric flows which is

followed by Lower Ratangarh Formation comprising 7 fine grained feldspar phyric flows. Upper


39

Ratangarh Formation comprising 6 aphyric to feldspar phyric ‘aa’ flows appear next in the sequence.

The uppermost Karla Formation comprises of 3 compound pahoehoe flows of aphyric nature.

The area to the west of Thane arcuate fault exposes a sequence of various volcanic and plutonic rocks

which are different from the rocks exposed east of the fault. A sequence of fine grained ‘aa’ flows

occupies about 60 % of the area. The flows are aphyric in nature. These flows at places are

interlayered with tuffs and agglomerates and volcanic clastics occurring at different stratigraphic

levels.Laterite of the Cenozoic age occurs as small isolated cappings on the top of Tungar hill.

The overall the drainage course of rivers is very short and shows the drainage pattern which is

controlled by structure of the bedrock i.e. Deccan Lava flows. Hence, water flowing in them causes

heavy erosion. Near the confluence of the sea, the rivers are affected by tidal effect causing the

salinity.

References

1) National Report of the Maharashtra Water & Irrigation Commission, Volume-2 (June

1999).

2) Report of The Hydrological Conditions of North Kokan Sub-basin, Directorate of Ground

Water Survey’s and Development Agency, Government of Maharashtra Pune.

3) Maharashtra Remote Sensing Applications Centre, VNIT Campus, South Ambazari Road,

Nagpur – 440011.

4) Google Earth Map.


40

PatalgangaSub-Basin

Chapter No. 03

Geology & Soil


41

Chapter No.- 3Geology and Soil

3.0 Geology:-

3.0.1 Introduction:-

In any agricultural region or basin choice of appropriate crop is a basic need for successful farming.Soil is one of the most important factors for deciding crops and cropping systems. Information onsoils and their characteristics are very useful to planners, administrators and decision makers forplanning the basin for sustainable agricultural production. To take full advantage of soils forincreasing productivity of crops, soil properties such as land capability class, texture, depth, slope,infiltration rate of water, available water content of soil, irrigability class etc. have been describedbelow.

3.0.2 Soil Erodability3.0.2: Soil Erodability

Sr.No. Soil erosion class Area (ha) Percentage (%)1 2 3 4

1 Poorly Drained 21110.39 12.66

2 Well Drained 92523.52 55.49

3 Moderately well Drained 25469.96 15.27

4 Excessively Drained 675.11 0.40

5 River island 345.89 0.21

6 Habitation Mask 15290.04 9.17

7 Waterbody Mask 11333.49 6.80

Total 166748.40 100.00

Source: Soil Survey reports, MRSAC,NagpurAbout 15.27% of soil is Moderate to well drained & 12.66 % of soil is somewhat poorly

drained followed by 0.40% excessively drained.

3.1. Soils

Soil is one of the important factors in deciding crops and cropping pattern. Data on soilcharacteristics is very useful to planners and administrators for planning the basin activities forsustainable use of land for crop production. in the present report the information is derived fromMRSAC, Nagpur. Soil survey reports for irrigation projects of sub-basin and with active co-operation of the Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Maharashtra


42

Table No 3.1.-Talukas Covered under Sub-basin

District Pune Raigad

Taluka

Mawal

Karjat

Khalapur

Panvel

Uran

Pen

Sudhagad

Alibag

Note: Some of the talukas are partly covered in sub-river basins. However, for practical purpose,taluka is considered in sub-river basin wherein its maximum area is encompassed.

3.1.1 Land capability classification in the area of in Patalganga Sub –BasinThe suitability of land for irrigation depends on physical and socio-economic factors inaddition to standard soil irrigability class.

8 irrigability classes are defined by standards. The definitions for these 8 irrigabilityclasses are as below –

Class I : Lands that have few limitations.

Class II : Lands that have moderate limitations.

Class III : Lands that have severe limitations.

Class IV : Lands that are marginal for sustained use under irrigation.

Class V : Lands that are temporarily classed as not suitable forsustained use under irrigation.

Class VI : Lands not suitable for sustained use under irrigation.

Class VII : Steep Slope not suitable for irrigation

Class VIII : Very steep slope not suitable for irrigation


43

Table-3.1.1 Land capability classification in the area of in Patalganga Sub –Basin

Sr.No.

Land Capability classSub Basin(District

Area) (ha.)

% of total areain each class

1 Class-I Very good cultivable land 0.00 0.00

2 Class-II Good cultivable land 133.88 0.08

3 Class-III Moderately good cultivable land7.45 0.00

4 Class-IVFairly good land suitable foroccasional cultivation

69289.79 41.55

Total Area of arable class (useful for cropproduction)

69431.12 41.64

5 Class-V

Nearly level land not suitable forcultivation because of stoninesswetness etc.

0.00 0.00

6 Class-VISteep slope highly erosion withshallow soil.

21734.79 13.03

7 Class-VII

Steep slope with severe soilerosion resulting in eroded stonyand rough soil surfaces withshallow soil depth.

48613.07 29.15

8 Class-VIII

Very steep slope with very severesoil erosion resulting in veryeroded stony and rough soilsurfaces shallow.

0.00 0.00

9 River Island 345.89 0.21

10 Habitation 15290.04 9.17

11 WaterBody 11333.49 6.80

Total area of non arable class (useful for livestock production, forestry, recreation,tourism and wildlife)

97317.28 58.36

Total 166748.40 100.00Source: Soil Survey reports, MRSAC,Nagpur

Almost 52.75% of the lands in the sub-basin are aerable lands which are suitable for cultivation &

about 47.15% of land is not suitable for cultivation. Table 3.1).


44

3.1.2. Soil Depth Classification of Patalganga Sub Basin

The depth to a contrasting soil layer of sand and gravel can affect irrigation management decisions. Ifthe depth to this layer is <1m, the rooting depth and available soil water for plants is decreased. Soilswith less available water for plants require more frequent irrigations. About 63.64%of the soils areshallow to extremely shallow and need proper attention, while flood irrigation to avoid water loggingin the sub-basin (Table 3.1.2). The data indicates that about 63.64 % soils below 25cm depth couldbe well utilized for silvipastoral or habitation purpose. The soils with 25-0cm depth need carefulhandling and suitable ameliorative measures if put to agriculture use. The soils 50-100cm depth couldbe used for agricultural crops. Soils with >100cm depth could be put under intensive agriculture.Soils deeper than 150cm and clay in texture pose problem of water logging but in our basin such typeof soil is not found.

Table 3.1.2 soil depth classification

Sr.No. Type of land ClassArea (ha)

% to TGA (Percent)1 2 3 4 5

1 Extremely shallow (0-7.5cm) 0.00 0.00

2 Very shallow (< 10 cm) 20389.58 12.233 Moderately shallow (< 25 cm) 0.00 0.00

4 Shallow (10 - 25 cm) 93736.61 56.21

5 Moderately deep (25 to 50 cm) 15675.10 9.406 Deep to very Deep (> 50 cm) 0.00 0.00

7 Deep (50 to 100 cm) 0.00 0.00

8 Very Deep ( > 100 cm) 9977.69 5.98

9 River Island -- 345.89 0.21

10 Salt-pan -- 0.00 0.00

11 Habitation Mask Habitation Mask15290.04 9.17

12 Waterbody Mask Water body Mask11333.49 6.80

Total 166748.40 100.00


45

3.2. Fertility status of soils in Patalganga Sub-Basin:

(A) For TalukaKarjat

Sr.No.

Soil Property No. of soil sampleanalyzed

Class No. of samplesobserved

%

1 pH

367.00

Acidic 10 2.72Neutral 351 95.65Alkaline 6 1.63

2 EC(ds/m) Low 312 85.01Medium 30 8.17High 25 6.82

3 N Low 24 6.54Medium 7 1.90High 336 91.55

4 Available P Low 329 89.64Medium 7 1.90High 31 8.44

5 Available K Low 43 11.71Medium 42 11.44High 282 76.83

B)For TalukaPanvel

Sr.No.



%

1 pH

639



3 N Low 122 19.09Medium 158 24.73High 369 57.75

4 Available P Low 484 75.74Medium 61 10High 94 14.71


(C) For TalukaSudhagadSr.No.



%

1 pH

209


2 EC(ds/m) Low 209 99.99Medium - -High - -

3 N Low 50 23.92Medium 9 4.3High 150 71.77


46



(D) For TalukaUran

Sr.No.



%

1 pH

367.00



3 N Low 24 6.54Medium 7 1.90High 336 91.55




47

3.2.1 Soil reaction

Table 3.2.1 Soil Reaction

3.2.2 Electrical conductivity of soil

Table 3.2.2 Electrical Conductivity

Soil reaction Classification Area PercentagepH

5.2 to 6 NA NA6 to 6.5 NA NA

Neutral (6.6 to 7.5 ) NA NA

Slightly to moderately alkaline (>7.5 ) NA NA166748.40 100.00

EcdSm Area(ha) Percentage

<1 NA NA

1 to 2 NA NA

2.01 to 3 NA NA

3.01 NA NA

Total 166748.40 100


48

3.2.3 Major nutrient levels of soilsTable No.3.2.3-Major Nutrients Level of Soil

Sr.no.

DISTRICTNAME TALUKA NAME SUBWSHED Area_Ha N P K N P K

1 MUMBAI KURLA WF-42 654.72 1.85 1.26 2.81 MH M VH2 PUNE Mawal WF-43 7922.64 1.23 0.98 2.93 L L VH3 RAIGAD Karjat WF-40 63939.37 2.33 1.07 2.21 H L MH

4 RAIGAD Karjat WF-435 RAIGAD Khalapur WF-40 56.23 2.04 1.56 2.38 MH M H6 RAIGAD Khalapur WF-437 RAIGAD Khalapur WF-448 RAIGAD Panvel WF-36 18.84 2.13 0.86 2.36 MH L H9 RAIGAD Panvel WF-4010 RAIGAD Panvel WF-4211 RAIGAD Panvel WF-4312 RAIGAD Pen WF-42 28460.61 2.36 2.11 1.93 H MH MH13 RAIGAD Pen WF-43 55210.30 2.73 1.95 1.49 H MH M14 RAIGAD Pen WF-44 30030.93 2.74 2.33 2.08 H H MH15 RAIGAD Sudhagad WF-43 91326.72 2.83 2.05 2.09 VH MH MH16 RAIGAD Sudhagad WF-44 118115.9 2.73 2.13 1.82 H MH MH17 THANE Thane WF-36 1295.38 2.07 1.81 2 MH MH MH18 RAIGAD Uran WF-40 1382.10 2.34 1.74 1.85 H M MH19 RAIGAD Uran WF-42 27528.25 2.43 1.89 1.86 H MH MH20 RAIGAD Uran WF-43 158.16

Majority of soils in parts of sub-basin covered in Raigad district has low to high–Nitrogen, low tomedium Phosphorus and moderate high to high Potash levels. Soil that covered in Thane district hashigh Nitrogen, moderate high Phosphorus and moderate high Potash levels.(Table 3.2.3).Nitrogen is one of the most important and essential plant nutrients influencing crop production. Ingeneral it is low in soil and high in atmosphere. Low Nitrogen levels suggest external supply ofNitrogen. On the other hand, excess Nitrogen can have results that are just as disastrous asdeficiency. Under extreme conditions, the plant may grow so rapidly that it will die prematurely.Phosphorous is essential for all life as it is an integral element of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and

is essential in the plant cell division process. Phosphorous is essential for proper growth, as growthoccursby cell division and then enlargement. When the Phosphorous supply is limited, the energycaptured and transferred is limited, slowing growth and maturity of the crop. Potassium plays animportant role in the maintenance of cellular organization by regulating the permeability of cellularmembranes and keeping the protoplasm in a proper degree of hydration by stabilizing the emulsionsof highly colloidal particles. With a shortage of Potassium, plants grow slower, and any of thefollowing deficiencies may occur: Plants become more susceptible to insect and disease.


49

Amendments that are commonly added to soil are:

a) Sand, pumice or profile soil conditioner: to improve aeration and drainage.b) Compost: to add organic matter, nutrients and to improve aeration and drainage.c) Lime or Sulphur: to raise or lower pH, d) Fertilizers: to add specific nutrient

3.2.4 Micro nutrientsTable No.3.2.4- Micro nutrients

Samplesanalysed for micro nutrient deficiency, it is observed that the major soils have sufficiency ofCu, &Mn, in Nasik & Pune district. In Raigad&Thane district Cu ,Mn& Fe havingsufficiency&Raigad district having lower deficiency of Zn & Thane district having higher deficiencyof Zn.

3.3. Soil Series in Patalganga

The major soil series in Patalganga Sub–basin including its physiographic characteristics, parentmaterial, and mode of formation, soil texture, depth, and structure and subsurface drainage is givenin Table No.3.3.1 (A) & (B).

Table-3.3.1– Soil Series in Patalganga Sub –Basin(A)For Taluka Karjat, Uran & Panvel

Sr. No. Soil Properties Soil series1 Physiographic Hilly area of Sahyadri

2 Parent material Basalt rock

3 Mode of formation Weathering

4 Soil depth Moderately deep to deep

5 Texture Sandy clay loam

6 Structure Sandy clay loam

7 Sub surface drainage Moderately well drain

DistrictTaluka

Analyzed

Sample

Deficiency

Cu Fe Mn Zn

PUNE Mawal 12 0 16.67 0 33.33RAIGAD Karjat 256 3.52 0 3.52 2.73RAIGAD Khalapur 283 0 1.41 0 0RAIGAD Panvel 225 0 1.33 1.33 15.56THANE Thane 0 0 0 0 0


50

(B) For taluka Sudhagad

Sr. No. Soil Properties Soil series1 Physiographic this part is Hill ranges of the

Sahyadri mountain. Hillescarpment,pediment zone,creek land.

2 Parent material Weathered Basaltic material

3 Mode of formation Weathering

4 Soil depth shallow soils

5 Texture fine loamy mixedisohyperthermic family oflithic ustorthents

6 Structure sandy loam to clay loam

7 Sub surface drainage well to excessively drainedwith rapid to rapidpermeability

3.4. – Details of area of textural class

Soil texture is more important in deciding crops, cropping systems and their productivity. Ithas a great influence upon soil structure, bulk density, infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity,porosity and aggregate formation.

Soils suitability for the crops. This character of soil is related to storage of water andnutrients. Medium to fine textured soils can store maximum amount of moisture and nutrients and ismore favorable to the crops. The textural classes clearly indicate that major part of the sub-basin canbe put to use for cultivation of different crops including horticulture.

Table No.3.4 Textural Class details

Sr.no. Texture Area % Area IN DOMI1 3 4 5 6

1Water body

Mask11333.49 6.80 Water body Mask-9999

2Habitation

Mask15290.04 9.17 Habitation Mask-9898

3 Clay loam12.45 0.01

Dadar-0506,Jhari-0373,Bhom-0384,Bhom-0384,Kajalvir-0306,Agarpada-0292,

4 Silt Clay9843.81 5.90

Takali-0430,Kasari-0301,Desaibandh-0508


51

Sr.no. Texture Area % Area IN DOMI5 Sandy clay 0.00 --

6 clayey

41355.39 24.80

Nimone-0363,Degaon-0294,Dulasvadi-0429,Wahegaon-0331,Mahabaleshwar-

0254,Tempale-0286,Shegaon-0345,Tilgaon-0375,Patsangvi-

0431,Kharsai-0250

7 Gravelly clay28039.03 16.82

Kelwal-0535,Nanore-0256,Kondivile-0252,Atugadewadi-0451,Panju-0385

8Gravelly clay

loam632.71 0.38 Tural-0467,Naheroli-0440,

9 Gravelly loam 0.00 Kalsubai-0290

10Gravelly sandy

clay loam59895.59 35.92

Ambad-0303,Mahirwani-0371,Sendwadi-0528,Pargaon-

0327,Golargi-0442,Dhumalpada-0526

11Gravelly sandy

loam

0.00 0.00

Vitthalwadi-0420,Padli-0419,Kondij-0425,Talyachiwadi-0353,Kotamgaon-

0376,Sibnery-0401,Dahiphal-0422,Barpani-0518,Valsang-

0441,Devmurti-0302

12 Loamy Sand 0.00 Sastepimpalgaon-0307

13 Sandy Loam 0.00 Kupare-0388,

14 Loamy 0.00 --

15 River Island 345.89 0.21 River Island-7777

16 Salt - Pan 0.00 0.00 Salt-pan-5555

17 Arnalakilla 0.00 0.00

TOTAL 166748.40 100.00

Source: Soil Survey reports, MRSAC, NagpurSoil texture acts as guide to many soil characteristics. Its significance depends on climate, geologicalformation and landform settlement. Majority soils are Gravelly textured (66.85%), followed by Finetextured (17.19%) Following table shows different soil texture along with its Water shade& Soilseries.


52

3.5 SOIL SLOPE

Table No.3.5-Soil Slopes

Sr.No Class Slope Area Percentage(%) (ha) %

1 2 3 4 51 Flater sloping 0-1 3118.90 1.872 Very gently Sloping 01--03 16654.11 9.993 Gently Sloping 03--05 42136.35 25.274 Moderately Sloping 05--10 21067.24 12.63

5Moderately SteepSloping 10--15 8589.08 5.15

6 Steeply Sloping 15-35 37235.04 22.337 Hilly 35-50 13010.46 7.808 Blank Blank 0.009 Habitation Mask Habitation Mask 13509.13 8.10

10 Waterbody Mask Waterbody Mask 11428.09 6.85Total 166748.40 100.00

Source: Soil Survey reports, MRSAC, Nagpur

3.6. IRRIGABILITY CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS:

The interpretation of soil & land conditions for irrigation is concerned primarily withpredicting the behavior of soil under greatly altered water regime brought about by introduction ofirrigation.

For irrigation projects special interpretations & classification of the soils for sustained useunder irrigation are often required.

The soil survey of the command area is designed to ensure that all the interpretations aregathered during the course of soil survey. The soils are first grouped into soil irrigability classesaccording to their limitations for sustained use under irrigation. Special attention is given to thefactors namely the drain ability of the land and the predicted effect of the irrigation water as to soilsalinity and alkalinity status of the soils under equilibrium condition with the irrigation water. Soilirritability classes are defined in terms of the degree of soil limitations for development and theirrequirement for irrigation as follows.

Class A : None to slight soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation

Class B : Moderate soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation

Class C : Severe soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation

Class D : Very severe soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation

Class E : Not suited for irrigation (or non-irrigable soil classes)


53

PatalgangaSub-Basin

Chapter No. 04

Hydrometrology


54

Chapter No.-04Hydrometeorology

4.0 IntroductionHydrometeorology is a branch of meteorology that deals with problems involving the

hydrologic cycle, the water budget, and the rainfall statistics of storms.

Rainfall is the most important input for the water resources of a basin. A clear understandingof the rainfall pattern in the basin and its spatial and temporal variability is thus essential. OtherMetrological parameters like wind speed, normal sunshine hours, radiation, humidity, maximum andminimum temperature are important for crop planning.

4.1 Climatic conditions of Basin

The Patalganga River is a river that rises in the steep western scarps ofthe Matheran uplands where it branches off from the main ridge near Khopoli and maintains ageneral westward flow till it joins the Dharamtar Creek with a wide estuary.

Patalganga sub-basin is the part of North Konkan Sub-Basin covers an area of about 1540.11sq.km, which lies completely in Raigad district, Maharashtra.

The total length of this West flowing river from its origin to its outfall in to the Arabian Sea is54 km.

The important tributaries of the Patalganga River are Balganga And Bhogeshwari.

4.2. Rainfall Phenomena

(a) Pattern

The occurrence of water from atmosphere is in the form of rain, dew and rarely in hails.However it is mainly in the form of rain in this sub basin. Most of rainfall occurs during the period of7th of June to 31st October, rest of the months is mostly dry.

(b) Hydro Meteorological Network

In the Patalganga sub basin, there are 13 raingauge stations, 9 Gauge Discharge stations which havebeen maintained by Hydrology Project, Nasik and Water Resources Department of Government ofMaharashtra.

Table 4.1-Basin spreads

Sr.No.

District NameAreain Ha.

Areain Ha.

(As per MRSAC)

1. Raigad, Pune, Thane, Mumbai 154011.00 166748.40


55

Table No.4.2.1. Raingauge Stations

Sr.No.

Name of Raingauge station

1 Khalapur

2 Pen

3 Khopoli

4 Uran

5 Thane

6 Karjat

7 Matheran

8 Chowk

9 Panvel

10 Ransai

11 Shirvali

12 Kamarli

13 Khandpoli

Further GD stations are also setup under CWC and HP (SW) Maharashtra for Interagency validation.List of such stations is as displayed below.

Table No. 4.2.2 GD Stations

Sr.No. Name of GD station

1 Gadhi

2 Kanpoli

3 Manghar

4 Wadi

5 Turade

6 Sajgaon

7 Ransai

8 Kamarli

9 Chowk


56

4.3 Meteorology

The Patalganga Sub Basin is in humid climate. The major meteorological attributes aretemperature, humidity, evaporation, wind speed. If we observe the metrological data from 1990 to2011, the minimum Average temperature observed at these stations was 20.58 deg Celsius andmaximum Average temperature was 33.94 deg Celsius.

The hydrological parameters are useful in analyzing the quantum of water available in the subbasin while the meteorological parameters are useful to work out the crop water requirement andseasonal irrigation planning i.e. Pre-irrigation programme.

4.4 Rainfall Distributioni) Temporal Distribution

Most of rainfall occurs during the period of 7th of June to 31st October. Rest of the months ismostly dry. The rainfall data for the period of 1968 to 2014 is observed. It is found that the maximumdaily rainfall occurred at Matheran rain gauge station and it was 6436mm.

ii) Spatial Distribution

Rainfall recorded by rain gauge is point observation. However rainfall varies in space. Thisspace variation is accounted for working out weighted average rainfall over the catchment byThiessen polygon method. The Weighted Annual Rainfall (WAR) over various raingauge stations issummarized below.

Table No. 4.4 Patalganga River Rainfall Data (Rainfall in mm)

Sr. No. Station Name Average Maximum Minimum

1 Khalapur 3443.89 5940.00 2114.40

2 Pen 2882.60 4297.70 1229.20

3 Khopoli 3322.84 5892.50 2070.70

4 Uran 2193.16 3530.00 908.00

5 Thane 2624.10 3562.00 1543.90

6 Karjat 3478.22 4805.40 2244.40

7 Matheran 4475.58 6436.00 3020.00

8 Chowk 3343.07 4774.70 2198.00

9 Panvel 2797.93 4185.80 2002.60

10 Ransai 2406.07 3551.73 843.52

11 Shirvali 3536.04 5036.80 2454.20

12 Kamarli 3037.39 4434.00 1855.10

13 Khandpoli 3926.24 6104.40 2273.00


57

4.5 Real-time data acquisition system

Real Time Decision Support System: Maharashtra (Tool developed under World Bank aided,India Hydrology Project-II) Background:

The Water Resources Department (WRD) of Government of Maharashtra (GoM) is entrustedwith the surface water resources planning, development and management. A large number of major,medium and minor water resources development projects (reservoirs and weirs) have beenconstructed in Maharashtra. Though, the reservoirs in Maharashtra are not specifically provided withflood cushion, they have moderated flood peaks to considerable extent by proper reservoiroperations. The reservoirs are multipurpose including hydropower, irrigation, domestic and industrialuses and are operated with rigid schedules as single entities based on the historical hydro-meteorological data and experience gained. These methods are often not adequate for establishingoptimal operational decisions, especially where integrated operation of multiple reservoirs for floodmanagement is contemplated. In addition, manual data observation and transmission results in aconsiderable time lag, between data observed in field and its communication to decision making levelwhich sometime leaves little time, for flood forecasts.

The Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR), Government of India (GoI) has initiatedHydrology Project Phase II (HP-II), which is a follow-on to the concluded Hydrology Project-I (HP-I:1995-2003). During HP-I, the Hydrological Information System (HIS) was developed for the entirestate of Maharashtra and the data is monitored manually 1-2 times a day. Validated hydrometeorological data is being made available for planning and management of water resources of thestate in scientific manner. Data is also being made available for research activities and other waterresource purposes.

In the Patalganga sub basin, there are 13 raingauge stations, 9 Gauge Discharge stationswhich have been maintained by Hydrology Project, Nasik and Water Resources Department ofGovernment of Maharashtra viz. Standard Rainguage Stations, Automated Full Climate Stations, Therainfall, climate parameters (viz. max min temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity,Evaporation) are utilized for Hydrological study of the sub basin.


58

PatalgangaSub-Basin

Chapter No. 05

Agriculture


59

Chapter No.–05AGRICULTURE

5.0 Introduction:Agriculture is the main source of livelihood for more than 52% of the population in rural

areas. The arrival of monsoon and its distribution over the state of Maharashtra decides theproduction and productivity of food grains and other crops. Hence, the sustainability of agriculturalproduction relies mainly on arrival of monsoon. It also governs the volume of water in irrigationreservoirs, limiting the area under irrigation in different cropping seasons. Therefore, state has thenatural limitations for agricultural production in irrigated and scarcity areas.

The main source of production is expected from the irrigated command areas of majorMedium and minor projects. The state government is continuously striving for increasing theproduction and productivity of rainfed as well as of irrigated agriculture. Accordingly variousschemes and projects are initiated and effectively implemented in the State by AgricultureDepartment. But it was necessary to improve productivity of water of irrigated agriculture byintensification and diversification under irrigation projects.

The need to grow more food was felt during the 19th Century because of the increasingpressure of population. According to the recommendation of Famine Commission (1881),Agriculture Department was established in 1883. Work started with the aim of helping the ruralcommunity to achieve higher productivity in agriculture. Agriculture and Land Records Departmentswere functioning together till 1907. After getting encouraging results in an effort made during 1915-16 to stop soil loss, Mr. Kitting, the then Agriculture Director started soil conservation work from1922.

Agriculture Department took up various land development activities with the enactment in1942 and subsequent enforcement of Land Development Act in 1943. For the first time in 1943, thethen Government prepared a comprehensive Agriculture Policy considering the problems inagriculture and allied sectors. According to this policy, emphasis was given on use of water asirrigation for agricultural crops.

The post independence period from 1950 to 1965 is recognized as per Green Revolutionperiod. During this period several schemes were launched to boost growth of agriculture sector.Production of quality seeds through Taluka Seed Farms started during 1957. Emphasis was given onincrease in irrigated area along with cultivated area during this period. A special campaign waslaunched in 1961-62 to encourage use of chemical fertilizers.

Development of hybrid varieties of different crops since 1965-66 laid down the foundation ofGreen Revolution. Five year plans following this period specially emphasized development ofagriculture. NalaBunding work was taken up along with land development work by the departmentsince 1974 which led to increase in well and ground water level. Introduction of intensive agriculture,comprising of large scale use of improved seed, fertilizers, pesticides, and available water helpedincrease in agriculture production. Lateran, considering the need for providing guidance to thefarmers for proper and judicious use of these inputs, Training and Visit Scheme was launched in1981-82. Valuable contribution of this scheme through effective implementation of programs likeCrop Demonstrations, Field Visits, Corner meetings, Workshops, Fairs, Exhibitions etc. aimed attransfer of technology from Agriculture Universities to farmers fields was evident from the increasedagricultural production.

Though we have become self sufficient in food grain production inspite of the tremendousincrease in population, self sufficiency in agriculture is not the only aim of the state but assurance ofmore and more net income to the farmers through the efficient and sustainable use of availableresources is more important. To achieve this, commercial agriculture should be practiced. Different


60

schemes are implemented to increase agricultural production, export promotion and to encourage theagro processing industry with a view to take advantage of liberalized economy and global trade.Thus, agriculture department is firmly stepping towards economic progress along with selfsufficiency through agriculture and to achieve important position in the global agriculture producemarket. The innovative horticulture plantation scheme under EGS implemented since 1990-91 by thestate is a part of this policy.

Recently the Department of Agriculture Government of Maharashtra is using the InformationCommunication technology to make the agriculture services more farmer driven and accountable.

5.1 Land Use Pattern in Patalganga Sub – BasinThe land use pattern of districts in Patalganga Sub – Basin is given in the Table No.5.1. The

total cultivable area of this Sub Basin is 27.73% of the geographical area of total sub basin. Itincludes the taluka wise areas spread in this sub basin. Net sown area is 18.57% and area sown morethan once is 8.84% where as the gross cropped area of this Sub Basin is 27.41%

Table No. 5.1- Land Use Pattern in Patalganga Sub-Basin (Area : 00’ ha.)

Sr.No. Land Use Classification Total Sub Basin (2010-2011)

(%)

1 Geographical Area 84904.43 100.002 Forest 22828.98 26.893 Barren and uncultivable 13996.22 16.484 Land Under Non-Agriculture use 1645.55 1.945 Culturable Waste Land 1496.81 1.766 Permanent Pasture 1055.45 1.247 Misc. Trees and Groves 8141.00 9.598 Current Fallow 656.00 0.779 Other Fallow 11672.56 13.7510 Cultivable Area 21837.09 25.7211 Net Area Sown 12551.00 14.7812 Area Sown more than once 1627.50 1.9213 Gross Cropped Area 14178.50 16.7014 Cropping Intensity % 106.50 0.13(Source: Revenue Dept.)

5.2 Land Holding in Patalganga Sub Basin:

In Patalganga Sun-Basin the percentage of marginal holding 0.75%, small 0.89% and others is 13%to the total land holdings. The average holding of this Sub-Basin is 0.16 ha.

TableNo.5.2- Land Holding in Patalganga Sub-BasinSr.No.

Category Range of Holding No. of Farmers Area (Ha) Average Area PerHead (Ha)

1 Marginal 0-1 37722.00 28112.31 0.752 Small 0-2 9097.00 8090.46 0.893 Others Above-2 2291.00 4992.52 2.18

Total--- 49110.00 41195.29 3.81(Source: Agriculture Cencus 2010-2011)


61

5.3. Area and Production for various Crops in Patalganga Sub-Basin.

Area and Production for various Crops in Patalganga Sub-Basin is given in the table No.5.3. ThisSub-Basin is having maximum area under cereals(0.00%) and pulses (0 %).

Table 5.3 (a to d)- Area and Production for various Crop in Patalganga Sub-Basin.

a) For KarjatTalukaSr.No.

Crop Total Area ofCrop in SubBasin “00” ha.

Avg.yield ofcrops in subbasin Kg/ha.

Front LinedemonstrationKg/ha.

StateAvg.Kg/ha.

1 Rice 2.24 4500 -5000 5000-5500 02 Kh. Jowar 0 0 0 03 Bajara 0 0 0 04 Ragi 0 0 0 05 Kh. Maize 0 0 0 06 Other Kh. Cereals 0 0 0 07 Tota; Kh. Cereals 2.24 0 0 08 Tur 0 0 0 09 Mung 0 0 0 010 Udid 0 0 0 011 Other Pulses 0.048 1500 0 012 Total Kh. Pulses 0.048 0 0 013 Kh. Ground Nut 0 0 0 014 Kh. Seasamum 0 0 0 015 Niger 0 0 0 016 Kh. Sunflower 0 0 0 017 Soyabean 0 0 0 018 Casteor Seed 0 0 0 019 Total Kh Oil Seeds 0 0 0 020 Sugarcane 0 0 0 021 Cotton 0 0 0 022 R. Jowar 0 0 0 023 Wheat 0 0 0 024 R. Maize 0 0 0 025 Other Rabi Cereals 0 0 0 026 Total Rabi Cereals 0 0 0 027 Gram 0 0 0 028 Other Rabi pulses 0 0 0 029 Total Rabi Pulses 0 0 0 030 Safflower 0 0 0 031 Linseed 0 0 0 032 Rabi Seasamum 0 0 0 033 Sunflower 0 0 0 034 Other Rabi Oilseeds 0 0 0 035 Total Rabi Oilseeds 0 0 0 0


62

Sr.No.




StateAvg.Kg/ha.

36 Su. Rice 0 0 0 037 Su. Maize 0 0 0 038 Su. Cereals 0 0 0 039 Su. Ground Nut 0 0 0 040 Su. Sunflower 0 0 0 041 Su. Oilseeds 0 0 0 042 Total Cereals 2.24 0 0 043 Total Pulses 0.048 0 0 044 Total Oilseeds 0 0 0 045 Total Foodgrains 0 0 0 0

(Source: Revenue Dept. and Statistics wing of Agril. Dept.)

(b) For PanvelTaluka

Sr.No.

Crop Total Area ofCrop in SubBasin “000”ha.

Avg.yield ofcrops in subbasinKg/ha.


StateAvg.Kg/ha.

1 Rice 11.900 2798 3010 19252 Kh. Jowar 0 0 0 03 Bajara 0 0 0 04 Ragi 0 0 0 05 Kh. Maize 0 0 0 06 Other Kh. Cereals 0 0 0 07 Tota; Kh. Cereals 11.900 2798 3010 19258 Tur 30 670 0 9069 Mung 0 0 0 010 Udid 0 0 0 011 Other Pulses 0 0 0 012 Total Kh. Pulses 0.0030 - 0 -13 Kh. Ground Nut 0 0 0 014 Kh. Seasamum 0 0 0 015 Niger 0 0 0 016 Kh. Sunflower 0 0 0 017 Soyabean 0 0 0 018 Casteor Seed 0 0 0 019 Total Kh Oil Seeds 0 0 0 020 Sugarcane 0 0 0 021 Cotton 0 0 0 022 R. Jowar 0 0 0 0


63

Sr.No.

Crop Total Area ofCrop in SubBasin “000”ha.



StateAvg.Kg/ha.

23 Wheat 0 0 0 024 R. Maize 0 0 0 025 Other Rabi Cereals 0.220 2392 0 180526 Total Rabi Cereals 0.220 0 0 027 Gram 0.110 900 0 79228 Other Rabi pulses 1.020 525 0 46229 Total Rabi Pulses 1.130 - 0 -30 Safflower 0 0 0 031 Linseed 0 0 0 032 Rabi Seasamum 0 0 0 033 Sunflower 0 0 0 034 Other Rabi Oilseeds 0 0 0 035 Total Rabi Oilseeds 0 0 0 036 Su. Rice 0 0 0 037 Su. Maize 0 0 0 038 Su. Cereals 0 0 0 039 Su. Ground Nut 0 0 0 040 Su. Sunflower 0 0 0 041 Su. Oilseeds 0 0 0 042 Total Cereals 12.120 0 0 043 Total Pulses 1.160 0 0 044 Total Oilseeds 0 0 0 045 Total Foodgrains 13.280 0 0 0

(c) For SudhagadTaluka

Sr.No.




StateAvg.Kg/ha.

1 Rice 2.00 4284 6300 19252 Kh. Jowar 0 0 0 03 Bajara 0 0 0 04 Ragi 0.12 956 956 11445 Kh. Maize 0 0 0 06 Other Kh. Cereals 0.03 750 0 07 Tota; Kh. Cereals 2.15 0 0 08 Tur 0.045 310 0 9069 Mung 0 0 0 0


64

Sr.No.




StateAvg.Kg/ha.

10 Udid 0 0 0 011 Other Pulses 0 390 0 44412 Total Kh. Pulses 0.045 0 0 013 Kh. Ground Nut 0 0 0 014 Kh. Seasamum 0 0 0 015 Niger 0 0 0 016 Kh. Sunflower 0 0 0 017 Soyabean 0 00 0 018 Casteor Seed 0 0 0 019 Total Kh Oil Seeds 0 0 0 020 Sugarcane 0 0 0 021 Cotton 0 0 0 022 R. Jowar 0 0 0 023 Wheat 0 0 0 024 R. Maize 0 0 0 025 Other Rabi Cereals 0 0 0 026 Total Rabi Cereals 0 0 0 027 Gram 0.03 755 0 89128 Other Rabi pulses 0.095 440 0 452

29 Total Rabi Pulses 0.125 0 0 030 Safflower 0 0 0 031 Linseed 0 0 0 032 Rabi Seasamum 0 0 0 033 Sunflower 0 0 0 034 Other Rabi Oilseeds 0 0 0 035 Total Rabi Oilseeds 0 0 0 036 Su. Rice 0 0 0 037 Su. Maize 0 0 0 038 Su. Cereals 0 0 0 039 Su. Ground Nut 0 0 0 040 Su. Sunflower 0 0 0 041 Su. Oilseeds 0 0 0 042 Total Cereals 2.42 0 0 043 Total Pulses 0.17 0 0 044 Total Oilseeds *- 0 0 045 Total Foodgrains 2.59 0 0 0


65

(d) For UranTaluka

Sr.No.




StateAvg.Kg/ha.

1 Rice 2.547 4500 -5000 5000-5500 02 Kh. Jowar 0 0 0 03 Bajara 0 0 0 04 Ragi 0 0 0 05 Kh. Maize 0 0 0 06 Other Kh. Cereals 0 0 0 07 Tota; Kh. Cereals 0 0 0 08 Tur 0 0 0 09 Mung 0 0 0 010 Udid 0 0 0 011 Other Pulses 0.068 1500 0 012 Total Kh. Pulses 0 0 0 013 Kh. Ground Nut 0 0 0 014 Kh. Seasamum 0 0 0 015 Niger 0 0 0 016 Kh. Sunflower 0 0 0 017 Soyabean 0 0 0 018 Casteor Seed 0 0 0 019 Total Kh Oil Seeds 0 0 0 020 Sugarcane 0 0 0 021 Cotton 0 0 0 022 R. Jowar 0 0 0 023 Wheat 0 0 0 024 R. Maize 0 0 0 025 Other Rabi Cereals 0 0 0 026 Total Rabi Cereals 0 0 0 027 Gram 0 0 0 028 Other Rabi pulses 0 0 0 029 Total Rabi Pulses 0 0 0 030 Safflower 0 0 0 031 Linseed 0 0 0 032 Rabi Seasamum 0 0 0 033 Sunflower 0 0 0 034 Other Rabi Oilseeds 0 0 0 035 Total Rabi Oilseeds 0 0 0 036 Su. Rice 0 0 0 037 Su. Maize 0 0 0 038 Su. Cereals 0 0 0 039 Su. Ground Nut 0 0 0 040 Su. Sunflower 0 0 0 041 Su. Oilseeds 0 0 0 042 Total Cereals 0 0 0 043 Total Pulses 0 0 0 044 Total Oilseeds 0 0 0 045 Total Foodgrains 0 0 0 0


66

Areas under different fruit crops are given in Table No. 5.3.1. The major fruit crops grown in the SubBasin includes Mango, Cashew, and Sapota,. The area productivity and state averages are also given.

Table-5.3.1 Area and Production for Fruit Crops in Patalganga Sub-Basin

Sr.No.

Crop Total Area ofCrop in SubBasin Ha.

Avg. yield ofcrops in SubBasin MT/Ha.

State Avg.MT/Ha.

1 Grape 0 0 02 Banana 1 10.33 58.23 Mango 648.84 405.11 54 Sapota 14.23 5.53 17.325 Pomegranate 0 0 06 Custard Apple 0 0 6.517 K. Lime 0 0 08 Guava 0 0 09 Other 1- cashewnut

14.85 7.2 6.792- coconut

26.69 22.5 20(Source : Dept. Of Agriculture)

5.4. Water and Irrigation Requirement of Crops in Patalganga Sub-Basin

The crop duration, water requirement and irrigation requirement of different crops grown inthis Sub-Basin is given in the Table No. 5.4.

Table No.-5.4.- Water and irrigation requirement of crops in Patalganga Sub-BasinSr.No.

Crops CropDuration

DaysWater Requirement Ha.Cm.

Karjat Panvel Sudhagad Uran Alibag1 Paddy 110-140 110-140 90-250 90-250 0 02 Tur 150-180 150-180 42297 42297 0 03 Mung 60-75 60-75 42134 42134 0 04 Udid 60-75 60-75 42134 42134 0 05 Gram 70-80 70-80 42297 42297 0 06 Ground nut(Su.) 110-120 110-120 50-70 50-70 0 07 Onion (Rabi) 90-120 90-120 35-55 35-55 0 08 Chilli 120-150 120-150 50-55 50-55 0 09 Brinjal 120-150 120-150 50-55 50-55 0 010 Bhendi 120-140 120-140 50-70 50-70 0 011 Cucumber 90-120 90-120 15-30 15-30 0 012 All Gourds 120-140 120-140 30-40 30-40 0 0


67

5.5. Effect of Irrigation on Crop Yields in Patalganga Sub Basin.

The irrigation water is always beneficial for different field crops to increase the productionand productivity of crops. The increase in yield of crops is due to irrigation availability during criticalgrowth stages of crops. The comparative yields of major crops are given in the Table No. 5.5

Table-5.5- Effect of Irrigation on Crop Yields(Crops yield Kg./ha.) in Patalganga Sub Basin.

Crop yield under Rainfed and irrigatedconditions for year 2010-11 in Basin

Crop yield under Rainfed and irrigatedconditions for year 2013-14 in Basin

Sr.No.

Crop Average yield in Kg./ha. Sr.No.

Crop Average yield in Kg./ha.Irrigated Rainfed %

increa-ses inyield

Irrigated Rainfed %increa-ses inyield

1 Paddy 5045 4580 10.15 1 Paddy 5440 4910 10.792 Bajari 0 0 0 2 Bajari 0 0 03 Kh.Jawar 0 0 0 3 Kh.Jawar 0 0 04 Soyabean 0 0 0 4 Soyabean 0 0 05 Tur 0 1401 5 Tur 0 1489.76 Niger 0 0 0 6 Niger 0 0 07 Cotton 0 0 0 7 Cotton 0 0 08 Kh. Maize

0 0 08 Kh.

Maize0 0 0

9 Udid 0 0 0 9 Udid 0 0 010 Kh.Groun

dnut0 0 0

10 Kh.Groundnut

0 0 0

11 Sugarcane0 0 0

11 Sugarcane

0 0 0

12 Mung 0 0 0 12 Mung 0 0 013 Wheat 0 0 0 13 Wheat 0 0 014 Gram 885 0 14 Gram 900 015 Rb.Jawar 0 0 0 15 Rb.Jawar 0 0 0

5.6. Water Saving Techniques in Patalganga Sub Basin.

The area under micro-irrigation in this Sub-Basin is 43.25 Ha and projected area up to 2030 isgiven in the Table No. 5.6. Patalganga Sub Basin consist of Karjat, Panvel, Sudhagad, Uran, dist.Raigad.

Table-5.6.- Water Saving Techniques in Patalganga Sub Basin.

Sr. No. Water Saving Micro-Irrigation Techniques Area (Ha)1 Area under Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation 43.25

2 Projection- 2030 (Drip and Sprinkler) 117.75


68

5.7. Agricultural Research Institutions in Patalganga Sub Basin

Table No.5.7-Agricultural Research Institutions in Patalganga Sub Basin

District / Taluka Name of Research Station in and around Address

Raigad/ Panvel

1)Kharland Research StationBandar road panvel Tal-Panvel

2) Dr. Balasaheb Sawant, Konkan krishividyapith, Dapoli

Dapoli

5.8 Agricultural Extension Services:

Agriculture department considers farmers as the focal point and the whole department isorganized in such a fashion that a single mechanism is working to facilitate the farmer for adoption ofadvanced technology and sustainable use of available resources. Every agriculture assistant workingat village level has a jurisdiction of yhree to four villages with number of farmers limited to 800 to900 which facilitates more interaction for easier transfer of technology. Agriculture Assistant atvillage level undertakes soil conservation work, horticulture plantation and various extensionschemes. He is supervised by Circle Agriculture Officer at Circle level. Administrative control,laison with other departments, monitoring and training programs etc. are facilitated by TalukaAgriculture Officer at taluka level, Sub Divisional Agriculture Officer at Sub Division level, DistrictSuperintending Agriculture Officer at district level and Divisional Joint Director at division level. Inaddition, Agriculture Officer at PanchayatSamiti Level, working under Agriculture DevelopmentOfficer, ZillaParishad at District level also implement various agro-inputs related schemes.

At district level, an autonomous registered society called, “Agricultural TechnologyManagement Agency” (ATMA) has been created under the Chairmanship of District Collector. Themain object of this ATMA body is top co-ordinate all agriculture related research technology andmarketing linkages through convergences and to promote sustainable farming systems for variouscategories of farm communities. It is a participatory approach in planning and implementation wherein farmers as stake holders have been nominated at various level to give their valuable inputs inplanning and implementation of various agricultural and allied activities considering the existingagro-ecological situations within each agro-climatic zones.

All the schemes implemented in the field are supervised technically and administratively byrespective directorates of Soil Conservation, Horticulture, Extension and Training, Inputs and QualityControl, Stastics, Monitoring and Evaluation and Planning and Budget at State level in theCommissionerate of Agriculture. Also separate sections are there for the Establishment and Accountsrelated matters.

5.8.1- National Horticulture Mission (NHM):

National Horticulture Mission (NHM) is being implemented to promote holistic growth of thehorticulture sector covering fruits, vegetables, roots and tuber crops, spices, flowers, aromatic plants,cashew and coco. Programme for the development of coconut will be implemented by the CoconutDevelopment Board (CDB), independent of the Mission.


69

5.8.2- Dryland Agriculture Mission:

The state is having predominantly rainfed agriculture system. State is also laving limitationsto bring more area under irrigation due to its topography. Hence, in coming years about 70 % are isstill likely to remain rainfed. So it has become imperative to develop dryland agriculture to make itremunerative to farming community. The present constraints are very limited sources of irrigation,drought prone area, degraded and light soil, major area under degraded and light soils limited theproduction and productivity. The percentage of drought prone area in the state is 52 per cent and 39% of the soil are light. This mission is being implemented to minimize risk and to make drylandfarming sustainably viable. The main objectives of this mission are to increase the production,productivity of crops thereby income of households. To create sustainable source of irrigation to in-situ soil moisture conservation activities, farm ponds and other water conserving structures, toimprove the water use efficiency through use of micro irrigation system, to promote protectiveirrigation, value addition and marketing to get remunerative prices.

5.8.3- Extention.

1. Crop Pest Surveillance and Advisory Project2. Dr. VitthalraoVikhePatilShetkari Din 29 August3. Dr. PanjabraoDeshmukhKrushiRatnaPuraskar4. Dryland Farming Mission5. National Mission of Oil seed and oil palm (NMOOP)6. Integrated Paddy Production Programme7. SCP Programme8. TSP / OTSP Programme9. JijamataKrishibhushanPuraskar10. Krushi din 1st July11. National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)12. Parthenium control campaign13. Pest Disease Monitoring Information System (PDMIS)14. Publicity through R.K.V.Y. Preparation of Extension Material15. Rainfed Area Development under NMSA16. RKVY Pigeon Pea Production Programme17. Seed Treatment18. ShetkariMasik19. Vasantrao Nike Krishibhushan Award20. Vasantrao Nike Sheti-Mitra Award21. Vasantrao Nike Sheti-NishtShetkari22. Crop Insurance23. RKVY, PPP, IAD of Paddy

5.8.4- Horticulture.

1. Coconut Development Board2. DPDC Sponsored Plant Protection Scheme3. Mission For Integrated development of Horticulture4. Employment Guarantee Scheme5. Plant Protection Scheme for TSP6. Horticulture Crop Pest and Disease Surveillance and Advisory Project7. Kitchen Garden Plantation of Fruits and Vegetables Scheme


70

8. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme9. MangonetVegnet10. NMSA on Farm Water Management11. Strengthening of Govt. Nurseries

5.8.5- Soil Conservation.1. Integrated Watershed Development Programme2. Mahatma JyotibaPhuleJalBhumiSandharanAbhiyan3. JalayuktShiwarAbhiyan4. Mahatma JyotibaPhuleJalmitraPuraskar5. PadkaiYojana6. Soil and Water Conservation works by Machinery7. Soil conservation Training

5.8.6- Input and Quality Control.

1. Agro Polyclinics2. Establishment of Custom Hiring Centers Under SMAM3. Sub- Mission on Agricultural Mechanization4. Supply of Bio Pesticide Under Govt. Programme5. Supply of Chemical Pesticides6. Taluka Seed Farm 100 Percent State Sponsored Scheme7. Insecticide Testing Laboratories8. Soil Survey and Soil Test

It is apparent from the data given above that the extension services in the sub-basin are adequate toprovide necessary inputs for irrigated agriculture, Hence all culturable` area can be brought underirrigation.


71

PatalgangaSub- basin

Chapter No.-06

Surface Water Resources


72

Chapter No.-06SURFACE WATER RESOURCES

6.0 PreambleWater being a precious resource without which no life can sustain on earth. The level of

availability and development of infrastructure to harness the water influence to a considerable

extent the quality of life. The rapid growth of population coupled with increasing economic

activities has put a tremendous pressure on the available water resources. Although irrigation

is the major consumer of water at present in o ur country and may continue to be so in the

years to come demands from other sectors, such as drinking and industries have been growing

significantly. Water conservation measures to improve the efficiency of water use are being

stressed upon for meeting the ever increasing demands. Inter-basin transfer of water from

surplus basins to deficit basins is being studied as one of the long term strategies.

A proper assessment of water resources potential has, therefore, become a prerequisite for its

sustainable development and management. Without a precise estimate of the availability of

the resource, it is impossible to properly plan, design, construct, operate and maintain water

resources projects catering to competing demands like irrigation, drought and flood

management, domestic and industrial water supply, and generation of electrical energy,

fisheries and navigation. The correctness of assessment of water resource is totally dependent

upon the accuracy and length of hydrological data. Thus, the hydrological data such as

gauged flows of river, the measurement of abstractions of water in the catchment etc. are

essential for proper assessment of water resource for appropriate planning.

6.1. Nodal PointAn attempt has been made in this chapter to compile the available hydrological data for

ascertaining the water availability at nodel point as shown below.

Table No.6.1 Nodal Points

Sr.NO. Nodal Point/GD Station Taluka District1 Gadhi Panvel Raigad2 Kanpoli Khalapur3 Manghar Panvel4 Wadi Pen5 Turade Khalapur6 Sajgaon Khalapur7 Ransai Uran8 Kamarli Pen9 Chowk Khalapur


73

6.2 Patalganga Basin

6.2.1 The Patalganga River is a river that rises in the steep western scarps ofthe Matheran uplands where it branches off from the main ridge near Khopoli and maintainsa general westward flow till it joins the Dharamtar Creek with a wide estuary. The totallength of this West flowing river from its origin to its outfall in to the Arabian Sea is 54 km.The important tributaries of the Patalganga River are BalgangaAndBhogeshwari.TheCatchment area of entire Patalganga River is1540.11km2 which lies completely inRaigaddistrict of Maharashtra. The District wise distribution of the drainage area is shown inTable.6.2.1

Table No.6.2.1-Details of Main Tributaries of Sub-basin

Table No. 6.2.2-Patalganga basin - Distribution of the drainage area

Name of Basin Drainagearea

Sq.km.

Percentage oftotal area

Patalganga 1540.11 100%

6.3 Past Assessments of Availability of Water:

6.3.1 The committee on ‘Assessment of water resources of rivers flowing into Arabian Sea and

their utilization’ constituted by the Planning Commission has assessed the average annual yield of

the Patalganga basin. This Committee assessed the 75% dependable annual yield to be

Mm3.However the basin area estimated by the committee was 940.sq. kms only.(As per B.J. Khatal

Patil report )

Sr.

NoRIVER

MAIN

TRIBUTARIESORIGIN

TALUKA DISTRICT

1 Patalganga - Dasturi Khalapur Raigad

2 - Kasadi Hajimalang Panvel

3 - Gaadhi Matheran Karjat

4 - Balganga Savroli Pen

5 - Bhogeshwari Gandav Pen


74

6.3.2 Patalganga River

The catchment area of Patalganga basin upto confluence with Sea is 1540.11sq km. The total length

of this West flowing river from its origin to its outfall in to the Arabian Sea is 54 km.

6.4 Data Available:

6.4.1 The observational network of rainfall and discharge data is fairly good in the River Basin.

There are 13number of rain-gauge stations and 9 G& D sites in Patalganga basin where long term

data is available, but no R.R relation is formed.So for this basin Pali&Badlapurraingauge stations

R.R relation are considered for the yield calculation.

Table No.6.4.1(A) GD Station

Sr.No. Name of GD station

1 Gadhi2 Kanpoli3 Manghar4 Wadi5 Turade6 Sajgaon7 Ransai8 Kamarli9 Chowk

Table No.6.4.1(B)-Raingauge Station

Sr.No.

Name of Raingaugestation

1 Khalapur2 Pen3 Khopoli4 Uran5 Thane6 Karjat7 Matheran8 Chowk9 Panvel10 Ransai11 Shirvali12 Kamarli13 Khandpoli


75

6.4.2 RAINFALL DATA

There are 13rain gauge stations located in and around the Patalganga basin. The details of period of

availability, average annual rainfall and data gaps are given below in Table No.6.4.2

Table No.6.4.2 - Patalganga basin- Period of Availability and Average Annual Rainfall

Sr. No. Name of RG Station Period of availabilityof data

Average annualrainfall in mm

Year of Missing data

1 Khalapur 1968-2014 3443.89 1985-86

2 Pen 1968-2014 2882.60 1976-77

3 Khopoli 1968-2015 3322.84

4 Uran 1968-2014 2193.16

5 Thane 1968-2014 2624.10 1977-78-79-80-84-85

6 Karjat 1968-2014 3478.22 1969

7 Matheran 1968-2014 4475.58

8 Chowk 1978-2014 3343.07

9 Panvel 1968-2014 2797.93 1969 & 1978

10 Ransai 1987-2014 2406.07

11 Shiravali (Arav) 1978-2011 3536.04

12 Kamarli 1980-2015 3037.39 1983-84

13 Khandpoli 1987-2014 3926.24

The observed rainfall data, of all the rain gauge stations, used in the study.

6.4.3 Weighted Mean Rainfall

There are 13 raingauge stations in and around the Patalganga river. The Weighted average Rainfall for the

catchments upto State border and G&D sites have been estimated by Thiessen Polygon Method.

The Influence Factors of the rain-gauge stations for catchments upto different locations viz. G&D

sites where rainfall-runoff relations have been not developed are as under:


1

Table No.6.4.3-Area of influence and influence factor of the raingauge stations at various sitesUnit : Sq Km

Sl.No.

Name ofR.G. station

Origin of Bhogesheaririver up to sea

confluence

Origin ofBalagangariver up to

sea confluence

Origin of Patalgangariver up to sea

confluence

Origin of NalasDirectly Draining to

Sea.

Origin of Bavamaling,Kasadi, Kalundri,

Panvelriver up to seaconfluence

Origin NallasDirectly draining in

to sea between Ulhasand Panvel River

Area Influ. factor Area Influ.Factor

Area Influ. factor Area Influ. factor Area Influ. factor Area Influ.Factor

1 Khandpoli 26.09 0.129749 0.72 0.001633

2Shiravali(Arav)

4.49 0.037249 99.78 0.657316 26.26 0.064160

3 Kamarli 75.42 0.375070 8.15 0.053710

4 Pen 91.61 0.455898 36.13 0.2361203 0.15 0.000340 7.55 0.0313600

5 Uran 0.47 0.002777 110.98 0.461014

6 Khalapur 4.21 0.027747 82.19 0.186460

7 Ransai 3.46 0.022804 76.9 0.174459 100.62 0.417979 30.77 0.7498

8 Matheran 40.22 0.091245 102.63 0.250097

9 Khopoli 73.06 0.165793

10 Karjat 17.97 0.040768

11 Chauk 121.28 0.275142 9.39 0.02288

12 Panvel 21.56 0.89644 267.57 0.65203 46.75 0.489939

13 Thane 46.76 0.510061

Total 201.08 1.00 151.73 1.00 440.79 1.00 240.73 1.00 410.16 1.00 95.42 1.00


76

6.4.4 DISCHARGE DATA

Discharge data is being observed by Hydrology Nasik@ various G & D site to develop R.R. Relations.are

as under

Table No.6.4.4- Details of G&D sites

Sr.

No.

Name of

discharge/gauge site

River /Tributary Catchment area

(Sq Km)

Period of availability of

data

1 Gadi Patalganga 113.63 1994-99,2002-2012,14

2 Kanpoli 26.6 1993-1998.2000-10,2014

3 Manghar 23.42 1993-06,2009

4 Wadi 125.56 1992-07,2009-10,2014

5 Turade 328.09 1994-99,2004-06,2009-

11,2014

6 Sajgaon 29.14 1991-92,1994,1997-

99,2002,2006-10,2014

7 Kamarli 79.65 1992-04,2006-07

8 Badlapur Ulhas 881.59 1981-2011

9 Pali Amba

The observed discharge data used in this study is & final monsoon Rainfall - Runoff relations is not

Developed. Hence nearest G&D stn @ Badlapur & Pali Rainfall - Runoff relations is taken & attached in

the study.

6.5 Methodology adopted for assessment of availability:

6.5.1 The annual availability at a location has been worked out using the following formula.

Availability at a Location = Flow gauged at the location +Upstream Uses + Change in

upstream Storages

The availability of water worked out as explained above, at various nodal points.


76

6.6 Water availability:

6.6.1 RAINFALL- RUNOFF RELATIONSHIP

From observed Data Rainfall - Runoff relations is not Developed. Hence, Rainfall-Runoff relationships

developed @ Badlapur CWC GD Site, Pali G.D. Site is used for this study.

The rainfall-runoff relations developed at the G & D sites for monthly & monsoon period are given

below.

Table No.6.6.1-Monsoon Rainfall-Runoff relations @ site

Sr.

No

Location Monsoon R- R Relation

1 Badlapur R =0 .8244*P-518.4126.

2 Pali R =0 7955*P-278.7204

The monsoon model is generally found more robust and realistic to the catchment behavior as compared

to monthly models as it represents lumped rainfall (from June to Oct.) of entire season and most of the

monthly fluctuations get compensated. Therefore, monsoon model has been used to derive the monsoon

yield.

The non monsoon yield in this study is small,so quantity not consider in this study.

Even during non monsoon months, flows are mainly limited to October and small flows in November

only.

6.7 Gross Yield Series

6.7.1 Gadi, Kanpoli, Manghar, Wadi,Turade,Sajgaon, Kamarli G&D site data available . The yield series

at various points have been developed from year 1968 to 2011 by using respective Monsoon Rainfall

Runoff relations. Using the approach as above, the gross yield series of Patalganaga in different part has

been developed from 1968 onwards and the same is attached herewith. The water availability of

patalganga in MCM as derived from the gross yield series are as per the annexure attached separately.


77

Abstract Yield of Patalganga Sub Basin

Sr.No. Description of Parts C.A. WAR

Yield ByPali R.R. Inglis R.R. Badlapur R.R.

Avg. 50% 75% Avg. 50% 75% Avg. 50% 75%

1 Bhogeshwari River from Origin toSea Confluence 201.08 3098.80 439.64 438.81 383.02 467.9649 467.08 407.52 - - -

2 Balganga River from Origin to SeaConfluence. 151.73 3325.34 359.08 352.31 312.74 382.3076 375.08 332.83 - - -

3 Patalgang River from Origin to SeaConfluence. 440.79 3317.07 1040.27 1003.54 924.07 1107.545 1068.34 983.49 - - -

4 Nalas Directly Draining to Sea 240.73 2357.99 384.46 390.09 314.05 408.7806 414.80 333.61 - - -

5Bavamaling, Kasadi, Kalundri &

Panvel River from origin toconfluence with sea.

410.36 3200.59 930.43 906.50 765.35 990.4917 964.95 814.24 870.03 845.23 698.95

6 Nallas Directly draining in to seabetween Ulhas and Panvel River 95.42 2709.26 179.06 180.01 140.23 190.499 191.52 149.05 192.14 193.02 156.41

7 Virgin Patalganga 1540.11 3070.78 3486.16 3524.03 3181.83 - - - - - -


78

6.7.1 Partwise Yield Calculation for Patalganga Sub basin

Table No.6.7.2-Partwise Yield Calculations

6.8 DIRECTIVES IN STATE WATER BOARD MEETING:-

The yield calculations of river basin, the requirement of water for drinking, industrial requirement,

ecological and environmental flow required for downstream etc considered as per the directives given

by the Hon’ble chairman of state water board in the various meetings as listed below.

a) In 2nd meeting of state water board it is directed that drinking water is basic need and while

preparing the plan the norms of 135 lpcd for urban area and 100 lpcd including cattle for rural area

should be considered.

b) It is further directed that it may take some time to finalize the percentage of water in the dam

or reservoir that needs to be allotted or reserved for the environmental flow, hence 10% average non

monsoon flow is taken as the requirement for environmental and ecological flow

c) In the sixth meeting of the state water board, it was decided to prepare the water plan for the

river basin based on 75% dependable yield.

Sr.

No.

Description of Part Catchment

area SqKm

Yields in Mcum

Average 50% 75%

1 Part-I:Bhogeshwari from Origin to

Sea Confluence201.08 439.64 438.81 383.02

2 Part-II:-@Balganga from Origin

to Sea Confluence.151.73 359.08 352.31 312.74

3 Part-III:-Patalgang from Origin to

Sea Confl.440.79 1040.27 1003.54 924.07

4 Part-IV-Nalas Directly Draining

to Sea.240.73 384.46 390.09 314.05

5 Part-V:-@Bavamaling, Kasadi,

Kalundri, Panvel River from

origin to confl. With sea.

410.36 930.43 906.50 765.35

6

Part-VI: @Nallas Directly

draining in to sea between Ulhas

and Panvel River

95.42 179.06 180.01 140.23

7 Virgin Yield of Patalganga Valley 1540.11 3486.16 3524.03 3181.83


79

Considering the above directives we have prepared the water plan at 75 % dependability for all

purpose.

6.9 Classification of Patalganga Valley on the basis of water :-

Table No.6.9.1 Classification of Patalganga valleyName of

Valley

CCA

Ha

Natural

Water

Availability

Mm3

G W

Availability

Mm3

Total

water

available

Mm3

Total

M3/Ha

Class

Patalganga 21837.09 3181.83 120.10 3301.93 151207.42

m3/Ha

A

Table 6.9.2 Norms for Categorization of BasinSr.No

Surface Water Availability Unit Category of BasinFrom To

1 Less than 1500 Cum/Ha Highly Deficit2 1500 3000 Cum/Ha Deficit3 3000 8000 Cum/Ha Normal4 8000 12000 Cum/Ha Surplus5 More than 12000 Cum/Ha Abundant

Source: Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission 1999 Part I P.N.160


80


Chapter No.-07

Ground Water Resources


81

Chapter No.-07Ground water Resources

7.00 Hydrology-Ground water is an important component of hydrological cycle. The ultimate source of all

ground water is the meteoric precipitation that takes place over the land surface. The disposal of rain

water after it falls over the land surface involve the process of surface run off downward infiltration

for soil moisture recharge, evaporation, evapotranspiration and lastly deep percolation in to

subsurface strata to replenish ultimate groundwater storage.

Just as the meteorological aspects have a direct bearing on the mode of occurrence of

groundwater in particular region, the physiographic features also play a very important role towards

run-off and infiltration of precipitated water and hence for groundwater recharge. The physiographic

features also control the climatic conditions and when related to the litho logical conditions migration

of water into the ground is largely controlled by the peculiarities of the land forms.

The Ghats and the region west of hilly receiving heavy rain fall and area to the east of it is

comparatively dry and semi arid. In the hilly areas though the rainfall is very high ranging from 2000

mm to 3000 mm, with highest rainfall at Matheran in year 1921 is11204 mm. they are obviously not

very favorable for groundwater development because of the high gradient of the land, exposure of

bare rocks and absence of suitable soil profile for cultivation.

Area of North Konkan basin is covered mainly by Deccan Trap basalts. An interesting feature

of the Deccan basalts is the remarkable contrast in the water bearing properties of different flow

units. The porosity of volcanic rocks varies widely from an almost negligible value for dense

varieties to over 80% for pumice, tuff and some vesicular varieties. The Deccan basalts have poor

primary porosity. Whatever primary porosity exists is due to gas vesicles (unfilled), lava tubes and

lava tunnels. The secondary porosity in basalts is introduced due to weathering, brecciation,

shrinkage, cracks & joints, fracture systems developed due to tectonic disturbances. The porosity of

weathered basalt ranges between 10 & 34% fractured basalt between 5 and 15% vesicular basalt

between 10 & 50% and amygdaloidal basalt between 1&4%.

The structural characteristics are imparted to basalts through the mechanics of lava propagation

.The lava charge with rich volatile contents are propagated in small bouts each having a distinct

geometry and structure. This type results into compound pahoehoe flow analogous to ropy lavas of

Hawaii island .The lavas ,which have low volatile content ,propagate as a single extensive sheet

spreading over a large front. This propagation results in the formation of “aa” type flows.

Typical compound pahoehoe flow consists of several small bun shaped units .The surface of

each unit is chilled and glassy and the body is highly vesicular. Each unit has piped amygdales at the


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bottom,10 to 20 cm. in height. Due to temperature zoning the vesicles within the body area are

arranged in parallel zones from top of the unit downwards. However all these vesicles are filled up

with secondary minerals like quartz, zeolites, green earth and hence do not give rise to connected

porosity .The glassy surface at the top develop polygonal cooling cracks which facilitates circulation

of water round the margin of the unit. Some storage space is also provided due to open spaces

between the unit. These lavas propagate through budding i.e. squeezed up lava from earlier units and

the source. The demarcation of one compound lava flow from the other is difficult. Some compound

lava flows away from the source area, loses enough volatiles and from thin extensive units like the

“aa” flows. The transition from compound pahoehoe to aa flow is gradual and hence mix

characteristics of both the flows are observed.

Thus in the phahoehoe flows, the movement of groundwater is limited to inter-bun surfaces

and open spaces between the units in addition to the weathered portions. As the lateral extension of

this compound flows over large lateral extent is not assured, the occurrence of groundwater becomes

more localized .Deeper circulation of groundwater may occurred through deep fractures and fissures

and fractured dykes. The extension of shear controls the aperture of the fractures, and this, in turn

controls the circulation of groundwater.

The aa type flows are more regular and extensive. The groundwater circulation occurs in the

weathered portion and through the vesicular upper sections and also through the fractured massive

portions. The presence of red boles and the poorly jointed massive units provide the impervious

layers which restrict the vertical seepage to the deeper layers. The recharge to deeper horizons can

occur through deep fractures and fractured dykes. The weathered parts of both vesicular and massive

units have better porosity and permeability as compared to the fresh units. The secondary porosity

also increases in the lower portion of the aa flows due to presence of columnar joints, sheets joints

and the basal clinkers.

Each individual flow is a typical section, which varies from porous ,weathered base to a

massive middle unit and vesicular at the top .Each distinct part of flow forms a unit and thus differs

in ability to receive,store and transmit groundwater due to the inherent physical charaeristics like

porosity and permeability. The water bearing capacity of different rock units occurring in the area are

discussed below.

7.1 Occurrence of Ground water :-In basaltic lava flows groundwater occurs under both water table and confined conditions.

The occurrence and movement of groundwater in basaltic terrain are controlled by

1. Vertical horizontal porosity and permeability owing to fractures and interconnected vesicular

interstices, which permit storage and movement of groundwater.


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2. Occurrence impervious layers and presence of dykes and sills, which retard movement of

groundwater

3. Presence of pervious and permeable interbeds between lava flows.

Alternating sequence of permeable and compact horizons in volcanic rocks gives rise to multi-

aquifer system. The near surface weathered and jointed zone of the massive basaltic unit and the

vesicular unit together constitute the main watertable of aquifer, which is being extensively

developed by dugwell. There is a hydraulic continuity between the contiguous massive and vesicular

basaltic units, horizontal and other joints along with weathered mantle being responsible for this

continuity.

7.1.1 Vesicular Basalt:

The individual vesicular units in the different lava flows ranges in thickness from 2-10mts and

possess primary porosity. The nature and density of these vesicles, their distribution, interconnections

between them, depth of weathering and topography of the area are the factors that govern the

occurrence and movement of groundwater in the vesicular basalt. The zeolitic units in the vesicular

basalt are highly susceptible to weathering. The porosity is more when the vesicles are not filled up

with secondary minerals stop the permeability in vesicular basalt depends on the interconnectivity of

the vesicles. The vesicular basalt in the study area give rise to moderate to good productive zones

.Weathered vesicular basalts are the main water bearing formation in the area .The weathered

vesicular basalt and fractured vesicular basalt in the study area give rise to highly productive zones.

7.1.2 Massive basalt:

The massive basalt in the area are hard and compact and are devoid of primary porosity and

permeability. Generally, the massive are not very productive but sometimes give rise to good aquifers

when fractured and jointed. In massive basalts, the groundwater occurs in soil cum weathered mantle,

joints, cracks and other weaker zones. The upper portion of the traps shows persistant spheroidal

weathering and exfoliation that helps in retaining more water in comparison to compact massive trap.

The occurrence of groundwater in massive compact basalt totally depends on the presences of

fractures and joints, their nature and distribution and also on their vertical and lateral extension.

7.1.3 Movement of Groundwater

In deccan traps the groundwater movement is always towards the perennial rivers, streams

and nalas, thereby accounting for their effluent nature. Such streams during the post monsoon and

particularly during pre-monsoon have water in them due to spring discharges ,leakages and trickles

from the shallow on confined aquifer .In an area ,receiving uniform precipitation and infiltration

,over an undulating surface the groundwater system that develops ,driven by water table surface is


84

subdued replica of the groundwater surface .The result in groundwater flow is controlled by the

nature of watertable, the distribution of hydraulic conductivity in the rocks and climate.

The movement of the groundwater is always along the hydraulic gradient unless it is stopped

for want of any hydraulic connectivity, thus area in the lower reaches of topography lows would be

more potential then the upper reaches. The occurrence of dykes, which traverse against the direction

of groundwater movement ,is also of significance .If the dykes have poor permeability they acts as

effective barriers resulting in shallow water tables or with occurrence of springs on one side and

deeper water table on other .

Precipitation forms the principle sources of recharge in the deccan lava flows and the

alluvial cover. The seepage from surface water bodies also augments recharge of groundwater on

these formations.

7.1.4 Aquifer parameters

The water bearing properties govern the aquifer parameters to a large extent. Since the rock

units in the study area have different water bearing properties,the aquifer parameters like hydraulic

conductivity ,transmissivity, storativity and sp.capacity also show a large variation .The regional

geology and local geology governs the disposition of aquifers with respect to the

aquitards,aquicludes,aquifuges and other physical boundaries like intursives. In addition to the

geologic boundries the behavoiur of the aquifers is also controlled by hydrologic boundries liker

recharge or positive boundries viz,stream,canals,lakes,reservoirs and discharge or negative boundries

like gaining streams ,rivers or drains.

The groundwater in the area in basaltic flow occurs under unconfined ,semiconfined and

confinerd conditions.The sp.yield of the massive basalt is poor and thus significant fluyctuation in

water levels are observed in the area.This also results in shallow water level conditions from august

to nov.the sp.capacity of dugwell tapping the massive basalt ranges 2.03 to 55 lpm/m of drawdown

whereas in moderately jointed massive basalt it ranges from 32.54 to 97.61lpm/m of drawdown. The

sp.capacity of weathered basalt ranges from 110 to 130.16lbpm/m of drawdowm. In vesicular basalt

the sp.capacity ranges from 15 to 39.04 lpm/m of drawdown.

7.1.5 Groundwater Monitoring:-

There are 19 number of observation wells located in the Patalganga Basin. The pre-monsoon

water level data and post- monsoon water level data for last 9 years is summarized in the Annexure

1.

It is revealed from the Annexure 1, that the average water level of post-monsoon (2005 to 2013)

ranges from 0.222 to 5.617 m. bgl and Pre-monsoon (2005 to 2013) ranges from 0.578 to 15.633 m.


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bgl. Pre-monsoon and post monsoon water table contour shown in Plate 8 and 9.

7.2 Ground Water Availability:-

The Groundwater Estimation Committee 1984 methodology was modified in the light of

enhanced database and new findings of experimental studies in the field of hydrogeology. The

present methodology used for resources assessment is known as Ground Water Resources

Methodology - 1997 (GEC'97). In GEC'97, two approaches are recommended-water level fluctuation

method and norms of rainfall infiltration method. The water level fluctuation method is based on the

concept of storage change due to difference between various input and output components. Input

refers to recharge from rainfall and other sources and subsurface inflow into the unit of assessment.

Output refers to ground water draft, ground water evapotranspiration, and base flow to streams and

subsurface outflow from the unit. Since the data on subsurface inflow / outflow are not readily

available, it is advantageous to adopt the unit for ground water assessment as basin / sub-basin /

watershed, as the inflow / outflow across these boundaries may be taken as negligible.

Thus in general the ground water resources assessment unit is Watershed, particularly in hard

rock areas. In case of alluvial areas, administrative block can also be the assessment unit. In each

assessment unit, hilly areas having slope more than 20% is deleted from the total area to get the area

suitable for recharge. Further areas where the quality of groundwater is beyond the usable limits

should be identified and handled separately. The remaining area after deleting the hilly area and

separating the area with poor quality groundwater quality is to be delineated into command and non-

command areas and the assessment is done separately for monsoon an non-monsoon seasons.

7.3 Ground water recharge

7.3.1 Monsoon SeasonThe resources assessment during monsoon season is estimated as the sum total of the change in

storage and gross draft. The change in storage is computed by multiplying groundwater level

fluctuation between pre and post monsoon periods with the area of assessment and specific yield.

Monsoon recharge can be expressed as:-

R = h × Sy × A + DG

where,

h = rise in water level in the monsoon season, Sy = specific yield

A = area for computation of recharge, DG = gross ground water draft

The monsoon ground water recharge has two components- rainfall recharge and recharge

from other sources. Mathematically it can be represented as-


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R(Normal) = Rrf(normal)+Rc + Rsw + Rt + Rgw + Rwc

where,

Rrf is the normal monsoon rainfall recharge. The other sources of groundwater recharge during

monsoon season include Rc , Rsw , Rt , Rgw , Rwcs which are recharge from rainfall, seepage

from canals, surface water irrigation, tanks and ponds, ground water irrigation, and water

conservation structures respectively.

The rainfall recharge during monsoon season computed by Water Level Fluctuation (WLF)

method is compared with recharge figures from Rainfall Infiltration Factor (RIF) method. In case the

difference between the two sets of data are more than 20%, then RIF figure is considered, otherwise

monsoon recharge from WLF is adopted. While adopting the rainfall recharge figures, weightage is

to be given to the WLF method over adhoc norms method of RIF. Hence, wherever the difference

between RIF and WLF is more than 20%, data have to be scrutinized and corrected accordingly.

7.3.2 Non- Monsoon season

During the non-monsoon season, rainfall recharge is computed by usingRainfall Infiltration Factor (RIF) method. Recharge from other sources is then added to get total non-monsoon recharge. In case of areas receiving less than 10% of the annual rainfall during non-monsoon season, the rainfall recharge is ignored.

7.3.3 Total annual ground water recharge

The total annual groundwater recharge of the area is the sum-total of monsoon and non-

monsoon recharge. An allowance is kept for natural discharge in the non-monsoon season by

deducting 5% of total annual ground water recharge, if WLF method is employed to compute rainfall

recharge during monsoon season and 10% of total annual ground water recharge if RIF method is

employed. The balance ground water available accounts for existing ground water withdrawal for

various uses and potential for future development. This quantity is termed as Net Groundwater

Availability.

Net Groundwater Availability = Annual Ground Water - Natural discharge during non

Recharge monsoon season

Norms for estimation of recharge:-

GEC97 Methodology has recommended norms for various parameters being used in ground

water recharge estimation. These norms vary depending up on water bearing formations and agro

climatic conditions. While norms for specific yield and recharge from rainfall values are to be

adopted within the guidelines of GEC'97, in case of other parameters like seepage from canals, return

flow from irrigation, recharge from tanks and ponds, water conservation structures, result of specific


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case studies may replace the ad-hoc norms.

7.4 Ground water draft

The gross yearly ground water draft is to be calculated for irrigation, domestic and industrial

uses. The gross ground water draft would include the ground water extraction from all existing

ground water structures during monsoon as well as during non-monsoon period. While the number of

ground water structures should preferably be based on the latest well census, the average unit draft

from different types of structures should be based on specific studies or ad -hoc norms in GEC'97

report.

7.5 Stage of groundwater development and categorization of unitsThe stage of ground water Development is defined by:

Stage of groundwater = Existing Gross Ground water draft for all uses × 100Development (%) Net annual Groundwater Availability

7.5.1 Categorization of areas for groundwater development

The units of assessment are categorized for groundwater development based on two criteria -

a. stage of groundwater development, and b. long term trend of pre and post monsoon groundwater

levels. Four categories are- Safe areas which have groundwater potential for development; Semi-

Critical areas where cautious groundwater development is recommended; Critical areas; and Over-

exploited areas where there should be intensive monitoring and evaluation and future ground water

development be linked with water conservation measures.

Table No.7.5.1- The criteria for categorization of assessment unitsSr. Stage Of GW Significant Long Term Decline

CategoryNo. Development Pre-Monsoon Post- Monsoon1 < 70 % No 1.0 No SAFE2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

2 > 70 to < 90 %No 6.0 No SAFEYes/No 7.0 No/Yes SEMI CRITICAL

8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0

3 > 90 to < 100 %Yes/No

13.0 No/Yes

SEMI CRITICAL

Yes14.0 Y

esCRITICAL

4 > 100 %Yes/No

15.0 No/Yes

OVER EXPLOITED

Yes16.0 Y

esOVER EXPLOITED

The long-term ground water level data should preferably be for the period of 10 years. The

significant rate of water level decline/rise may be taken greater than +5 or less than -5 cm per year

depending upon the local hydro geological conditions. If this rate is between -5 to +5 cm per year


88

then the trend will be treated as “Neither Rise nor Fall”.

7.6 Allocation of ground water resource for utilization

The net annual ground water availability is to be apportioned between domestic, industrial

and irrigation uses. Among these, as per the National Water Policy, 2002, requirement for domestic

water supply is to be accorded priority. The requirement for domestic and industrial water supply is

to be kept based on the population as projected to the year 2025. The water available for irrigation

use is obtained by deducting the allocation for domestic and industrial use, from the net annual

ground water availability.

7.7 Poor quality ground water

Computation of ground water recharge in poor quality ground water is o be done on the same line

as described above. However, in saline areas, there may be practical difficulty due to non-availability

of data, as there will usually be no observation wells in such areas. Recharge assessment in such

cases may be done based on Rainfall Infiltration Factor method.

7.8 Apportioning of ground water assessment from watershed to development unit

Where the assessment unit is a watershed, the ground water assessment is converted in terms

of an administrative unit such as Block/Taluka/Mandal. This is done by converting the volumetric

resource in to depth unit and then multiplying this depth with the corresponding area of the Block.

7.9 Additional Potential Recharge

In shallow water table areas, particularly in discharge areas rejectedrecharge would be considerable and water level fluctuation area subdued resulting in underestimationof recharge component. In the area where the ground water level is less than 5 m below ground levelor in water logged areas, ground water resources have to be estimated up to 5m bgl only based on thefollowing equations:Potential ground water recharge = (5-D) x A x Specific yieldwhere,D = depth to water table below ground surface in pre monsoon in shallow aquifersA = area of shallow water table zone

7.10 Recommendations of R&D Advisory Committee

To get a more appropriate methodology for groundwater resources estimation for hard rock terrain,which will supplement GEC – 1997, the GoI has decided to constitute a Committee for Estimation ofGround Water Resources in Hard Terrain. The Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India,constituted a committee vide circular No. 3/7/2001-GW II dated 03.09.2001. The committee afterdetailed deliberations recommended following modifications in the GEC1997 methodology.


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7.11 Criterion for Categorization of Assessment UnitsThe criterion for categorization of assessment units as recommended by

GEC-1997 methodology has been modified. The modified criteria as given in the protocol are asfollows;a) Long – term ground water level trend

The long-term ground water level data should preferably be for theperiod of 10 years. The significant rate of water level decline may be taken between 10 and 20 cm peryear depending upon the local hydro geological conditions. Accordingly in Detailed Guidelines forImplementing the Ground Water Estimation Methodology - 1997 page 153-154, the value of ‘Z’would be read as 10 to 20 cm per year.

b) Categorization of UnitsIn order to remove ambiguities in the categorization by the existing

methodology, the following procedure is suggested.Sr. Stage Of GW Significant Long Term Decline

CategoryNo. Development Pre-Monsoon Post- Monsoon

1 < 70 %

No No SAFEYes/No Yes/No To be re-assessedYes Yes To be re-assessed

2 > 70 to < 90 %

No No SAFEYes/No Yes/No SEMI CRITICALYes Yes To be re-assessed

3 > 90 to < 100 %

No No To be re-assessedYes/No Yes/No SEMI CRITICALYes Yes CRITICAL

4 > 100 %

No No To be re-assessedYes/No Yes/No OVER EXPLOITEDYes Yes OVER EXPLOITED

Note: 'To be re-assessed' means that data is to be checked for the purpose of categorization.The above modifications are to be adopted in all type of rock formations including soft rock and hardrock terrains.7.12 Future allocation of groundwater resources

The criteria given in the GEC-1997 has been modified and the modified criterion for future allocationof groundwater resources for utilization to be computed as given belowCase I, when GWav > Dgi + AlldIn such cases allocation for future domestic requirement = AlldCase II, When GWav < Dgi + AlldIn such cases Allocation for future domestic requirement = (GWav-Dgi) or Dgd, whichever is more.where,GWav = Net Annual Ground Water AvailabilityDgi = Existing Ground Water draft for IrrigationDgd = Existing Ground Water draft for Domestic useDg = Existing Ground Water draft for all usesAlld = Computed value of allocation for domestic use(based on projected population, fractional load and per capita requirement)


90

7.12.1 Groundwater Recharge in North Konkan( Patalganga) Sub Basin:-

The groundwater recharge by different means in Patalganga Basin is shown in the Annexure 2.

7.12.2 Groundwater draft in North Konkan( Patalganga) Sub Basin:-

The Groundwater draft in the Patalganga Basin is shown in the Annexure 3

7.12.3 Groundwater Balance and Stage of Development in North Konkan (Patalganga) SubBasin:-

On the basis of groundwater recharge and the draft conditions, the groundwater balance isestimated and is shown in the Annexure 4.

7.13 Watershed wise details of Wells in North Konkan Patalganga basin:-

The Patalganga basin covers an area about 1540.114 sq.km comprising 5 watershed.

7.14 Groundwater Availability & UseThe watershed wise groundwater availability and its present use as on

March 2011-12 is as given in below.The watershed wise exploitation of groundwater is given below in Table –

Table-7.14 – Watershed-wise Groundwater Exploitation in Patalganga Sub BasinCategory Watershed Nos. TotalSafe WF36,WF40,WF42,WF43,WF44 (Raigad) 5

Semi Critical Not Applicable 00Critical Nil 00

Overexploited

NIL 00

Total 5(Source – Groundwater Assessment Data Year 2011-12)Figure 7.1 shows Watershed wise Groundwater Exploitation


91

Groundwater assessment is carried out by the State Groundwater Agency with the help of datacollected from various other state agencies and data available with them. In Patalganga Basin, inparticular in 6 watersheds, as per the Groundwater Assessment 2011-12.There are 3182 nos Wellshown in the GSDA report.But in North Konkan Sub Basin there are 41 Watersheds,as per the groundwater assessment 2011-2012 there are 21962 dugs wells where consider for ground water assessment.All these dug wells are spread in 14134.69 Sq km. area (density one well for 10.43 ha.)

7.15 Groundwater Status: –

Table No.7.15-Groundwater Status ib patalganga Sub basin

District Nos. ofWatersheds

Net annualGroundwater

availability Mm3

(2011-12)

UtilizableGroundwater

In Mm3

(70% of Availability)

GroundwaterUse (Draft) in

Mm3

Thane,Raigad,Pune

5 202.78 120.10 23.741

(Source – Groundwater Assessment Data Year 2011-12)

The groundwater availability for the Patalganga Basin is 202.78Mm3 Considering 70 % of the netuse, around 120.10 Mm3 (GWA 2011-12) is the water availability for use.In Patalganga Basin whichclearly indicates that there is a scope for the future groundwater development

7.16 Ground Water Quality:-

The ground water availibilty for Patalganga basin is 202.78Mm3, considering 70% of the net usearound 120.10 Mm3 (GWA 2011-12) is the water availibilty for use. The analysis of the groundwaterundertaken indicates that Nitarate, Fluroide, Iron problem. The Nitarate, Fluroide, Iron content andTDS map of pre monsoon and post monsoon are shown in plate No 1,2,3,4.

7.17 Groundwater Management plan

Observations and Recommendations

Observations :The Stage of development for the watersheds, Categories of the watersheds and the groundwateravailability for the future development in Patalganga Basin is shown in Annexure 5

i) In the Patalganga Basin, there are 5 number of watersheds comprising worthy area of about1540.11 sq.km. All watersheds are of Safe category. The total gross groundwater draft is 23.741Mm3. The Net annual groundwater availability is 202.78 Mm3. While the net groundwateravailability in the Basin for future irrigation use is 171.581 Mm3. The overall development of theBasin is 11.23%. Hence there is scope for Groundwater development in future.

ii) From the static water level records of the observation wells within the Basin and from thegroundwater level maps generated thereof it is obvious that the average groundwater levels are wellmaintained by the annual replenishment by means of the precipitation; as the major portion of theBasin falls in high rainfall zone.


92

iii) Except for few groundwater samples showing excess iron concentration and insignificant numberof samples showing excess nitrate during post-monsoon, the overall water quality is good in theBasin. The surplus iron may be due to the iron rich lateritic formations existing in those particularareas and the additional nitrate rates may be due to the use of excessive fertilizers and that of thesurface water used for irrigation purpose. The TDS values are also signifying the overall good qualityof the groundwater in the Basin.iv)All 5 are safe categorized watersheds which have substantial scope for future groundwaterdevelopment.

Recommendations:

In the safe categorized watersheds the main objective should be to make the groundwater resourcesmore sustainable. For that recharging the existing ground water system using surface water, whichotherwise is drained as untreated run-off is very important. The groundwater recharge plans includingunconventional measures, above mentioned newer techniques of Recharge Shafts, Aquifer RechargeShaft System along with conventional groundwater recharge methods of dug well recharge, checkdams has to be implemented on suitable and feasible sites involving community based watermanagement projects.

7.18 Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and Management) Act 2009

1. Maharashtra is probably the first State in the country to enact a community driven tool namedThe Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and Management) Act 2009 (Act No. XXVI of2013) for the sustainable groundwater development and management in the State. The Act camein force from 1st June 2014.

a. The groundwater resource in the State will be treated as a common property resource andthe community will take care of their resource with GoM support. i.e. the will be acting astrustee of this precious natural resource.

2. The objective is to facilitate and ensure sustainable and adequate supply of groundwater ofprescribed quality, for various category of users, through supply and demand managementmeasures, protecting public drinking water sources and to establish the State GroundwaterAuthority, District Level Authority and Watershed Water Resources Committee to manage and toregulate, with community participation, the exploitation of groundwater within the State ofMaharashtra. In the non-notified areas the powers of groundwater planning and development arewith the Grampanchayat.

3. Now there will be one Authority in the State for the surface water and groundwater. TheMaharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority established by the Maharashtra WaterResources Regulatory Authority Act 2005 will act as the State Groundwater Authority in theState.

4. The State will now be statutorily following the principle of Integrated Water ResourcesManagement.

5. Protection of Public Drinking Water Sources along with the polluters pays principle forprotection of public drinking water sources due to contaminations.

6. Preparation of prospective crop plan based on groundwater use plan is mandatory in notifiedareas.

7. Prohibition on the sale of groundwater from the notified areas along with the cess ongroundwater withdrawal from the deep wells.

8. Water scarcity declaration and mitigation measures along with preventive management areintegral part.

9. The State Authority shall constitute a Watershed Water Resources Committee as per Section 29of the Act for each notified area declared by the State Authority. Separate Watershed Water


93

Resources Committee for each Notified area shall be constituted immediately - in 11 safeWatersheds in Patalganga basin.

10. The Watershed Water Resources Committee constituted for the notified area shall be responsiblefor regulating the available replenishable groundwater recharge for sustainable management bythe different users of groundwater by exercising controls to reduce groundwater extraction as wellas taking measures to augment groundwater recharge structures.

11. The Watershed Water Resources Committee constituted under this Act shall be responsible forregulating groundwater utilization for different user sectors and for development andmanagement of annually replenishable groundwater recharge available for utilization.

12. The District Authority shall organize workshops in the taluka having Over Exploited and Semi- critical watersheds , on rain water harvesting at the District Collectors with the participation ofthe Tahsildars, Block Development Officers, Municipal Engineers, Chief Educational Officersand public representatives for motivating communities, groups, associations, industries andcommercial establishments to adopt rainwater harvesting to meet their water requirements.


94

Plate 1 :- Pre-monsoon water quality mapNorth Konkan Basin


95

Plate 2: Post-monsoon water quality map North konkan Basin


96

Plate 3: Pre-monsoon TDS map North Konkan Basin


97

Plate 4:- Post-monsoon TDS map North Konkan Basin


98

Plate 5: Watershed Map of the North Konkan Basin (K3)


99

Plate 6: Geological map of North Konkan basin


100

Plate 7 : Observation Well Map of North Konkan Basin


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Plate 8 : Post-Monsoon Groundwater Levels of North Konkan Basin


102

Plate 9 : Pre-Monsoon Groundwater Levels of North Konkan Basin


103

Plate 10 : Depletion in Groundwater Levels of North Konkan Basin


104


Chapter No.-08

Irrigation


105

Chapter No.-08Irrigation

8.1. Introduction:-

This chapter deals with development of water resources in the basin through Flow Irrigation andLift Irrigation Schemes. It also deals with use of water for various purposes such as Irrigation,non-irrigation (domestic and industrial with due consideration for recycling and reuse of waterwherever participle), environment, pisci-culture, tourism and navigation, assessment of Irrigationbacklog in the basin, generation of employment and wealth in the fields of fisheries, tourism,navigation, etc. also described.

8.2. Area:-

The geographical area of Patalganga Basin is falling in state Maharashtra. The catchment area ofPatalganga Basin is 1667.48 Sq.Km as per MRSAC, Nagpur & 1540.11 Sq Km as per Hydrologystudy of basin.The water resources development in this basin is taking place through following ways:-

I. Development through construction of state sector Irrigation projects by water resourcesdepartment.

II. Development through water shed based soil and water conservation measures in interdisciplinary manner by various Government Department like Agriculture, Forest, Waterresources department , Groundwater Survey Development Agency (GSDA),etc.

III. Development through private sector particularly use of Groundwater wells by users.

8.3. Yield:-

The total yield in the sub-basin at 75% dependability is 3181.83 Mm3 and at 50% dependability is3524.03 Mm3.

8.4 Directives in state water board meeting:-

The yield calculations of river basin, the requirement of water for drinking, industrial requirement,ecological and environmental flow required for downstream etc considered as per the directives givenby the Hon’ble chairman of state water board in the various meetings as listed below.

a) In 2nd meeting of state water board it is directed that drinking water is basic need and whilepreparing the plan the norms of 135 lpcd for urban area and 100 lpcd including cattle for ruralarea should be considered.

b) It is further directed that it may take some time to finalize the percentage of water in the damor reservoir that needs to be allotted or reserved for the environmental flow, hence 10%average non monsoon flow is taken as the requirement for environmental and ecological flow

c) In the sixth meeting of the state water board, it was decided to prepare the water plan for theriver basin based on 75% dependable yield.

Considering the above directives we have prepared the water plan at 75 % dependability for allpurpose.

8.5. Future needs:-For future local need and M.I. schemes below 250 ha, the planning of such schemes will be based on50 % dependable yield. Therefore in Maharashtra the water from the difference between 50 %


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dependable yield (3524.03 Mm3) and 75% dependable yield (3181.83 Mm3) is approximately342.20 Mm3 will be utilized in future for these schemes.

8.6. Irrigation:-

Flow Irrigation - Present StatusConsidering the total completed & under-construction-projects, the following Table No 8.6.1. givesthe clear idea about the status of planning in the sub-basin at present.

Table No. 8.6.1 (A): Irrigation-Projects Completed in Patalganga

Sr.No

CategoryofProjects

No.

PlannedArea tobeIrrigated(ha)

LiveStorage(Mm³)

Water-Use Proposed (Mm³)

Irrigation Drinking Industry Total1 Major. 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 Medium. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3MinorS.S.

1 487 1.75 1.75 0 0 1.75

Total. 1 487 1.75 1.75 0 0 1.75( Source – Raigad District information book 2014 wrd)

Table No. 8.6.1 (B): Irrigation-Projects Under construction in Patalganga

Sr.No

CategoryofProjects

No


LiveStorage(Mm³)


Irrigation Drinking Industry Total1 Major. 1 0 120.07 0.00 117.27 0.00 117.272 Medium. 1 9931 144.98 79.065 58.5 0 137.5653 Minor S.S. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total. 2 9931 265.05 79.065 175.77 0 254.84

Table No. 8.6.1 (C) (A+B): Irrigation-Projects Completed & Under Construction inPatalganga

Sr.No

CategoryofProjects

No


LiveStorage(Mm³)


Irrigation Drinking Industry Total

1 Major. 1 0 120.07 0 117.27 0 117.272 Medium. 1 9931 144.98 79.065 58.50 0 137.5653 Minor S.S. 1 487 1.75 1.75 0 0 1.75

Total. 3 10418 266.8 80.815 175.77 0 256.59


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Table No. 8.6.1 (D): Irrigation-Future Projects in Patalganga

Sr.No

CategoryofProjects

No


LiveStorage(Mm³)


Irrigation Drinking Industry Total.1 Major. 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 Medium. 1 3641 32.674 15.674 15.876 0 31.553 Minor S.S. 3 976 6.796 2.203 0.45 0.353 3.006

Total. 4 4617 39.47 17.877 16.326 0.353 34.556

Table No.8.6.1 (E): Abstract of Total Projects Planned (All Categories) in Patalganga

Sr.No

CategoryofProjects

No


LiveStorage(Mm³)



1 Major. 1 0 120.07 0 117.27 0 117.272 Medium. 2 13572 177.654 94.739 74.38 0.00 169.1153 Minor S.S. 4 1463 8.546 3.95 0.45 0.35 4.76

Total. 7 15035 306.27 98.692 192.096 0.353 291.14

8.7.Well Irrigation:-Well Irrigation in Patalganga basin is very less due to hilly area. Average area irrigated on well is2.00 Hec./ well. Total 3182 wells are completed upto 31 March 2012.As per Table.8.7.2(D)

Table 8.7.(A) Watershed wise wellsSr.No.

Taluka Approved wells Existing completed wells

1 WF-39 212 WF-40 23233 WF-41 28

4 WF-42 244

5 WF-43 4806 WF-44 86


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Table 8.7(B). Details of Wells in Patalganga BasinSr.No.

Watershed/Taluka

ExistingIrrigationwell

G.W.Avaibility(Mcum)

StageofG.W.devlopement%

G.W.draftfor allpurposes(Mcum)

Provision fordomestic &Industrialrequirement

NetG.W.availability forfutureIrrigationdevlopement

Avaibility ofG.W.(Mcum)based onGEC1997norm of70%utilization

No. ofpossibleirrigation wells

Additionalland tobeirrigated @2 hec/well

1 3921

3.0846 5.72 18.397 12.88 1226

239

16.789824.91

3 40 2323

1.231 30.502 21.35 2033

4 40 43.9323

5 4128

7.3854 5.13 43.210 30.25 2880

641

39.091212.5

7 42 244 15.9245 13.577 9.504 905

8 43 4803.1273

8.86 48.103 33.67 32069 43 51.628110 44

860.6043

10.317.792 12.45 1186

11 44 20.0801

Total 202.878611.23

171.581 120.10 11436

(Source :- GSDA.)

8.7.2 Sewage IrrigationAt present there is no sewage irrigation use in Patalganga sub-basin.

8.8. Siltation in Reservoirs and Silt monitoring:-

The siltation in reservoir is often caused by Soil erosion or sediment spill which is nothing butthe population of water by fine particulate terrestrial plastic material with particle size dominatedby silt or clay.To ascertain the net available storage regular periodic sedimentation survey of reservoir must beconducted. Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute at Nasik under the control of MaharashtraWRD has been monitoring the lakes & reservoirs of Major & Medium size mainly in thecontext of sedimentation by adopting remote sensing technology.

8.9. Micro Irrigation

Evaluation of Drip and sprinkler irrigation subsidy schemes in Maharashtra.The importantobservations and recommendations are summarized below:-


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1. The aim of the drip and sprinkler program should be to increase agricultural production perunit volume of water, per unit area of cropped land. Scientific management of irrigationprovides the best insurance against weather induced fluctuations in total food production

2. Proper designing in drip and sprinkler is essential for getting desired success. More than 95%of the systems were found to be designed by dealers themselves.

3. The role of appropriate pump in drip/sprinkler system has been grossly neglected.4. Overall quality control of various components is a major grey area. Installation of testing

facilities with agriculture department and agriculture universities is urgent need of thescheme.

5. Overall research support from the State Agricultural Universities is inadequate. A perspectiveplan for various research supports should be considered.

6. The thrust areas could be alternative system in micro-irrigation, optimization with differentwater quality, development of low cost technology along with various fertigation systems anddevelopment of micro-irrigation for intercropping as well new crops of Fruit crops-vegetables.

7. Considering the water needs and water policies of the government, there is immediate need tohave a policy decision to make mandatory budget provisions with certain fixed percentage asa part of irrigation budget of the state. Agriculture Department also should earmark the budgetprovision on similar grounds.

8. The co-ordination among canal irrigation managers and agriculture department is essential asthe drip or sprinkler system is not compatible within rotation of water, as is being practiced atpresent. Suitable legal changes in distribution and on farm storages (farm pond/cementbandhara) are necessary in irrigation command areas so that irrigation, drip & sprinkler can beincreased on large area with suitable cropping pattern changes (Views of Dr.S.B.Varade, SoilScientist, Aurangabad). Farmers installing drip/sprinkler systems in command areas ofirrigation projects should get electricity connections on priority.

9. Credit facilities available for drip and sprinkler schemes should be made more vibrant amongfarmers/bankers and extension workers.

8.10. Summary:

TableNo.8.10. Summary of State Sector Irrigation Projects

Sr.No. Particulars

PresentPlanned

Water Use(Mm3)

Future Planned Use (Mm3)

Planned Area(Ha)

Planned WaterUse (Mm3)

A) Flow Irrigation

i) State Sector Project 80.82 15035 98.692

B) Drinking/Domestic

i) State Sector Project 175.77 -- 192.096

C) Industry

i) State Sector Project 0.00 -- 0.353

Total 256.59 15035.00 291.14


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Chapter No.-09

Water Conservation


111

Chapter No.-09Water Conservation

9.0 Introduction

The water conservation works are helpful for distribution of water and increasing the agriculturalproductivity. These works conserve the water at local level and provides flexibility for watermanagement by the farmers. The integrated approach for watershed development helps for protectingthe environment. It also useful for Soil Conservation which results in controlling the siltation ofirrigation reservoirs.

The Schemes are implemented by State and Zilla Parishad Irrigation Department, as well asAgriculture Department, Forest Department. Different irrigation storage structures are taken, such asMinor Irrigation Tanks, K.T. Weirs, Ex. Mal. Tanks, Percolation Tanks, Village Tanks, Cement Nallabunds, Earthen Nalla bunds, Farm ponds etc.

9.1 Status of Watershed Development and Management

The status of total 12 Nos. of completed watershed development work carried outby Small Scale Irrigation (Water Conservation) Division and Zilla Parishad Irrigation Department inPatalganga Basin is given below,

1) Minor Irrigation Tanks. : 012) Barrages /Kolhapur Type Weirs : 023) Cement Nalla Bunds (ZP) : -4) PT/ VT /L.I. Schemes : 09

9.2 Soil Conservation Works

The Patalganga basin (WF-36,WF-40,WF-42,WF-43and WF-44) spreads over the major parts ofRaigad districts& very small parts of Pune, Thane district & Mumbai (Kurla) part . It covers total1540.11 ha area.

9.2.1 Small Scale Irrigation Schemes 0 to 250 ha (Minor Irrigation Tanks,Storage Tanks,K.T.Weir and etc.)

The 0 to 250 ha irrigation schemes are implemented by the Water Conservation Department. SmallScale Irrigation (Water Conservation) Division undertakes the Schemes having ICA of 101 to 250 haand Zilla Parishad Irrigation Department undertakes the Schemes having ICA below 100 ha. Thevarious irrigation works taken are such as Minor Irrigation Tanks, K.T. Weirs, Restoration ofEx..Mal. Tanks, Percolation Tanks, Village Tanks, Cement Nalla bunds, Lift Irrigation schemes,Schemes for Reclamation of Saline Lands etc.


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Table-9.2.1- Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes Below 100 ha [ for details seeAppendix-I] ( Minor Irrigation Tanks,Storage Tanks, K.T.Weir and etc) (Rs.in Lakhs)Sr

.No.Type of Schemes No of Schemes Potential

Completed ongoing Future Total Ha. Mm3No Exp No Exp No Exp No Exp

A Irrigation Tank 1 246.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 246.00 50.00 1.18

B Storage Tank 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

C K. T. Weir 2 14.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 14.00 43.00 0.32

D PT/ VT/ L. I.Schemes 9 105.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9 105.24 337.00 2.834

Total 12 365.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12 365.94 430.00 4.3696

Table-9.2.2- Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes 101 to 250 ha [ for details see Appendix– II ] ( Minor Irrigation Tanks,Storage Tanks, K.T.Weir and etc)

Rs in LakhsSr

.No.Type ofSchemes

No of Schemes PotentialCompleted Ongoing Future Total Ha. Mm3No Exp No Exp No Exp No Exp

A IrrigationTank

0 0.00 1 13.95 4 10281.65 5 10295.65 903 15.315

B StorageTank

0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0.00

C K.T. Weir 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0.00D PT/ VT/

L.I.Schemes

0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0.00

Total 0 0.00 1 13.95 4 10281.65 5 10295.65 903 15.315

9.3- JalyuktShivarAbhiyanA flagship program“JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan” (JSA) is being implemented as

“SarvansathiPani – Tanchaimukt Maharashtra 2019” by the Government of Maharashtra topermanently overcome scarcity situation in the State. Irregularity and uneven rainfall consistencyalways creates scarcity which result bad impact on agricultural sector and drinking water as well.“JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan” is being implemented by the Water Conservation department forsustainable agriculture and to overcome the drinking water problems in the State.

9.3.1 Objectives of “JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan”1. Assimilate rain water in the villageShivar itself.2. Increase the ground water level.3. To increase the Irrigated Area in the State – Providing assured water for Irrigation and

increase the efficiency of water use for sustainable irrigation4. To provide enough Availability of water to all in the State – increase the water supply by

rejuvenation of the existing water supply schemes in rural area.5. Implementation of Ground Water Act.6. Create decentralise water storages.7. To undertake new works for creating capacity to store water


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8. Restoration & increase in the capacity of existing water resources (Bandharas/ VillageTanks/ Percolation Tanks/Cement Bandhara)

9. Repairs & Restoration of Storage capacity of existing structures with removal ofSilt.10. To promote plantation of trees and undertake tree plantation.11. To create awareness and sensitize people for water audit.12. To sensitize and promote people for Effective use of water in Agriculture.13. To encourage and increase the participation of the people for water assimilation.

The following works are being taken under JSA1. Watershed development works.2. Series of Cement Concrete Nalla Bandh along with widening and deepening of nalla.3. Restoration of old water bodies.4. Repairs of existing Water bodies (K.T. Weir / Storage Tank / Storage Weir etc.).5. Repairs, Renovation &Restoration of Minor Irrigation Tanks & Percolation Tanks etc.6. Removal of Silt from Percolation Tank / Village Tank / Tank constructed during

Shiv/British/Nizam period / Mati Nalla Bandh etc.7. To undertake measures for utilisation of irrigation capacity of Medium and Major Irrigation

Projects.8. Joining of small Nallas/ tributaries.9. Recharge of wells/ borewells.10. Effective use of available water11. To strengthen the drinking water sources.12. To promote the Water users Associations13. Repairing canals.

9.3.2 JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan in Patalganga Basin

JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan” works are implemented by the Agriculture Department, ForestDepartment, Small Scale Irrigation, Zilla Parishad Irrigation Department, GSDA and Rural WaterSupply Department. In Patalganga Basin the total 140Nos of villages are selected for the first yeari.e. 2015-16 in this Abhiyan from Raigad districts. The Districtwise abstract of the works undertakenunder JalyuktShivar Abhiyaan by various departments in Patalganga Basin is as below,Table - 9.3.2- Abstract of JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan Works inPatalganga Basin[ for details see Appendix – III to ]

Rs in LakhsSr.No.

Name of DistrictNo of Schemes

Plan Completed On going BalanceNo Exp No Exp No Exp No Exp

1 Raigad 140 411.70 40 110.40 0 0 100 301.30

2 Pune 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 Thane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 Mumbai(Kurla) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 140 411.70 40 110.40 0.00 0.00 100 301.30


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9.3.3 JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan in Patalganga Basin – Raigad District

For “JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan”inRaigad district total 140 Nos of villages are selected for the firstyear i.e. 2015-16 from Patalgangabasin.Thedifferent water conservation works and irrigation storagestructures are taken such as Minor Irrigation Tanks, K.T. Weirs, Ex.Mal. Tanks, Percolation Tanks,Nalla bunds, Farm ponds, Terracing, Plantation, Repairs & Restoration of existing structures,Removal of Silt etc. The abstract of the works undertaken by various departments in PatalgangaBasin –Raigad District are as below,

Table-9.3.3- Abstract of JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan Works inPatalganga Basin -Raigad District[ for details see Appendix – III ]

Rs in lakhsSr.No.

DepartmentNo of Schemes

Plan Completed On going BalanceNo Exp No Exp No Exp No Exp

1AgricultureDepartment

138.00 391.90 40.00 110.40 0.00 0.00 98.00 281.50

2ForestDepartment

2.00 19.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 19.80

3ZP IrrigationDepartment

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4Small ScaleIrrigation

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

5 GSDA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

6Rural WaterSupply

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total RaigadDistrict JSA 140.00 411.70 40.00 110.40 0.00 0.00 100 301.30

9.3.4 JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan in Patalganga Basin – PuneDistrict , Thane District & Mumbai(Kurla part)Pune District , Thane District & Mumbai (Kurla part) covers very small part of Patalganga basinso no JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan type of works in these district considering as Patalganga Basin .

9.4. Review of Impact

A] The report of Groundwater Resource Estimation Committee June 1997 [GOI] indicated aboutimpact of watershed development as given below-

1) Recharge form storage tanks and ponds is 1.4 mm/day for the period in which the tankshas water [Based on average area of water spread]

2) Recharge form percolation tanks-50% of gross storage considering number of fillings3) Recharge due to check dams and nalla bunds provided annual desilting is done 50% of

gross storage provided annual desilting is done.4) As per information furnished by GSDA5) Case studies


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9.5. Recharge of Ground Water

Table 9.5- Increase in Recharge due to Completed of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes

Sr.No.

Type of Structure Village Recharge toGroundwater as

percentage of GrossStorage

1 K T weir Mohili tar Wasare 50%

Tal.- Karjat(1)2 P.T. / S.T. Ujaloli 50%

Tal – Khalapur (6)3 Minor Irrigation Tank Nadhal 50%

Tal.-Khalapur (1)

9.6. Effect of Water Conservation works – A basin specific Case Study

Case Study 1 :- Minor Irrigation Scheme @Nadhal Tal:- Khalapur,Dist:- RaigadThe Minor Irrigation Scheme @ Nadhalis situated in hilly area nearNadhal village. It is located onlocal Nalla ofPatalgangariver. The catchment area of this M. I. Scheme weir is 0.70 sq.km and 50%avg rainfall is3600 mm. Though it is heavy rainfall area but due to various hill ranges maximumrainwater drains away in short period after rainy season. The villages faces problem of shortage ofwater in summer, hence there was demand of construction of this M I Scheme. This M. I.has beenaccorded Administrative Approval by the General Body ZilhaParishadRaigad for Rs. 17.84 lakhs in1975-76.

This is project was physically completed in year 1985-86 . The Total water storage is 1180.00Tcumto [email protected] haarea of villagesNadhal.

After completion of this project 60 ha of land are coming under irrigation till upto year 2005.Also water from this tank is also used for drinking purpose by near by two villages . Now due todevelopment of nearby area by construction of farm houses & poly houses and these farm houses& poly houses are used water from this tank.

It is observed that Rabbi Cultivation has increased up to 50 ha in the year 2000-2005 and thefarmer’s net profit increased up to Rs.0.30 lakhs per ha. So in this year the farmers income [email protected] lakhs. Some villagers are also carrying out the business of Brick Klins in this area due assuredwater.

The farmers expressed view that water was not available generally during summer seasonbefore completion of the scheme. After completion of the scheme there isample water availableduring summer season also.Thus the project is makingpositive effect on improvement of Socio-economic conditions of the villagers in this area.

Case Study 2 :- Ujaloli Percolation Tank Tal.- Khalapur, Dist. - Raigad

The Percolation Tank is situated in hilly area near Ujaloli village, Tal.-Khalapur, Dist. – RaigadIt islocated on Local rivertributary of Patalganga river. The catchment area of this K.T. weir is1.61Sq.Km and 50% avg rainfall is 36000 mm. Though it is heavy rainfall area but due to various hill rangestypical lateritic soil of Konkan Area the maximum rainwater drains away in short period after rainyseason. Area remains dry during summer region. To storage water & to avail irrigation over the river,there was demand of PercolationTank . This P.T. has been accorded Administrative Approval by the


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General Body ZilhaParishadRaigad.The construction work of this Percolation Tank across localriver in Patalganga basin was physically completed in 1995.

The storage capacity of this percolation tank is 473 Tcumand having projectedfor indirectirrigation for 36 Ha. There are four public water supply schemes which are utilising water fordrinking purpose from this percolation tank.

9.7. Construction & MaintenanceAs per present Government Rules, Schemes upto 100 ha are being executed by Zilla

Parishad, Schemes from 101 to 250 ha are to be Small Scale Irrigation (W.C.) Dept. and Schemesabove 250 ha irrigation potential are being executed by Water Resources Dept. As per presentgovernment Rules, some of the Schemes like K.T. weirs etc. after completion are to be handed overto Water User Associations/Societies for maintenance and management. However it is seen that forlast 30 years or so no such Scheme has been taken over by Farmers Association for one reason or theother. Hence it is recommended that all the schemes after construction shall be looked after byrespective Dept for maintenance and management who have constructed these Schemes.

9.7. Summary:-TableNo.9.7. Summary of Local Sector Projects

Sr.No. ParticularsPresent Planned Use

(Mm3)

Future Planned Use (Mm3)

PlannedArea (Ha)

Planned Water Use(Mm3)

A) Flow Irrigation

i) Local Sector 2.02 722.00 11.05

ii) ZP 4.01 0.00 4.01

iii) Jalayukt Shivar 0.00 0.00 0.00

iv) Agriculture dept. 0.00 0.00 0.00

B) Drinking

i) Local Sector 0.34 0.00 2.15

ii) ZP 0.00 0.00 0.00



C) Industry

i) Local Sector 0.22 0.00 1.43

ii) ZP 0.00 0.00 0.00



Total 6.59 722.00 18.64


117


Chapter No.-10

Flood


118

Chapter No.-10Floods

10.0 Introduction :

The Patalganga River is one of the West Flowing Rivers in Maharashtra falling into the Arabian Sea.The boundary of the basin consists of the main Sahyadri hills on the East, Westerly off shoots on theNorth and South and on the West, a narrow opening at the end leading to the sea. The Patalgangabasin lies between North latitudes of 18º 29’ to 18º 48’ and East longitudes of 73º 24' to 73º 4’.The average rainfall in the Patalganga basin is 2900 mm. The basin receives most of the rainfall fromthe South-West monsoon during June to October. Almost 99% of the total rainfall in the basin isreceived during this period. The average maximum and minimum temperatures are 38.90 C and12.40 C respectively. May is the hottest month of the year and January is the coldest month of theyear.

The Water Resources Department (WRD) of Government of Maharashtra (GoM) is entrusted withthe surface water resources planning, development and management. A large number of major,medium and minor water resources development projects (reservoirs and weirs) have beenconstructed in Maharashtra. Though the reservoirs in Maharashtra are not specifically provided withflood cushion, they have moderated flood peaks to considerable extent by proper reservoiroperations. The important tributaries of the Patalganga River areBalganga,Bogeshwari,Gadi andKasadi., The Bogeshwari and Balganga are the major right bank tributaries and Gadi, Kasadi on leftbank of Patalganga river.

Flood Map


119

10.1 Flood Prone Area of Patalganga river basin:

Flood, by definition means an overflow of water that submerges land which are usually dry, duringand after heavy rains, the basin is drained into river system. Water spreads out of regular riverregimes into previously marked flood plains. This event is called as Flood.

10.1.1 Prominent floods in History –

Patalganga River enters Raigad district through Sahyadri Range neighbouring Pune district. Thisriver has its source in the Dasturi and meets the Arabian sea at the Dharamtar Creek.

The Dharamtar Creek flows in the south direction and empties into the Arebian Sea near Alibag. Theestuary of Patalganga houses several historical ports of Dharamtar and Revas. The importanttributaries of the Patalganga River are Balganga, Bhogeshwari, Gadi and Kasadi rivers.

It can be thus seen that these rivers in the district ultimately meet the Arabian sea through creeks andtherefore often experience the impact of tidal fluctuations in the creek & sea. The situation alwaysbecomes alarming in rainy seasons in the event of high tide coinciding with heavy rains. Most of theareas on the bank of these rivers do not have any open spaces for creating holding ponds and as suchoften experience heavy flooding.

The unprecedented rainfall on 26th July 2005 had caused severe flooding in the urban areas ofPatalganga such as Panvel, Kalamboli,Belapur, Taloja, Uran,Pen and part of Navi Mumbai damagedproperty and other infrastructures in these areas including loss of human life.Considering the devastation of 2005 floods, actions have already been initiated at the stateGovernment level. As a first step, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority(MMRDA) carried out a study on flood zone mapping and flood control measures for Patalganga andWaldhuni rivers and its tributaries particularly for the above urban areas in Raigad District throughMaharashtra Engineering Research Institute (MERI), Nashik.

Table No. 10.1.1 List of Tahsil Raingauge station with rainfall figures on 25th to 27th july 2005in Patalganga Basin

List of Tahsil Raingauge station with rainfallfigures on 25th to 27th july 2005 in Patalganga

BasinTalukas 25/07/2005 26/07/2005 27/07/2005Pen 232 122 76Karjat 115 287 687Khalapur 120 277 304Panvel 81 83 473


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Table No. 10.1.2. Details of Medium Projects in Patalganga BasinSr.No

Name ofProjects

CatchmentArea inSq.km

Live Storage inMm3

No.Of

Gates

Size of Gates Max. DesignFlood incumecs

1 Hetawane 75.45 144.98 6 6 x 3 2830


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10.2. Flood damage in the year 2005-06: –

Loss of life – The worst flood at Patalganga River was recorded in 2005 and 1989. The loss of lifewas substantial. With better control on outflow from dam, synchronized with flood warnings to thetarget area, even though the loss of life has become very large as 221 people were dead in the floodsand land sliding in 2005-06 at Patalganga river sub basin. The appropriate compensation was paid. Aswell as supply Rice, Wheat and Kerosene given to the flood affected peoples.

Loss of livestock - With better control on outflow from Hetavane dam, synchronized with floodwarnings to the target area, but due to high intensity of rainfall in basin, many animals are escaped byflood.

Loss to agricultural production – As Patalganga river sub basin is pre-dominantly post monsoonRabi season district, in Kharif season when monsoon is active and floods occur, very high seasonalcrops are sown along the river. The Rice crop is not in a better position to sustain the floodwater.Hence, large area land of is affected by flood as well as related loss to agricultural production isreported by Revenue authorities.

Loss of Infrastructure - As Patalganga river sub basin’s most part is covered by metropolitan city ,numbers of shops and house are destroyed in this flood and many more houses having structuralfailure.


122


Chapter No.-11

Drainage


123

Chapter No.-11Drainage

11.0 IntroductionMaharashtra has a long history of irrigation. During British era, in the year 1885, Irrigation from

Nira Left and Right Bank Canal started. In the command of these canals, it was observed that some

area of the irrigated land in the command became waterlogged and saline. The fertility of land goes

on reducing. No crop could be grown on these lands. It is due to excessive use of irrigation water

and topographical features. The Bombay Government had set up a Special Irrigation Division at

Pune in 1916, to study the problems of water logged area and suggest remedial measures. DIRD (

Directorate of Irrigation Research & Development ) is established in the year 1916. Since then

DIRD is collecting data of water logged and saline land from the command of various major

projects and monitoring the affected area. DIRD is working with 7 Irrigation Research Divisions

and 32 sub divisions in all over the state. DIRD, monitors damage area of major and medium

irrigation projects.

Patalganga basin


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11.1 Identification And Norms of Damaged Area

Damaged area can be classified in two categories.

1. Water logged area2. Saline area.

11.1.1 Identification of water logged area.

Water logged area is identified by observing ground water table levels in the command. Generally,

water levels in the wells are observed twice a year i.e. pre monsoon (March, April & May) and post

monsoon (Nov. Dec. and Jan.) period. The water logged area is classified in two categories as fully

waterlogged and slightly water logged. The area where ground water is observed on the ground in

period 1st Nov. to 31st Jan. is classified as fully water logged area. The area where water table is

within 2 m from the ground surface is classified as slightly or partially water logged area.

11.1.2 Identification and norms of salt affected area

Saline soils contains excess amount of soluble salts like sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, calcium

chloride, calcium sulphate, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulphate etc. The saline soil patches are

identified by visual inspection and by laboratory test.

A ) Visual inspections

The saline soil patches are identified initially by visual inspection. The key points in the visual

inspections are as follows.

These soils often have white patches.

A white line of salt deposition is seen along online field channel and field courses.

In some cases visible signs of salt injuries such as pick burn of leaves and chlorosis (Pale yellow

colour of crops) of leaves are seen.

B ) Laboratory test

After identifying the saline patches, PH value and Ec (electrical conductivity) tests are carried on soil

to evaluate exact severity.

a) Test to obtain PH value of soils.

b) Test to determine electrical conductivity of soil (Ec)

When Ec is upto 1 decisiemens / m, the agricultural land is non saline. When Ec is in the range of 1

to 3 decisiemens / m, the agricultural land is demarked as slightly or partially saline. Where the Ec

values are more than 3 decisiemens / m, the agricultural land is termed as fully saline.


125

11.2 Drainage System –In Patalganga sub basin , as per letter received from Irrigation Research

Division, Pune, letter no. PB-1/TB-2/File No. 51 / 3386 dtd. 18/08/2015, the command area ofPatalganga sub basin have not been handed over to DIRD for monitoring , hence the information forabove sub basin regarding drainage is not available with DIRD office. Hence the information basedon Damage Demarcation and water logging and salination is NIL.11.3 Land Damage Index –

Land Damage Index for command area is defined as percentage ratio of damaged area andirrigable command area.

Land Damage Index = Damage area in Ha. X 100Irrigable command area in Ha.

11.4 BROAD REASONS OF DAMAGES –

1) Topographical conditions2) Soil structure3) Excess irrigation4) Method of irrigation5) Encroachment in natural drains6) Obstruction to natural drains7) Leakages through canal8) Water pollution9) Excessive use of chemical fertilizer

11.5 Following remedies are proposed to reduce water logging and salinity-

1) Create awareness among farmers regarding water logging and salinity.2) Reducing cultivation of perennial crops3) Cropping pattern of the project should be restricted to approved cropping

Pattern of the projects4) Volumetric supply of water as per requirement of the crops5) Use of straight furrow method of irrigation for sugarcane crops.6) Use of micro irrigation methods.7) Crop rotation.8) Clearing water ways of natural drains.9) Constructing artificial drains.10) Conjunctive use of water. (Canal water with ground water).11) Specific and limited use of chemical fertilizers and innovating farmers to use organic

manures.11.6 Water logging and soil salinity.

1) Water pollution –

Most of the villages and cities in the command, do not have sewage treatment plants.

Hence untreated or partially treated effluents, which contain heavy chemicals, are emitted directly

into the rivers. But minute quantum of water is directly lifted for irrigation from rivers. Hence

problem of creating saline lands is not yet observed.


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11.7 Topography of Patalganga Sub Basin and Salinity-The Sahayadri ranges for the eastern boundry of Konkan & the Arabain sea is its western

boundary .The width of about 60 Kms. can be divided into three main divisions on reaches.1) Coastalreach 2) Middle reach 3) Mountain reach.

1) Coastal Reach: - This reach is about 10 to 20 Kms. in breadth. In the neighbourhood ofthe sea coast.The reach is mostly flat & can be divided into two regions as area fallingopen sea & area adjoining creeks & swamps having rivers with negligible bed falls.

2) Middle reach: - This reach is about 30 to 40 Kms. wider having higher portion at anelevation of about 150M & can be divided into two regions as flood plains which startfrom foot of hills & hill spurs having undulating topoghraphy.In this reach rivers arehaving considerable bed fall & wider valleys.

3) Mountain reach:- The first sub division of this reach is formed by the low hill ranges ofan elevation upto 300 M. and the Middle & high hill ranges in the extreme eastern borderhaving elevation upto 1600 M. forms the second sub Division of this reach.

A) The Patalganga River is a river that rises in the steep western scarps ofthe Matheran uplands where it branches off from the main ridge near Khopoli andmaintains a general westward flow till it joins the Dharamtar Creek with a wideestuary. The total length of this West flowing river from its origin to its outfall in tothe Arabian Sea is 54 km.


127

B) The damage area (in Ha) in the above definition includes both, Waterlogged area andarea affected due to soil salinity. As data of damaged area is not monitored, the landdamage index is treated as Nil.

C) The irrigation projects coming in the sub basin of River Patalganga are not handedover to DIRD for monitoring The details of area under water logging and salinity asper Affected Area Report” for the year 2013-2014 is Nil.


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Chapter No.-12

Drinking Water


129

Chapter No.-12Drinking Water

12.0 INTRODUCTION

All water supply schemes designed for 15 years projected population. As per the availability,Bore wells, Percolation Wells, Percolation Tanks, Dams are the main sources for water supplyschemes. Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran, Zilla Parishad and local bodies under takes various typesof schemes i.e. Regional/Individual Schemes, Full Deposit Schemes depends upon the requirement oflocal bodies. As the Govt. of India incorporated Bharat Nirman Programme for drinking water inrural areas. I.e. NRDWP (National Rural Drinking Water Programme.)

There are various type of heads like, UIDSSMT (Urban Infrastructure Development Schemefor Small & Medium Town), MSNA (Maharashtra Sujal Nirmal Abhiyan), NAGROTTHAN etc. toexecute the schemes in Urban areas, depends upon the cost of the scheme or requirement of localbody. Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran executes the schemes, cost more than Rs. 7.50 crores and theschemes up to Rs. 7.50 crores executed by local Zilla Parishad as per the Govt. resolution. After thesuccessful completion of the one year trial runs all the scheme (individual/regional) handed over tothe local body for regular operation and maintenance.

In rural area rate of water supply is 40 to 70 LPCD depends upon the population. In Urbanareas the design rate of water supply scheme is 100 LPCD. For the underground drainage system,design rate of water supply scheme is considered as 135 LPCD which is minimum requirement forrunning the drainage system. All water supply schemes are based on guideline issued by GOI/GOM.All projects have been developed based on sector reforms adopted of GOI/GOM.

Our approach in this respect should therefore be that the local bodies should essentially stickup to the supply norms after fulfillment of the conditions prescribed by CPHEEO Manual. Till thetime this is achieved, they should be content with and accept a lower supply rate from the municipalsystem. In other words the local bodies even for larger towns and cities should manage their presentdemand with 100 LPCD supply. Concurrently they should take up sewerage schemes and after theschemes are completed (which is a time consuming process) proposals for augmentation of watersupply for increasing supply rate from 100 LPCD to 135 LPCD a requisite for sewerage schemes canbe initiated. It is possible that this would be resisted by the people at large and also by the localPoliticians. However in the larger interest this has to be insisted.

As per the State Water Board guidelines, requirement of rural water is worked @100LPCD including cattle demand and the Urban Water demand is considered @ 135 LPCD.

Alternative source for the local bodies, such as,

a) Roof rain water harvesting,

b) Recharging /restoring of groundwater,

c) Making best use of local wells which might have been abandoned

12.1 Coverage of Scheme in the Sub Basin

Patalganga Sub Basin includes districts i.e. Thane, Raigad, Pune & its 8 talukas viz, Mawal,Karjat, Khalapur, Panvel ,Uran , Pen, Sudhagad- Pali , Alibag and part of Thane and Mumbai.

Municipal Corporation - 1 No.( Navi-Mumbai)Nagar Parishad / Nagar Palika - 05 No.( Khopoli,Karjat, Panvel, Uran, Pen)No of Schemes Urban - 6 No

Rural - 491 No


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12.2 POPULATION, WATER DEMAND AND SUPPLY

Estimation of Rural Population – The details of rural & Urban population (Year 2010) andprojected population (Year 2030) is given in table 12.1. The population growth rate is dependingupon last five decades population. The trend of population growth is reducing due to urbanization aswell as due to up-gradation of few villages from Village Panchayat status to Municipal Council level,and therefore the future growth of village population in the villages under Patalganga Sub Basin isconsidered as 20 % up-to year 2030.

For rural area (villages), the design rate of water supply is at 40 liters/capita/day. The waterdemand at 100 liters/day/person including live stock. (gross at source)

It is a common experience that villages face water scarcity during summer. It is thereforeproposed that every village shall have a storage tank (similar to village tank) to store raw water andits capacity shall be to meet needs for 100 days. This will be in the form of a water bank and wouldenable villages to tide over the situation during scarcity period the combined grid system, every year.

The details of rural and urban Water Supply Schemes as received from MJP, ZP and otherlocal bodies, the drinking water requirement for urban and rural area is given in following Table-12.2–The rural water requirement including live stock is considered @ 100 liters/capita/day and the urbanwater requirement is considered @ 135 liters/capita/day

Table No.12.2 Domestic UseCategory No. of

SchemePresent

Population(lakhs)

PresentWater Use

(Mm3)

Total Population in2030

(lakhs)

Future WaterRequirement

as perdemand ofMunicipalCouncils

Total Future WaterRequirement(Mm3) @ 100

Liters/day/capita forrural & @

135Liters/day/capita for

Urban (Mm3)SW GW Use

(Mm3)SW GW Use

(Mm3)Use (Mm3)

Urban 6 16.57 173.98 0 173.98 29.34 259.65 0 259.65 144.56Rural(100 lpcd) 491 17.93 29.03 0 29.03 22.61 48.24 0 48.24 82.52Total 497 34.50 203.01 0 203.01 51.95 307.89 0 307.89 227.08

Note: In Future, the supply rate in rural area is expected to be adopted as 100 LPCD (which would

be inclusive ofdemand of cattle) and in that case the requirement of water would be 82.52Mm3 from

surface water source.

There are 06 Nos. Urban schemes covering their future population 29.34 Lakhs with total demand of

water 259.65 Mm3. This requirement will be met with from surface water source. Similarly,

requirement of rural population 22.61 Lakhs with total demand of water 48.24 Mm3 which will also

be met from surface water source. The total water requirement for domestic purpose as seen from

above table is 203.01 Mm3 and future requirement by 2030 is 307.89 Mm3 surface water source. But

as per norms, future requirement by 2030 is 227.08 Mm3 which is less than the actual demand given

by municipal councils, Nagarparishad & Z.P. Hence, considered maximum demand 307.89 Mm3 for


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further calculations.

12.3 MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES

The Rural as well as Urban Water Supply Schemes (WSS) are based on lifting the water fromsome source like irrigation tanks or weirs and supplying water through piped distribution system. Atpresent the water supply is not metered but water meter fixing work is in progress, so in future thesupply will be made on meter basis.

To calculate the actual water losses for schemes the water audit is in progress and accordinglythe remedies will be done.Following problems are faced by domestic water supply agencies –i) The water supply schemes are not self supporting.ii) The supply is not metered.iii) Losses are high due to illegal connections/ tapping, leakages in pipes and valves. Local

organizations (Gram Panchayat /Municipalities /Corporations) are not willing to take WSS forO&M.

iv) In some areas, there is no sewerage system so much water is used to drain sewage. Also pollutedwater directly mix in source causing high load on purifying the water.

v) Refusing permissions to use tap water from municipal system for activities like construction ofbuildings, gardening etc.

TABLE 12.3- STATUS OF COMPLETED WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES

Sr. No Basin Dist.Number of Rural W.S

Scheme

Number of Urban

W.S Scheme

1Patalganga

Raigad 491 06

2 Pune NA NA

3 Thane NA NA

Total 491 06

12.4. FOLLOWING PLANS ARE SUGGESTED

Total domestic water requirement for the village/town to be worked out based on standard norms.Deduct from it the existing water supply available from the local sources (e.g. Wells, Tanks, etc.)

Augmenting the existing water sources through watershed development works and deducts itfrom the total requirement.

Balance requirement, if any, may be satisfied from the resource available outside of the area.

Supply should be metered and charged on volumetric basis. Training should be provided to operating staff. Sewerage system in each area shall be done to avoid water pollutions.

Recycling of waste water. Participation of Local bodies, (e.g. G.P., M.C.s,) for operation and maintenance of water supply

scheme. While permission for Construction of buildings, roof rain water harvesting should be made

compulsory. Making best use of local sources (wells, bores ,tanks etc)


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12.5 DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT (O&M)

In urban areas, the distribution of drinking water is through underground pipeline network.The Zonal Elevated Service Reservoirs supply water to the distribution network. Mostly, there islimited time (3 to 4 hours/day) water supply and timing varies from area to area in the city.

There are no sincere efforts from local bodies to minimize the losses but these are about 20%to 30% or may be more in some towns. There is prime need to identify the leakage spots and rectifythe leakages regularly. Zone wise water meter should be provided to control uniform distribution ofwater.

For rural area, previously the water supply is through stand post. There are no water metersand line losses are more but not definitely assessed. Now as per the NRDWP norms, 100% waterconnections are to be provided.

Assessment of the present situation of the O and M of water in cities / towns reveals:i) Meters are fixed at source.ii) Flow meters should be provided as per the zones.iii) As well as water meters should be provided in distribution system

Table No.12.5 Income and O & M Expenditure

Dist. Taluka Type ofConnections

NumberRate/No Income in

Lakhs

O & MExp. Remarks

(Rs) (Lacs)

Raigad

Navi MumbaiMuncipal

Corp.

Domestic 114954

A) For CIDCO building/Gaothan /Slum area :-

88.85 104.08

i) Rs.50 per month per family forconsumption upto 30000 liter permonth per family.ii) For consumption more than30000 liter per month per familythe water tariff is Rs.4.75 per 1000liter.B) For other metered consumers:- 1) Residential :- Rs.4.75 per1000 liters.

2) Commercial / Constructional/Industrial :- Rs.30.00 per 1000liters

3) Institutional : Rs.11.00 pre 1000liters.

C) Rs.50 per family per monthfor non metered consumers(prior 1999) in Gaothan & Slum.

D) Rs.30 per family per monthfor stand post users.

Commercial 6885Rs.30 per 1000 liters

Institutional 421 Rs.11 per 1000 liters

Karjat Domestic NA

Panvel( MJP ) Domestic 34

Cidco RS 8.8/kl

3284 1346

schemeNavasheva

Wss tal-panvel

source ofscheme

JNPT/sez RS24.20/kl

panvel muncipalcooprration

RS9.90/kl

Gram panchayat RS3.85/kl


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Commercial 4RS72.60/kl

patalgangariver@ vayal

tal karjat

Panvel( NP )

Domestic 10197 Rs.-1500/ annum/conection436.87 1248.7

Commercial 567 Rs.-35/ Cum

KhopoliDomestic 6201

81.14 150.8Commercial 511

Pen

Domestic 6698Rs 1200/1/2 inchconnection

Rs9/kl

149.91 152.94Commercial

265

Rs7000/1/2inchconnection,Rs14000/3/4 inchconnection forindustry

Rs50/kl

UranDomestic 5037 Rs.-1500/ annum/conection

150 200Commercial 190 Rs.-35/ Cum , Rs.-25/Cum

Sudhagad Domestic NA

Total 151964 4190.77 3202.52

12.6 MANAGEMENT PLAN AND INFRASTRUCTURE

i) Survey of leak detection in the distribution system be taken up. In the mean time there should be

focus on replacement of old, unserviceable distribution mains.

ii) Installation of ultrasonic flow meters for raw as well as treated water system. Requirement of

meters needs to be assessed and provided. In addition adequate staff for measurement and

maintenance needs to be provided.

iii) Installation of wireless flow monitoring system for better water supply management has to be

adopted. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition i.e. "SCADA" system to be adopted.

iv) Improve quality of services of old water supply system.

v) Ensure connectivity to 100% area should be tanker free.

vi) Ultimate aim should be to adopt 24 x 7 water supply, In Malkapur town of Satara Dist., such

continuous supply is introduced which has shown appreciable improvement in the system and

thereby achieved consumers’ satisfaction.

vii)a) Supply of water through piped system from source.

b) Financial management.

c) Telescopic tariff.

d) Water Quality Monitoring.

12.7 SPECIAL CONSIDERATION FOR RURAL WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES

It is a common experience that Rural Schemes are not properly operated and maintained. This

is observed both in case of individual as well as Regional water supply Schemes. Reasons are


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however different. In case of individual schemes, apart from source getting dried up, there are un-

attended leakages and that electricity bills are not paid which is often the result of poor recovery of

water charges.

In case of Regional water supply Schemes, another aspect needs serious consideration. Since

electricity bill charges are not paid, the system stops functioning but this is mostly due to differences

among villages covered and Apex committee. Sustainability of the schemes is thus in danger. With

the result valuable assets remain unutilised and this is a serious case of wastage of assets. There are

cases where, instead of finding a solution, New individual schemes are proposed and

implemented.This is essentially a sensitive issue but nobody appears to pay any attention.

It is, therefore, suggested that in case of Regional water supply Schemes, the Statewide

agency (MJP) shall be involved, which has a long standing experience and technically expertise. This

Agency shall take responsibility of supplying water upto the point of bulk supply (Metered) on the

village boundary. If required, an underground storage be constructed to store day's requirement. The

local body shall be responsible for further pumping and distribution including additional disinfection

if required. The statewide agency shall bear all the expenses for bulk supply inclusive of electric

bills, so that the system does not stop functioning for non payment of electricity bills. The agency

shall fix water charges to recover both the operating charges as well as capital cost.

12.8 RECYCLE & REUSE OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION

In view of recycling of water it is proposed to construct a Sewerage Treatment Plant(STP) in

urban areas by which the B.O.D. & C.O.D. can be brought to accepteble limits so that the treated

water can be use for irrigation & other purpose.

At the Municipal council area, waste water can be collected from sewerage treatment plant

and any other measures available with local body. As per the water supply norms, nearly 80% waste

water is proposed for Irrigation & other purpose after recycle and reuse.

However , recycle and reuse of sewage water is Nil at present. In future, out of 80 % of waste water,nearly 40 to 70 % waste water is proposed for recycle and reuse.


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NOTE;-

1. Requirement from NMMC for present water use is 156.22 Mm3 which is met from different surface water sources in patalganga sub basin which

includes (Approx. qty. of water) Morbe dam=109Mm3,MIDC=23.73Mm3,Hetawane Dam=58.50Mm3 ).

2. Panvel Muncipal Council owns Deharang water supply scheme on patalganga river in addition to this water from CIDCO & MIDC is also agreed

to meet the actual present water requirement.

ANNEXEURE IV :- – Present Use & Future Requirement of Water( Municipal Corporation)

Category Name MCNo. of

SchemesPresent Population

Present Water Use (Mm3)Population in

2030

Water Requirement (Mm3) @ 100Liters/day/ capita for rural & @135Liters/day/capita for Urban

Surface GroundTotal

Surface GroundTotal

Water Water Water Water

MahanagarPalika

Navi Mumbai 1 1404792 156.22 0 156.22 2501019 219 0 219

Total(A) 1 1404792 156.22 0 156.22 2501019 219 0 219

Urban Councils

Panvel 2 111906 9.49 0 9.49 189757 12.41 0 12.41

Uran 1 30439 1.28 1.28 58000 2.86 0 2.86

Karjat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Khopoli 1 72230 4.8 0.00 4.80 125007 21 0.00 21.00

Sudhagad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pen 1 37852 2.19 0 2.19 60000 4.38 0 4.38

Total(B) 5 252427 17.76 0.00 17.76 432764 40.65 0.00 40.65

Total Urban (A+B) 6 1657219 173.98 0.00 173.98 2933783 259.65 0.00 259.65

Add For Rural Requirementas per ZP (C)

491 1793183 29.03 0.00 29.03 2260764 48.24 0.00 48.24

GRAND TOTAL 497 3450402 203.01 0.00 203.01 5194547 307.89 0.00 307.89


136


Chapter No.-13

Industrial Use


137

Chapter No.-13Industrial Use

13.0 Introduction –

Industries department is instrumental for development of industries in the state. To speed upthe industrial development, Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) wasconstituted on August 1, 1962 under the provisions of Maharashtra Industrial Development (MID)Act, 1961. Industrial areas managed by MIDC are located in different parts of the States with majorindustrial centers at Mumbai, Pune, Aurangabad, Nasik, Nagpur and Kolhapur. These industrial areashave been classified as five star industrial area, major industrial area mini industrial area and growthcenters based on certain criteria. Besides this MIDC have also established Information Technology/Bio-Technology/Floriculture Parks. The broad objectives of MIDC are as follows:

• To achieve balanced industrial development of Maharashtra with an emphasis on developing partsand underdeveloped parts of the State• Infrastructural development of each and every district of Maharashtra and• Facilitate entrepreneurs in setting up industries at various locationsThe MIDC has been declared as an agent of the State Government for carrying out the activitieswithin the framework of the MID Act and the MID Rules. These activities can be divided underfollowing 3 broad categories.• Acquisition and disposal of land• Provision of infrastructure facilities

In the context of provision of various services, the Corporation provides water supply services to theunits in its industrial areas. The investment on the water supply scheme (Head works) made byMIDC is more than Rs. 1550 Crores with installed capacity of water supply of 2345 Million Liter perDay (MLD) & present supply all over the state is 1545 MLD.

13.1 Regulation of Water Supply in MIDC Areas

For the purpose of regulating the water supply operations of the Corporation the GoM has prescribeda legal and financial mechanism between them. The salient features of the mechanism are as givenbelow:• A water supply scheme providing water to more than one industrial area in grid system is termed ascentralized water supply scheme, the asset ownership of which remains with the MIDC. On the otherhand a water supply scheme catering the need of only one industrial area is termed as localized watersupply scheme with asset ownership remaining with Government.• The water supply made either from centralized or localized water supply scheme is treated assupply made on behalf of Government and the revenue thus collected is shown as revenue accruingto the Government.• The operating expenditure of centralized water supply scheme is debited to the Corporationsaccount while the operating expenditure of localized water supply scheme is debited to the account ofGovernment through its function agency.• The Corporation is allocated the portion of the water revenue so as to meet its net operating andother expenses.• The surplus/deficit accrued after deducting operating expenses for water supply from the waterrevenues is borne by the Government.


138

13.2 Major Water Consuming Industrial sectors Boiler and Cooling Paper Pulp and Processing Beverages and Food processing Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Textiles, Jute fiber, Wool Silk etc Repair and Services Washing, Cleaning, Solvent

The details of Water use in various sector is classified as below:

Type of IndustryWater UseIntensity

Manufacture of Food Products MediumManufacture of Beverages, Tobacco & Related Products HighManufacture of Cotton Textiles LowManufacture of Wool, Silk and Man – made Fiber Textiles LowManufacture of Jute and other Vegetable Fiber Textiles (except Cotton) LowManufacture of Paper and Paper Products and Printing, Publishing & AlliedIndustries

High

Manufacture of Leather and Leather Products, Fur & Leather Substitutes MediumManufacture of Basic Chemicals and Chemical Products (Except Products ofPetroleum and Coal)

Medium

Manufacture of Rubber, Plastic, Petroleum and Coal Products; Processing ofNuclear Fuels

Low

Manufacture of Non Metallic Mineral Products LowBasic Mental and Alloys Industries LowManufacture of Metal Products and parts, except machinery and Equipment LowElectricity MediumGas and Steam Generation and Distribution Through Pipes High

13.3 Present Scenario

Rapid industrialization and urbanization coupled with continuous decline in per capita wateravailability is putting a lot of pressure on the available water resources. As per the Central WaterCommission (India) estimates, the future water requirements for meeting the demands of varioussections would be about 1093 BCM for the year 2025 and 1447 BCM for the year 2050. Theincreasing gap between water availability and demand highlights the need for conservation of water.

All the water supply schemes in designated Industrial are of MIDC are based on efficientWater Use and Conservation Efficient water use means reducing the demand by improving personalhabits; reducing wastes; creating an adequate rate schedule; deriving benefits from technicaldevelopments as well as from water management techniques, coordinating the management ofhydraulic resources with that of the land and economical and social aspects; promoting norms andregulations. In short, efficient water use consists of optimizing water usage. There is absoluteefficiency, to use the least amount of water possible; economic efficiency, which seeks to derivemaximum economical benefits; social efficiency, which strives to fulfill the needs of the usercommunity; ecological efficiency, which guarantees natural resources \conservation; and institutionalefficiency, which qualifies the function of an institution regarding its water related tasks.


139

13.4 Present use of Water_ Basin wise:

13.4.1Patalganga Basin… Barvi Sub Basin…(Patalganga River + Barvi dam)

Taloja Indutsrial Areas in MMR … A centralized water supply scheme known as Barvi WaterSupply Scheme having ultimate capacity 900 MLD (Barvi) + 180MLD (Shahad) is established byMIDC with source of water as Patalganga River & Barvi Dam. Presently water supply to the tune of640 MLD from Barvi WSS & 130 MLD from Shahad WSS is being fed to Industrial areas atAmbernath, Addl. Ambernath, Badlapur, Taloja, Dombivali, Kalyan-Bhiwandi, TTC (Thane) &Wagle (Thane) and domestic users namely Ambernath, Patalganganagar, Kalyan Dobmivali, Thane,Navi Mumbai and Mira-Bhayander Municipal Corporations, as well as various en-route villages.

MIDC Barvi water supply scheme is based on Ulhas River. MIDC has its own dam on BarviRiver near village Pimploli- dist. Thane. Barvi River meets Patalganga River at Apti village nearAmbernath. Present gross storage of Barvi Dam is 178.47 MCM and live storage is 176 MCM.

The water management of Ulhas River is being done by the WRD, Thane. Total requirement inPatalganga river is about 1576 MLD i.e. 575 MCM/year, which includes demand of water supplyschemes of STEM, KDMC, MIDC & Other number of users along with MIDC. Patalganga riveralone cannot cater water demand of 1576 MLD being non-perennial, hence during post monsoonperiod average 700 MLD (0.7 MCM) water is being released from Barvi Dam in to Patalganga River,as per demand daily communicated by WRD.

13.4.2. Present Reservation/Sanction..

Table No.13.4.2- WRD has granted permission to MIDC,MJP, Nagar Parished Khopoli & Grampanchayat for lifting water from Patalganga River.

Sr No Name ofproject/Source

Customer Name Approved Quota(Mcum)

1 Patalganga River Alta Laboratories,khopoli 0.222 Patalganga River Bhushan Steel Ltd. 1.663 Patalganga River DSV Chemical,Esambe,Khalapur 0.014 Patalganga River Gram Panchayat Aapta 0.005 Patalganga River Gram Panchayat Chauk 0.006 Patalganga River Gram Panchayat Gulsunde 0.007 Patalganga River Gram Panchayat Khumbhivali 0.008 Patalganga River Gram Panchayat Madap 0.009 Patalganga River Gram Panchayat Nadode-nigdole 0.0010 Patalganga River India Steel Works Pvt. Ltd. Khopoli 0.0211 Patalganga River Innovassynth Technologies (I) Ltd. 0.4412 Patalganga River KDL Biotech Pvt. Ltd. Savroli 0.0413 Patalganga River Lakeland Chemical Pvt. Ltd. Mandap 0.0314 Patalganga River Lona Industries Pvt. Ltd. Lodhiwali 0.54

15 Patalganga RiverMahindra Sanyo spl steel Pvt.Ltd.Khopoli

1.28


140

Sr NoName of

project/Source Customer NameApproved Quota

(Mcum)16 Patalganga River Mangalam organict ltd,Kumbhivali,Khalapur 0.0717 Patalganga River MIDC, Ambernath (Ind & Gramp) 27.2418 Patalganga River M.J.P. New Panvel 41.9819 Patalganga River Mohan Rocky Spring Water Breveries 0.2720 Patalganga River Nagar Parishad Khopoli 1.7521 Patalganga River Naik Nawre Chemicals Ltd. Dhamani 0.0122 Patalganga River Navnitlal Pvt.Ltd. Dhamani 0.0723 Patalganga River Parle International Pvt. Ltd 0.1524 Patalganga River Peladin Paints and Chemical 0.0025 Patalganga River Ramadham Vrudhashram, Ajoshi 0.0126 Patalganga River Ruby Mill ,Kharsundi 0.5527 Patalganga River Ruby Mill Ltd., Dhamani 0.3728 Patalganga River Ruchi soya IndustriesPvt. Ltd. Isambe 0.1829 Patalganga River S.H.Kelkar & Co.Washiwli 0.0230 Patalganga River SKI Carbon Black (India) Private Limited 1.4631 Patalganga River Thermax Chemical Ltd. Poud 0.4432 Patalganga River Uttam Galva steel ltd. 2.5633 Patalganga River Zenith Steel & tubes, Kharsundi 0.00

Total 81.36

13.4.3 Industrial Use…

Table No-13.4.3 Industrial Area wise Water Requirement and Effluent Generation

Sr.No.Name of Indl

AreaWatershed

No.Water Demand Effluent Generation

YR2010 YR2030 YR2045 YR2010 YR2030 YR2045MM3 MM3 MM3 MM3 MM3 MM3

1 PatalgangaIndl. Area

……. 18.25 40.00 48 3.65 9.12 28

2 KhalapurIndl. Area

……. ……. 10.00 12 ……. 3.65 7

3 Taloja Indl.Area

……. 14.63 15.50 19 ……. ……. 12


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13.4.4 Present Consumption of Water by Industries in sub-Basin and Future Water Demand.Present Consumption of Water by Industries in sub-Basin and Future Water Demand.

Sr.No.

Name ofIndl Area

Source ofWater

Waterreservation

Granted (Mm3)

PresentConsumption

( Mm3)

Waterdemanded by2030

( Mm3)

Waterdemandedby 2045( Mm3)

BenefitedBasin

1PatalgangaIndl. Area

Patalganga 27.50 18.25 40.00 48.00 Patalganga

2KhalapurIndl. Area

Patalganga ……. ……. 10.00 7.00 Patalganga

3Taloja Indl.Area

Ulhas NA NA 15.50 12.00 Ulhas

TOTAL 27.50 18.25 50.00 55.00

13.4.5 Industries to Include completed, underconstruction and future Industries

Industries to Include completed underconstruction and future industriesSr.No.

Basin Sub basin Source Industry Type ofIndustry

Water requirement Type ofmeasureme

nt forsupply of

water

Ifindustr

iesreusewater

Ifyeshowmuc

h

Alloted

MCM

Actualused MCM

Demand by2030

1 Patalganga Patalganga Patalganga Patalganga Chemical,Textile,

Petrochemical.

27.65 18.25 40 Flow Meter No ….

2 Patalganga Patalganga Patalganga Khalapur Engineering …. …. 10 Flow Meter No ….

Majority of areas in Category-A is fully developed. Mostly large/medium/ small Chemical,Engineering, Textile, Pharma, Electronics & Service industries are situated in all above areas, whichare non-agro base industries. There are no significant agro-based industries within these areas.

13.4.6 Present Status of industries & Productivity …

Sr.No.

Name ofIndustrial Area

Category

Area inHa

Inproductio

n

Underconstruction

yet toconstruction& start

Sickunit

sTotal

Totalinvestmentof units inRs. Lakhs

Total AnnualTurnover of

units inproduction

in Rs. Lakhs

Totalemployeesgenerated

by alltypes of

units

PatalgangaBasin

1 Taloja A 863.18 1003 40 0 53 1096 10857.74 158228.31 2655

Industrial Water demand established in last period is almost consistent since last 5-6 years, butexpected expansion in industrial areas/estates & other users may increase water demand to the tune of65.50 MCM within short time.


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13.4.7 Urban/Domestic Use…

Sr.No.

Name of Institute

Presentwater

consumptionin MLD

Presentwater

consumption in

MCM/year

Domesticwater

requirement inYear 2030 inMCM/year

1 Panvel Municipal council 26 9.49 12.412 Khopoli Municipal Council 19.17 7 233 Uran Municipal Council 3.5 1.28 2.864 Pen Municipal Council5 Navi Mumbai Municipal corporation 65 23.73 25

6Various en-route Grampanchayats &Other domestic users

Total 113.67 41.5 63.27

As would be seen from the lifting permissions granted by WRD, 75% quantum is fordomestic use. All these urban users are very near to Mumbai, which is causing rapid growth inpopulation. These institutes are demanding more water in view of present shortages & futuredemands.

13.6. Water availability & UtilizationConsidering growing demand in Patalganga Basin & availability of yield in Patalganga River,

CIDCO with the permissions of GoM took the decision to construct the Balgnaga Dam. CIDCO hasaccordingly committed enhanced water supply to CIDCO area & Municipal Corporation of NaviMumbai as per the decisions at GoM level. Gross storage of Balganga Dam is 144.77 MCM and livestorage is 120.07 MCM.

Table No. 13.6-Probable account of water after Construction of damSr.No.

Particulars Water Availability in MCM

1 Gross storage 144.77MCM2 Less Evaporation losses @ 10% 14.483 Net availability in Dam 130.294 Less Transit losses @ 10% 13.025 Net Availability for use 117.276 Period of Utilization (1-Nov_15-Jul)

(Excluding Monsoon)257 days

7 Availability in MLD 456.30 MLD8 Water reservation for MIDC in Patalganga river

during fair season ( Post-monsoon)74.00MLD

9 Additional reservation for Grampanchayat 60.00 MLDTotal (7+8+9) 590.30 MLD

10 Future Water requirement of MIDC including losses(50 MCM_Indl + 63.27 MCM_Domestic =113.7MCM)

134.00MLD


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13.7. Reduction in water losses

Present status of water losses on centralized WSS is to the tune of average 13.50% since last4-5 years. MIDC is exercising drive to minimize losses by way of frequent checking & calibration ofwater meters of users, recommendations to use Class-B water meters. Moreover accuratemeasurements for Area Group/Zone are monitored at Section/Subdivision/Division level with largesize flow meters. These supplies are cross checked with actual assessment by every month & suchreview is taken up frequently. Preventive maintenance & minimizing breakdowns on system as wellas on pipelines is being punctually attended, which resulted to keep wastage of water withinconsiderable extent. Considering huge network & water loss quantity, vigorous efforts are beingtaken up. It is also given to understand that, MIDC has undertaken program of replacement of assets,modernization & up-gradation of equipments to improve system efficiency.

13.8. Recycling & Reuse of waterAt present 10MLD water is being recycled at Barvi Water works, which is let out from WTP

against filter back washings & CLF bleedings (Earlier released to river course). Considering Ultimatecapacity of plant, 24 MLD waste water treatment plant with centrifuge devices are proposed to beinstalled, which is a value addition to this system. Similar activities are in process for all WTP’s allover the state.

13.9. Summary of Industrial Water Use

Table No. 13.9-Summary of Industrial Water Use

Sr.No. Particulars Source of WaterPresent

Planned WaterUse (Mm3)

Future PlannedWater Use (Mm3)

1 Patalganga Indl. AreaPatalganga

18.25 40.00

2 Khalapur Indl. AreaPatalganga

0.00 10.00

TOTAL 18.25 50.00


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Chapter No.-14

Legal Issues


145

Chapter No.-14Legal Issues

14.1 LEGAL ISSUES

Patalganga sub-basin is the part of North Konkan Sub-Basin covers an area of about1667.48 sq.km, which lies completely in Raigad district, Maharashtra.The Patalganga River is a riverthat rises in the steep western scarps of the Matheran uplands where it branches off from the mainridge near Khopoli and maintains a general westward flow till it joins the Dharamtar Creek with awide estuary. The total length of this West flowing river from its origin to its outfall in to the ArabianSea is 54 km. The important tributaries of the Patalganga River are Balganga and Bhogeshwari. TheCatchment area of entire Patalganga River is 1667.48 km2, which lies completely in Raigad district ofMaharashtra. Maximum and minimum weighted annual rainfall is 6436 mm to 843.52 mm. Averageavailable yield in this basin is 3486.16 Mcum.

No any legal issues related to water in this sub basin.

14.2 WATER LAWS

Following are the Water Laws is operation in the State/Country.The list of water laws is as given below –1) Article 21 of the Constitution.

2) Article 39 of the Constitution.

3) Article 252 of the Constitution.

4) Land Acquisition Act, 1894.

5) Indian Forest Act, 1927.

6) The Bombay Land Improvements Schemes Act, 1942.

7) River Boards Act, 1956.

8) Land Revenue Code, 1956.

9) Inter State Water Dispute Act, 1956.

10) The Bombay Village Panchayat Act, 1958.

11) Maharashtra Fisheries Act, 1960.

12) Maharashtra ZillaParishad&Panchayat Act, 1961.

13) Insecticides Act, 1968.

14) Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.

15) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.

16) Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1976.

17) Water Cess Act, 1977.

18) Maharashtra Kharland Development Act 1979.

19) The Forest Conservation Act, 1980.


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20) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

21) Environmental Protection Act, 1986.

22) Maharashtra Project affected persons Rehabilitation Act, 1986.

23) Maharashtra Groundwater (Regulation for Drinking Water Purposes) Act, 1993.

24) Krishna Valley Development Corporation Act, 1996.

25) Vidarbha Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1996.

26) Tapi Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1997.

27) Kokan Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1997.

28) Godavari Marathwada Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1998.

29) Maharashtra District Planning Committees Act, 1998.

30) Maharashtra Project Affected Persons Rehabilitation Act, 2001.

31) Biological Diversity Act, 2002.

32) National Water Policy, 2002.

33) The Biodiversity Act, 2003.

34) State Water Policy – Maharashtra, 2003.

35) Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act, 2005.

36) Hydro-power Policy Water Resource Department (WRD), Government of Maharashtra throughits Policy No. PVT-1204/(160/2004)/HP, dated 15th September, 2005.

37) Guidelines for EIA, 1997, 2006.

38) Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers (MMISF) Act, 2005.

39) The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Rights) Act, 2006.

40) SC Green Bench, NEAA-2009.

14.3 Some important Policies, Laws and Acts of Maharashtra State-

1. State Water Policy, 2003Objectives-

The objectives of Maharashtra State Water Policy, 2003 are to ensure sustainable developmentand optimal use and management of the State’s Water Resources to provide the greatest economicand social benifits for the people of Maharashtra in a manner that maintains important ecologicalvalues within rivers and adjoining lands.

To adopt an Integrated, multi-sectoral and river basin Approach to the water resources planning,development and management on a sustainable basis taking a river basin and sub basin as the unit.The State Water Policy also stipulates that the river basin agencies shall have the responsibility andauthority for the integrated planning, development and management of the water resources andwatersheds of their respective river basins; for flood management, drought management and


147

operation and maintenance of water storage and delivery infrastructure. These river basin agenciesshall prepare integrated river basin plans with the effective inclusion and participation ofrepresentative of all basin water user entities, categories of water users and other stake holders. Suchbasin plans shall include a development plan, a long-term operation plan, a monitoring plan, acomprehensive watershed management plan, an efficiency improvement and water conservation planand a waste minimization and water quality management plan.

2. The Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act, 2005(ACT NO. XVIII OF 2005)

At the beginning of this century, the State faced the following problems in the water sector:

i. Inter-sectoral and intra-sectoral conflicts amongst various categories of water users.ii. Fragmented approach to water resources planning and developmentiii. Low water useefficiencyiv. Fiscal strain in meeting operation and management costs from water tariff revenuev. Large number of incomplete irrigation projects and inadequate funds to complete them.

These problems necessitated a radical change in the approach to water resources development andmanagement in order to meet the challenges of the 21st century. An act to provide for theestablishment of the Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority to regulate water resourceswithin the State of Maharashtra, facilitate and ensure judicious, equitable and sustainablemanagement, allocation and utilization of water resources, fix the rates for use of water foragriculture, industrial, drinking and other purposes, and matters connected therewith or incidentaltheretoIt was expedient to make a law to provide for the establishment of the Maharashtra Water ResourcesRegularity Authority to regulate water resources within the State of Maharashtra, facilitate and ensurejudicious, equitable and sustainable management, allocation and utilization of water resources, fix therates for use of water for agriculture, industrial, drinking and other purposes, and matters connectedtherewith or incidental thereto, for the purposes aforesaid, realizing such a need, the state governmentinitiated a number of administrative and legal reforms which constitute broadly what is known as the‘Water Sector Reforms’. These include the formulation of the comprehensive State Water Policy2003, implementation of a Water Sector Improvement Project to rehabilitate 286 irrigation projects(major, medium and minor) and the enactment, in March 2005, of two statutes namely theMaharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Famers (MMISF) Act and the Maharashtra WaterResources Regulatory Authority Act. The MWRRA was established in August 2005 and becameoperational in mid-2006.

3. PROPOSED NEW ACTThe Integrated Water Resources Management Plan after finalization will have to be

implemented by various Agencies such as WRD, Agriculture Department, SDA, PCB, MJP, MIDC,etc. under overall control of River Basin Authority (RBA). A new act with respect to this will have tobe enacted.


148


Chapter No.-15

Trans-Basin Diversion


149

Chapter No.-15Trans-Basin Diversion

15.0 IntroductionThis chapter deals with inter basin diversions links identified at National level and State level.

The intra-basin transfer of water in Patalganga Sub Basin is also discussed.The rainfall over the country is primarily orographic, associated with tropical depressions

originating in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. The monsoon accounts for more than 85 percent of the precipitation. The uncertainty of occurrence of rainfall marked by prolonged dry spellsand fluctuations in seasonal and annual rainfall is a serious problem for the country. Large parts ofMaharashtra, are not only in deficit in rainfall but also subject to large variations, resulting infrequent droughts and causing immense hardship to the population and enormous loss to thenation. The water availability even for drinking purposes becomes critical, particularly in thesummer months as the rivers dry up and the ground water recedes. Irrigation using river water andground water has been the prime factor for raising the food grain production in our country .

One of the most effective ways to increase the irrigation potential for increasing the food grainproduction, mitigate floods and droughts and reduce regional imbalance in the availability of water isthe Inter Basin Water Transfer (IBWT) from the surplus basins to deficit basins. Rivers originatingfrom the Western Ghats are found to be surplus in water resources. If we can build diversion weirson these rivers and connect them to other basins by gravity, regional imbalances could be reducedsignificantly and lot of benefits by way of additional irrigation, domestic and industrial water supply,hydropower generation, navigational facilities etc. would accrue.

15.1 Inter-Basin Diversions At National LevelNone of inter basin water transfer links (at national level) water has been proposed to be

transferred to any area within Maharashtra. Obviously the Patalganga Sub Basin is not getting anybenefit of National Inter-basin Transfer under the above Scheme.

15.2 Intra-Basin Diversion At State LevelNo Intra-State projects proposed in Patalganga Sub Basin.

15.3 Import& Export of Water In Basin :-15.3.1 Import Of Water In Patalganga SubBasin :-

As per Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal Under Section 5(3) of Inter State Water DisputeAct,1956 , Quantity of Import of Water in Patalganga Sub Basin from Krishna basin is averagely200.54 Mm3.

15.3.1.1 Patalganga River :-

The Patalganga river rises in the Sahyadri hill ranges near village Dasturi Khandala in Mavaltaluka of Pune district of Maharashtra State and traverses a total distance of about 45 km beforedischarging into the Arabian Sea. The important tributaries of the Patalganga river are Balganga,Bhogeshwari, Gadi & Kasadi. The catchment area of Patalganga basin upto confluence with Sea is1540.11sq km. The total yield in the sub-basin at 75% dependability is 3181.83Mm3 from Thaneand Raigad District and avg. 200.54 Mm3 import from TATA lakes from Pune District of KrishnaBasin, as per Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal Under Section 5(3) of Inter State Water DisputsAct,1956.


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15.3.2 Export of Water From Patalganga Basin :-Quantity of export of water from Patalganga Sub basin to adjoining / other basin for irrigation

is Nil .15.4 Recommendations Of Study Groups /Commissions/ Committees15.4.1 Fact Finding Committee For Drought Prone Area, (Sukthankar Samiti), 1973

The water from high rainfall zone may be given to drought prone area through lift irrigationschemes.

15.4.2 Maharashtra Water Irrigation Commission, 1999i) Water from surplus basins should be diverted to water deficit basin. In this respect inter-state and

intra-state water diversions projects be pursued.ii) The inter-state and intra-state diversion projects be investigated.

15.4.3 National Water Policy, 2002i) Non-conventional methods for utilization of water such as through inter-basin transfers etc. need

to be practiced to further increase the utilizable water resources.

15.4.4 State Water Policy, 2003i) The transfer of surface water from surplus areas where feasible and appropriate may be

undertaken for drought mitigation.ii) Non-conventional methods for utilization of water such as through inter-basin transfers from

surplus basins to deficits one be practiced.

15.4.5 Riparian rights :

Under the riparian principle, all landowners whose properties adjoin a body ofwater have the right to make reasonable use of it as it flows through or over their properties. Ifthere is not enough water to satisfy all users, allotments are generally fixed in proportion tofrontage on the water source. These rights cannot be sold or transferred other than with theadjoining land and only in reasonable quantities associated with that land. The water cannotbe transferred out of the watershed without due consideration as to the rights of thedownstream riparian landowners.

Riparian rights include such things as the right to access for swimming,boating and fishing; the right to wharf out to a point of navigability; the right to erectstructures such as docks, piers, and boat lifts; the right to use the water for domestic purposes;the right to accretions caused by water level fluctuations; the right to exclusive use if thewater body is non-navigable. Riparian rights also depend upon "reasonable use" as it relatesto other riparian owners to ensure that the rights of one riparian owner are weighed fairly andequitably with the rights of adjacent riparian owners.


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15.5 Summary :Table No.15.5 Total Yield Available & Balance There of (all fig in Mm3)

Status


TotalWater

(2+3+4+5)

Water Use (Mm3)

BalanceWater(6-13)

TotalWater

availableSurface

+GroundWater

Recycledwater

+Regenerationfrom domestic

& industrialuse


Ecology(1% of

Balancewater)

Export Total(7+8+9+

10+11+12)

Intrabasin

InterBasin

Intrabasin

InterBasin

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14PresentStatus 3205.57 0.02 200.54* - 3205.59 203.01 18.25 86.85 - - - 308.11 2897.48Statusby2030 3301.93 11.15 200.54* - 3313.08 307.89 50.00 113.75 28.41 - - 500.05 2813.03

The availability of water is 2813.03Mm3,Which shows that in this basin 2813.03Mm3 water yield is available for planning or diversion.


152

.


Chapter No.-16

Other SpecialRequirements


153

Chapter No.-16Other Special Requirements

16.0 Introduction

In ancient times, dams were built for the single purpose of water supply or irrigation. Demandfor water is steadily increasing throughout the world. There is no life on earth without water, ourmost important resource apart from air and land.Water is essential for sustenance of all form of life on earth. It is not evenly distributed all over theworld and even it’s availability at the same locations is not uniform over the year. While the parts ofthe world, which are scare in water, prone drought, other parts of the world, which are abundant inwater, face a challenging job of optimally managing the available water resources.As civilization develops there was a greater need for water supply, irrigation, flood control,navigation, water quality, sediment control and energy. Therefore, dams are constructed for a specificpurpose such as water supply, flood control, irrigation, navigation, sedimentation control, and hydropower.A dam is the corner stone in the development and management of water resources development of ariver basin. The multipurpose dam is a very important project for developing countries, because thepopulation receives domestic and economic benefits from a single investment.Most of the dams are single purpose dams. However now the number of dams built for multipurposeare growing.Dams and reservoirs contribute significantly in fulfilling basic human needs

Water for drinking and industrial use

Irrigation

Hydro power generation

Flood control

Navigation

Recreation

Tourism


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16.1 HydroPower Generation in patalgangaas Basin

The ThePatalgangariver has its source in theDasturi village portion of the Sahyadri scarp. In itsmeandering north-westward reach of about 54 km, several streams on either side drain the land that ishighly eroded and marked by remnant hill features, the more prominent of them being theSahyadriRang heights (822 m.). On the south the Mahabaleshwer(1371m.) forms a steep range with a north-

north-west and south-south-east: trend; it is in fact a projectionof the hill and plateau complex that separates thePatalganga,Balgangaand the Bhogeshwaridrainage. BelowKhopoli, the Patalganga changes its course suddenly to south-south-west to join, alter a stretch of about 40 km, the Dharamtarcreek. Hilly topography persists,but the river valley is broader and merges into the tidal flats ofthe Dharamtar creek. The Balgangaand Bhogeshwaririver are atributary stream of the Patalganga only nominally as it flowsalmost parallel though in a more hilly region, and joins thePatalganga only in the Dharamtar creek; the land is hilly butgenerally the ranges like the Nandai, Kharkhoshiand Dadararelower in height. 18°29′N73°24′E / 18.48°N 73.4°EThe tail-waters of the Khopoli power project are let into the

Patalgangariver near Khopoli in Maharastra.

Tata Power commissioned India’s first power plant- the hydro-electric station- in Khopoli (72 MW) in 1915, the second hydro station one in Bhivpuri (78 MW) in1919 and the 3rd one in Bhira (300 MW) in 1922. With these three hydro stations and the 1,580 MW(100 MW merchant) thermal power station in Trombay, Mumbai; a 478 MW power station nearJamshedpur in Jharkhand and a 1050 MW power station at Maithon in Jharkhand, an 87 MW thermalpower plant in Belgaum, 72 MW in Haldia, 120 MW in Jamshedpur. It also has renewable energygeneration capacity of 1383MW. Tata Power is the largest integrated power company in India and isthe most trustworthy power supplier to Mumbai.

The irrigation department has constructing 2 medium project and completed minor reservoirschemes over patalganga and it’stributaries in the talukas ofKhalapur,Pen ,Panvel&Uran are themajor reservoir andLift Irrigation Schemes for irrigation and non irrigation use.Hetavane Dam is an earthen dam on Bhogeshwari River near village Vakarul in Pen Taluka in RaigadDistrict. Small type of hydro electrical project having 2MWcapacity at the foot of Hetavane dam isin progress stage.

16.2 Navigation :-At present no provisions are made on the completed projects.16.3 Recreation:-Many film Shootings are done at Karjat,Khalapur,khopoli and Matheran.16.4 Tourism:-Karjat- Located near the basin of Ulhas river and Patalganga river. It is a popular weekend holidaydestination from Mumbai. It is also popular for advanture sports like trekking, waterfall climbing,


155

rappelling & river rafting in the Ulhasriver. Morbe dam about 10 km west, is a sood place forboating.

Dharamtar Creek- On the eastern side of the Mumbai harbour entrance lies the Dharamtar creek ofthe river Amba, which is formed by confluence of Ambariver, Karanja creek and Patalganga River onthe west coast of Maharashtra.

Dharamtar creek maintaines rich zooplankton standing stock (av. 30.3 ml 100 m/3) with peakproduction during August–November. Zooplankton production rate for the entire system amounted to10.32 mg C.100 m/3 d/1 with an annual turnover of 29 ton C.km/2.

Matheran- It is a hill station in KarjatTahsil and is also the smallest hill station in India. It is locatedon the Western Ghats range at an elevation of around 800 m (2,625 feet) above sea level. It is locatedaround 90 km from Mumbai, and 120 km from Pune. Matheran's proximity to many metropolitancities makes it a popular weekend getaway for urban residents. Matheran, which means "forest on theforehead" (of the mountains) is an eco-sensitive region, declared by the Ministry of Environment andForest, Government of India. It is Asia's only automobile-free hill station.[1][2] temple dedicated toLord Shiva is constructed centuries ago.ImagicaKhopoli -AdlabsImagica is an amusement park located near the city of Khopoli on theMumbai-Pune Expressway.near by to MumbaiNear by destinations are

Matheran 10 km Khandala 18 km

Lonavala 20 km Karnala bird sanctuary 24 km. Lonavala and Khandala:- most popular destinations to visit especially during mansoon. It is

famous for countless waterfalls, Sheer cliffs and mountains. Karjat( JVM )–It is a spiritual and educational center.


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16.5 Tourism facilities to be developed near the lakes in future. Garden and children park

Boating Small hutments

Water sports

16.6Ecology

For ecology Purpose, considering 1% of balance Water=28.41Mm3


157


158


Chapter No.-17

EnvironmentalManagement & Ecology


159

Chapter No.-17Environmental Management & Ecology

17.0 Background

Ecosystem protection and poverty alleviation are of utmost importance in achieving the MillenniumDevelopment Goals. In most developing countries, the two are closely interlinked. But, due tounsustainable anthropogenic pressures, the carrying capacity of ecosystems is severely jeopardized,thus affecting ecosystem goods and services on which the rural poor depend directly. Attempts atfocusing on one of these aspects without working on the other have proven to be unsustainable. Anapproach focused entirely on ecosystems, that does not perceive the local communities as a part ofecosystems or conversely, an approach focused entirely on communities and livelihoods that does notprioritize the urgent need for preservation and restoration of degrading ecosystems have shown tohave limited relevance in tackling ground realities. In the two options mentioned above, theapproaches have been developed by well-meaning external organizations or governments that seek to'manage' their projects from a distance, while the vision, wisdom or problems of the local communityare seldom seen as the building blocks for developing the approach further.

17.1 Introduction

The rate of growth of urban development in the recent years has been exponential whereas the cityinfrastructure growth has not been able to match this pace. This has led to enormous pressures on theexisting ecological resources, surface water body being one of the most affected. The conventionalphilosophy of human habitat settlements have always been inspired around the banks of river andthus the dependency on these surface waters for consumption and waste discharges kept onincreasing day by day. Though the city governments and local bodies have been trying to cope upwith the infrastructure fulfillment, the fact that natural resources have been over exploited shallremain true in times to come.

Water has remained as one of the most demanded commodity for humans. The problem of water istwofold, one that surface water is exploited for domestic & industrial consumption and most of thetreated and untreated sewage & industrial wastewater are released back into the surrounding surfacewater bodies. The problem is further aggravated when these water bodies are perennial and ultimatelybecome sewage of wastewater conveyance systems rather than rivulets. Not only is the sewage amajor culprit but many industrial setups around river have been discharging their waste into theserivers and have resulted in total disruption of the existing ecological balance in these water bodies.Thus, the carrying capacity of these ecological resources have been saturated in the recent past whichmeans these river bodies do not have any further natural healing process & if the wastewaterdischarges continue at this pace, the rivers shall be dead in no time. Many such examples have beenquoted in the past and several attempts have been made to rejuvenate / remediate such waste courseslike Ganga, Yamuna and many others.


160


In Mahabharata, when Bhishm was about to die, Arjuna is said to have extracted groundwater,namely, Patalganga, by shooting an arrow which made a hole in the ground and created a fountain.

According to the Puranas, there are three tributaries of the River Ganges and they are Swarg Ganga(Mandakini), Bhoo Ganga (Bhagirathi) and Patalganga (Bhagvati). Before entering into the sea, theGanges divides into several tributaries and then merges into the Bay of Bengal.

The Patalganga river has been mentioned in ancient Vedic texts and the temples in Turade-Karadearea and its banks were considered holy and a Dip in the river is considered pious to mention theleast.

Patalganga a huge industrial area, MIDC near Karjat and Panvel has got its name from the PatalgangaRiver. To facilitate traffic, for entrepreneurs of the industrial area, a two lane high level bridge hasbeen built-up on river Patalganga.

River PathThe Patalganga river has its source in the Khandala portion of the Sahayadri scarp. In its meanderingnorth-westward reach of about 25 miles, several streams on either side drain the land that is highlyeroded and marked by remnant hill features, the more prominent of them being the Prabal heights(2,318 ft.) and the Kamala fort range. On the south the Manikgarh (1,876 ft.) forms a steep rangewith a north-north-west and south-south-east: trend; it is in fact a projection of the hill and plateaucomplex that separates the Patalganga and the Balganga drainage. Below Waveshwar, the Patalgangachanges its course suddenly to south-south-west to join, alter a stretch of about 20 miles, theDharamtar creek. Hilly topography persists, but the river valley is broader and merges into the tidalflats of the Dharamtar creek. The Balganga river is a tributary stream of the Patalganga onlynominally as it flows almost parallel though in a more hilly region, and joins the Patalganga only inthe Dharamtar creek.

17.3 Probable Sources of Water Pollution in Patalganga Basin

This section describes the most probable reasons of water pollution in the Patalganga basin. Thisshall not be considered as only limited to these but may be thought as the major sources of pollution.

17.3.1 Urban Development

With the urban development which leading to exponential growth of population, demand for watersupply has increased exponentially. About 70-80% of this water is disposed as wastewater (sewage).Part of this wastewater is treated whereas partly it is being disposed as it is in rivers causing greatpotential for river pollution.


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17.3.2 Industrial wastewater

There are about 50 Industries which almost all of them are located near the river basins. Most of theindustries consume the surface water in process and for domestic use and though most of theseindustrial areas and industries within are equipped with wastewater treatment plants, it cannot beruled out that there may be several incidences that this wastewater may form one of the reasons forwater pollution. Maharashtra Pollution Control Board does not give permission to any industry ofIndustrial Area for disposal of treated industrial effluent into the River or water body.

17.3.3 Leachate from Solid Waste

Several of the cities & villages are located near the river basins and most of them have open dumpingfacilities for solid waste that are inevitably non-scientific. These sites form one of the most criticalsources of water pollution due to leachate formation during precipitation.

17.3.4 Agricultural Practices

Due to the present practices of chemical based agriculture (enormous use of chemical fertilizers andpesticides), runoffs from these areas also forms one of the major reasons of river water pollution

17.3.5 Algal Growth

Stagnation of water on one hand & continuous sewage flow on the other enhances the growth ofalgae and other similar organisms that further deteriorate the quality of river water

17.3.6 Siltation

Soil erosion due to runoffs and compounding of water due to changes in the river beds lead topossibility of increased siltation. The detritus effect of algae and other organisms at high siltationspots further leads to septic conditions adding to the pollution problems

17.3.7 Miscellaneous Sources

Religious events at several of the places located in and around river basins and daily activities ofvillagers may also form event based acute source of water pollution

17.4 Sewage Generation PotentialPatalganga Sub-basin and its tributaries have been receiving enormous amount of discharges fromtreated and untreated sewage generated from various Municipal Corporations, Councils andaccidental or indirect discharge of industrial effluents. The details of the same are represented inTable 17.4. It is clearly evident that, village- Khopoli, Savroli, Khalapur & Ladhivali, Mohapada,Vashivali & Chawne are the most important source of contributory pollution factors to Patalgangarivers ultimately joining Patalganga River.


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Table No.17.4 Sewage Generation PotentialName of

MunicipalCouncil &

Big Villages

District RiverSewage

GenerationMLD

SewageTreatment

MLDPercentage Disposal

Type ofTreatmen

t

Khopoli Raigad Patalganga 11.0 No 0 Patalganga NASavroli Raigad Patalganga 0.096 No 0 Patalganga NA

Khalapur &Ladhivali

Raigad Patalganga 0.2 No 0 Patalganga NA

Mohapada Raigad Patalganga 1.36 No 0 Patalganga NAVashivali Raigad Patalganga 0.036 No 0 Patalganga NAChawne Raigad Patalganga 0.008 No 0 Patalganga NA

17.5 Industrial effluent potentialAs per the stipulated norms of the State Pollution Regulatory Authority, there is no any industry

allowed to discharge treated/untreated effluent into the water body directly.

17.5.1 Raigad DistrictThe details of individual industries & industrial estates on the bank of rivers of Upper

Patalganga sub-basin in Raigad district are as below:Table No. 17.5.1 Industrial Effluent Potential

Sr.No.

Name Address Category

Nearest River EffluentQuantity

CMD

ETPStatus

Disposal oftreatedeffluent

Name distance inKm

1. M/s. ZenithBirla (I)Ltd,

At. KhopoliTal.

KhalapurDist. Raigad.

Red Patalganga OnBank

ofRiver

90

Primary +Secondary+ tertiary

Closed Unit

2. M/s. AltalaboratoriesLtd.,

girivihar At.Khopoli Tal.



ofRiver

185


Treated I. E.Used onland forgardeningpurpose

3. M/s.InnovasinthTechnology,

At. KhopoliTal.



ofRiver

733



4. M/s. MohanRockySpringWaterBreweries

At. KhopoliTal.



ofRiver

400

Primary +Secondary



163

Ltd.,5. M/s. Afsons

IndustrialcorporationLtd,

At. KhopoliTal.


Red Patal ganga OnBank

ofRiver

41.5

Primary +tertiary

Re used inprocess

6. M/s.MahindraUgene SteelLtd.,

At. KhopoliTal.


Red Patalganga Lessthan500

mtrs. 0

N.A. N.A.

7. M/s.IndiaSteel Ltd,

At. KhopoliTal.



mtrs.

0

N.A. N.A.

8. M/s.Wartsila India Ltd,

At. KhopoliTal.


Red Patalganga Lessthan500mtrs

6 Primary +tertiary

Re-use

9. M/s. RuchiSoyaIndustriesLtd.,

Sr. No. 4 & 5Vill.

Esambe, Tal.Khalapur

Dist. Raigad.

Red Patalganga About2 Kms

80


To CETPfor furthertreatmentand disposal

10.M/s. Hi-TechCarbon

Vill. Talvali& Lohop

Tal.Khalapur

Dist. Raigad.

Red Patalganga About2 Kms

260


Recycle inthe process

11.M/s.DujodwalaProductsLtd.,

Vill.Kumbhavali

Tal.Khalapur

Dist. Raigad.

Red Patalganga OntheBankofriver

49



12.M/s. KDLBiotechLtd.,

Vill Savrovli, Tal.



69


Closed Unit

13.M/s.LakelandChemicals(I) ltd.,

Vill. Madap,Tal. Tal.Khalapur

Dist. Raigad.


8



14.M/s. RubyMills Ltd.,

VillKharsundi

Red Patalganga Onthe

1200Primary +Secondary

50% recyclein process


164

Tal.Khalapur

Dist. Raigad.

Bankofriver

+ tertiary & 50% toCETP forfurthertreatmentand disposal

15.M/s.PaladinPaints &ChemicalsPvt. Ltd.,

Vill.Kumbhivali,

Savrili-KharpadaRoad, Tal.Khalapur

Dist. Raigad.

Red Patalganga Lessthan500mtrs Nil

N.A N.A.

16.M/s.BhansaliBrightbarsPvt. Ltd.,

VillKumbhavali

Tal.Khalapur

Dist. Raigad.


5

Primary +tertiary

Closed Unit

17.M/s. S. H.Kelkar

Vill.Vashivali

Tal.Khalapur

Dist. Raigad.

Red Patalganga Lessthan500mtrs 130


50% recyclein process& 50% toCETP forfurthertreatmentand disposal

18.M/s. TheRuby MillsLtd.,

Vill.Dhamani

Tal.Khalapur

Dist. Raigad.

Red Patalganga Lessthan500mtrs 10


50% recyclein process& 50% toCETP forfurthertreatmentand disposal

19.M/s. RamaPetrochemicals Ltd.,

Sr. No. 4 & 5Vill.

VashiwaliSavroli-

KharpadaRoad tal. Tal.



425

Primary +Secondary

Presentlyclosed.

20.M/s. RoyalLtd.,

Vill. VanivaliTal.

Khalapur,Dist. Raigad.


NIL

N.A N.A

21.M/s. Sr. Red Patalganga Less NIL Primary To CETP


165

HindustanStainless

No.28/5,6,20/A,2A(1,2),30/1-4,33/3A,33/4a(B), Vill.Kumbhivali,Tal.KhalapurDist. Raigad.

than500mtrs

for furthertreatmentand disposal

22.M/s. OriconEnterpriseltd.,

Vill. Savroli,Tal.



3

Primary Recycle inthe process

23.M/s. NaikNavareChemicals

Vill.Dhamani

Tal.Khalapur

Dist. Raigad.


6



24.M/s. ParleInternational Ltd.,

Vill. VanivaliTal.



70


100%Treatedeffluent isbeingutilized forgardeningon theirown land.

25.M/s.ThermaxLtd.,

Vill. PaudTal.



550


TreatedeffluentpartlyReuse &Partly sentto CETP

26.M/s.KopranLtd.,

Vill savorali,Tal.



6


100 %reuse.

27.M/s.NavnitlalLtd.,

Sr. No.16,17, 18,19,20, 21 & 22,Vill. Dhamni

Tal.Khalapur,

Dist. Raigad.

Red Patalganga Lessthan500mtrs 6.7




166

28.M/s.BhushanSteel StripsLtd.,

Vill.Savorali, Tal.



230



29.M/s. DSVChemicalsLtd.,

Vill IsambeTal.



1.2

Primary +Secondary


30.M/s.NevitadDistilleriesPvt. Ltd.,

Vill-Borivali,Tal.Khalapur,Dist-Raigad


16


PartlyReusePartlysending toCETP

31.TheBombayDyeing &Mfg. Ltd,

A-1,MIDCPatalgana,

Dist- Raigad.


1742



32.Inox AirproductsLtd,

A-5, MIDC ,Dist-Raigad.


Nil

N.A. To CETPfor furthertreatmentand disposal

33.BakulAromatics&ChemicalsLtd,

A-6, MIDC,Patalagana,

Tal-Khalapur,

Dist-Raigad


140



34.AlkylAmines Ltd,

A-7, A-25,MIDC

Patalganga,Khalapur,

Dist-Raigad


300



35.CastrolIndia Ltd

P. No. A-8-14, MIDCPatalganga

Dist-Raigad.


0.3

Primary To CETPfor furthertreatmentand disposal

36.Aje IndiaPvt.Ltd,

MIDCPatalganga,Dist. Raigad


40



37.IndocoRemediesLtd,

Vill-Lodlivali


15Primary +Secondary+ tertiary

To CETPfor furthertreatment


167

(FormerlyLa NovaChem) Ltd,

Tal. Panvel,Raigad

mtrs and disposal

38.GayatriPaper Mill,

A-32, MIDCPatalganga,

Tal.Khalapur,Dist-Raigad


150

Primary +tertiary

100 %recycle /reuse in theprocess

39.CIPLA .Ltd, A-42, MIDCPatalganga,D

ist-Raigad.


140



40.CIPLA .Ltd, A-33, MIDCPatalganga,

Dist- Raigad.


200



41.ElderPharmaceuticals Ltd,

A-36, MIDCPatalganag,Tal- Panvel,Dist- Raigad


29



42.RelianceIndustriesLtd,(PolysterDiv.)

B-4/5 ,MIDC

Patalgana,Dist-Raigad


2860



43.RelianceIndustriesLtd,(LABDiv),

B-1B-3,MIDC

Patalganga,Rasayani,

Dist-Raigad.


815

44.RelianceIndustriesLtd,( PTADiv.)

B-1 & 3 ,MIDC

Patalgana,Dist-Raigad


5077

Primary +Secondary


45.AnthonyGarage PLT,

Plot No.D-2,Add. MIDC

Patalganga,Dist-Raigad


0.6

Primary To CETPfor furthertreatmentand disposal

46.WanburyLimited,

A-15, MIDCPatalganga,

Dist. Raigad.


37



47.Cipla Ltd.,A-2,

MIDCPatalganga,

Dist. Raigad.


130Primary +Secondary+ tertiary

To CETPfor furthertreatment


168

mtrs and disposal48.M/s.

HindustanInseciticidesLtd,

Vill-Rasayani,Tal.Panvel,Dist-

Raigad.


111


Providedseparatedisposalpipeline upto salinezone ofPatalgangariver

49.M/s.HindustanOrgaicChemicals ,

Vill-Rasayani,Tal.Panvel,Dist-

Raigad.


640



50.M/s. LonaIndustriesLtd,

Vill-Gulsunde,

Tal.Panvel,Dist-Raigad


50



There is one CETP having its capacity of 15MLD. There are 45 Industries are member of this CETPevery individual industry have provided their own Effluent Treatment facilities and treated effluentis being sent to CETP for further treatment and disposal. Treated effluent of CETP is being disposedof in to saline water zone at kharpada. Maharashtra Pollution Control Board does not givepermission to any industry of Industrial Area for disposal of treated industrial effluent into the River.

17.6 Hydraulic & Organic LoadAs discussed in the earlier section of this report, it has been essential to understand the extent ofwater usage and wastewater disposal in the treated and untreated form that has been happening in thecourse of this river in order to determine the present environmental status & future carrying capacityof the same. This could be achieved by calculating the theoretical organic and hydraulic loadsentering the river on one hand, whereas a more systematic approach that has been used by several ofthe agencies has been to take up extensive monitoring and analysis of the representative sections forenvironmental parameterization. The scope of the present study is to theoretically calculate suchhydraulic and organic load & further delineate options for its management.Municipal sewage may be defined as “waste (mostly liquid) originating from a community; may becomposed of domestic wastewaters and/or industrial discharges”. It is major source of waterpollution in Patalganga Basin, particularly in and around large urban centers.


169

17.6.1 Load Estimations for Sewage

Thus, taking an average of 80 – 85% of the water consumed to be wasted as domestic sewage, thetotal hydraulic load adding into the river sums up to be about 12.7 MLD of untreated raw sewagethroughout its journey.It is essential to understand that the organic loading or strength of the sewage and/or pollutionpotential of the sewage is determined by a chemical parameter known as Biochemical / BiologicalOxygen Demand (BOD). Based on the past experience from sewage organic loading, the totalamount of BOD load as expressed in mg/Lit is found to be in the range of 200 to 250. Thus,considering the worst case scenario and assuming the BOD to be 250 Mg/Lit, the total organic loadfrom sewage into the river body accumulates to be about 3.175 tons/day.

Thereby the effective BOD load seems to be amounting to about 3.175 tons/day. Thereby, the totalBOD load added to Patalganga-Basin is about 3.175 tons/day.

Thus, in order to remove this entire BOD, theoretically 9130 cum/hr. i.e. 2,19,120 cum/day of airrate shall be required to be replenished into the river stretch (considering 21% O2 in air) assuming100% diffusivity in order to neutralize the organic load entering the system.

17.6.2 Load Estimations for Industries

There is one CETP having its capacity of 15MLD. There are 45 Industries are member of this CETPevery individual industry have provided their own Effluent Treatment facilities and treated effluentis being sent to CETP for further treatment and disposal. Treated effluent of CETP is being disposedof in to saline water zone at kharpada. Maharashtra Pollution Control Board does not givepermission to any industry of Industrial Area for disposal of treated industrial effluent into the River.

17.7 Water Sampling and Quality Monitoring Stations

17.7.1 Khalapur & Panvel Talukas in Raigad District

River & Reservoir water quality of Patalganga River basinThe river water quality assessment is done throughout the year by way of regular monitoring byMPCB Raigad-1 office at various places from Gagangiri Maharaj Temple (1st point from origin) tokharpada at various seven locations. Samples collected at each seven locations is thoroughlyanalyzed for various 26 parameters such as PH, D.O., B.O.D, Nitrate, Ammonia, Conductivity, TotalColiform (MPN)/ 100 ml., Fecal Coliform, COD, TKN, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Fixed solids,Total Suspended Solids, Turbidity, Total Hardness, Fluoride, Boron, Chloride, Sulphate, TotalAlkalinity, Phosphate, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium Hardness, Magnesium Hardness, Temperatureetc.

17.7.2 Water Quality at Gagangiri Maharaj TempleThe average of water quality parameters of Gagangiri Maharaj Temple was computed for last 4 yearfrom 2012-2015 with respect to number of samples meeting compliance with Indian standards asfollows:


170

Table No.17.7.2 –Water Quality at Gagangiri Maharaj TempleSr.No. Parameters Indian standards

(permissible drinkingwater limits)

Average Percentage

1 pH 6.5 to 8.5 7.6 100%2 Turbidity 5 0.9 100%3 BOD Not specified 6.6 100%4 TDS upto 500 117.7 100%5 Chloride upto 250 15.7 100%6 Sulphates upto 200 6.8 100%7 Mg Hardness Not specified 22.3 100%8 Ca Hardness Not specified 36.6 100%9 Total Hardness for

Demoupto 500 53.8 100%

10 Nitrate Nitrogen upto 45 0.8 100%11 Fluoride 1.0 0.6 94%

It is observed that water quality of Gagangiri Maharaj Temple water is satisfactory with respect toIndian Standards for drinking water quality. Fluoride content in river Patalganga at GagangiriMaharaj Temple water is within the limits in last four years water sampling, however it is withinMPCB limits of 1.5 mg/liter. pH value of total samples collected is satisfactory and meet IndianStandards for drinking water quality.The other parameter turbidity which is considered as unhygienic including suspended matter, clay,organic & inorganic matter results shows satisfactory and almost all samples are within limit of ISdrinking water parameters. BOD level is less than 5 mg/ltr. after May 2013.Similarly Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) levels are also observed to be within satisfactory limits.Other parameters such as Chloride, Sulphate, Total Hardness & Nitrate Nitrogen were also observedwithin limit of ARE drinking water parameters.

17.7.3 Water Quality at Shilphata Bridge on Patalganga river.

The water quality parameters at Shilphata Bridge on Patalganga River were computed for last fouryear from 2012-2015 with respect to number of samples meeting compliance with Indian standardson percentage basis as follows:


171

Table No.17.7.3 –Water Quality at Shilphata Bridge

Sr.No. Parameters Indian standards(permissible

drinking waterlimits)

Average Percentage

1 pH 6.5 to 8.5 7.5 100%2 Turbidity 5 8.0 100%3 BOD Not specified 5.3 72%4 TDS upto 500 185.7 100%5 Chloride upto 250 18.8 100%6 Sulphates upto 200 18.3 100%7 Mg Hardness Not specified 27.5 100%8 Ca Hardness Not specified 71.7 100%9 Total Hardness for Demo upto 500 98.7 100%10 Nitrate Nitrogen upto 45 0.4 100%11 Fluoride 1.0 0.4 97%

It is observed that water quality of Shilphata Bridge on Patalganga River water is satisfactory withrespect to Indian Standards for drinking water quality. Fluoride content in river Patalganga atShilphata Bridge on Patalganga River water is within the limits in last four years water sampling,however it is within MPCB limits of 1.5 mg/liter. pH value of total samples collected is satisfactoryand meet Indian Standards for drinking water quality. BOD level is less than 5 mg/ltr. after May2013.The other parameter turbidity which is considered as unhygienic including suspended matter, clay,organic & inorganic matter results shows satisfactory and almost all samples are within limit of ISdrinking water parameters.Similarly Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) levels are also observed to be within satisfactory limits.Other parameters such as Chloride, Sulphate, Total Hardness & Nitrate Nitrogen were also observedwithin limit of ARE drinking water parameters.

17.7.4. Water Quality at Khalapur Pumping Station at Patalganga River

The water quality parameters Khalapur Pumping Station at Patalganga River were computed for lastfour year from 2012-2015 with respect to number of samples meeting compliance with Indianstandards on percentage basis as follows:


172

Table No.17.7.4 –Water Quality at Khalapur Pumping Station at Patalganga River

Sr.No.

Parameters Indian standards(permissible


Average Percentage

1 pH 6.5 to 8.5 7.4 100%2 Turbidity 5 0.6 100%3 BOD Not specified 5.4 83%4 TDS upto 500 174 100%5 Chloride upto 250 14.5 100%6 Sulphates upto 200 20.4 100%7 Mg Hardness Not specified 24.3 100%8 Ca Hardness Not specified 70.9 100%9 Total Hardness for Demo upto 500 95.8 100%10 Nitrate Nitrogen upto 45 0.5 100%11 Fluoride 1.0 0.4 97%

It is observed that water quality of Shilphata Bridge at Patalganga River water is satisfactory withrespect to Indian Standards for drinking water quality. Fluoride content in river Patalganga atShilphata Bridge at Patalganga River water is within the limits in last four years water sampling,however it is within MPCB limits of 1.5 mg/liter. pH value of total samples collected is satisfactoryand meet Indian Standards for drinking water quality. For most of the time BOD level is less than 5mg/ltr.

The other parameter turbidity which is considered as unhygienic including suspended matter, clay,organic & inorganic matter results shows satisfactory and almost all samples are within limit of ISdrinking water parameters.

Similarly Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) levels are also observed to be within satisfactory limits.Other parameters such as Chloride, Sulphate, Total Hardness & Nitrate Nitrogen were also observedwithin limit of ARE drinking water parameters.

17.7.5 Water Quality at Savroli Bridge at Patalganga

The water quality parameters Savroli Bridge at Patalganga River were computed for last four yearfrom 2012-2015 with respect to number of samples meeting compliance with Indian standards onpercentage basis as follows:


173

Table No.17.7.5 –Water Quality at Savroli Bridge at Patalganga River



Average Percentage

1 pH 6.5 to 8.5 7.4 100%2 Turbidity 5 0.6 100%3 BOD Not specified 4.5 78%4 TDS upto 500 150.3 100%5 Chloride upto 250 13.5 100%6 Sulphates upto 200 18.8 100%7 Mg Hardness Not specified 22.8 100%8 Ca Hardness Not specified 56.2 100%9 Total Hardness for Demo upto 500 79 100%10 Nitrate Nitrogen upto 45 0.5 100%11 Fluoride 1.0 0.3 100%

It is observed that water quality of Savroli Bridge at Patalganga River water is satisfactory withrespect to Indian Standards for drinking water quality. Fluoride content in river Patalganga at SavroliBridge water is within the limits in last four years water sampling; however it is within MPCB limitsof 1.5 mg/liter. pH value of total samples collected is satisfactory and meet Indian Standards fordrinking water quality.The other parameter turbidity which is considered as unhygienic including suspended matter, clay,organic & inorganic matter results shows satisfactory and almost all samples are within limit of ISdrinking water parameters.


17.7.6 Water Quality at Vyal Pump House at Patalganga River

The water quality parameters Vyal Pump House at Patalganga River were computed for last four yearfrom 2012-2015 with respect to number of samples meeting compliance with Indian standards onpercentage basis as follows:


174

Table No.17.7.6 - Water Quality at Vyal Pump House at Patalganga RiverSr.No. Parameters Indian standards

(permissibledrinking water

limits)

Average Percentage

1 pH 6.5 to 8.5 7.4 100%2 Turbidity 5 0.6 100%3 BOD Not specified 4.4 90%4 TDS up to 500 179.8 100%5 Chloride up to 250 15.2 100%6 Sulphates up to 200 22.7 100%7 Mg Hardness Not specified 24.1 100%8 Ca Hardness Not specified 72.4 100%9 Total Hardness for Demo up to 500 94.2 100%10 Nitrate Nitrogen up to 45 0.8 100%11 Fluoride 1.0 0.3 100%

It is observed that water quality of Vyal Pump House at Patalganga River water is satisfactory withrespect to Indian Standards for drinking water quality. Fluoride content in river Patalganga at VyalPump House water is within the limits in last four years water sampling; however it is within MPCBlimits of 1.5 mg/liter. pH value of total samples collected is satisfactory and meet Indian Standardsfor drinking water quality.



17.7.7 Water Quality at Near Intake of MIDC W/W at Patalganga River

The water quality parameters Near Intake of MIDC W/W at Patalganga River were computed for lastfour year from 2012-2015 with respect to number of samples meeting compliance with Indianstandards on percentage basis as follows:


175

Table No.17.7.7 - Water Quality at Near Intake of MIDC W/W at Patalganga River

Sr .No. Parameters Indian standards(permissible


Average Percentage

1 pH 6.5 to 8.5 7.5 100%2 Turbidity 5 0.8 100%3 BOD Not specified 4.9 80%4 TDS up to 500 776.6 100%5 Chloride up to 250 73.7 100%6 Sulphates up to 200 311.8 100%7 Mg Hardness Not specified 38.9 100%8 Ca Hardness Not specified 104.5 100%9 Total Hardness for Demo up to 500 143.4 100%10 Nitrate Nitrogen up to 45 1.0 100%11 Fluoride 1.0 0.3 100%

It is observed that water quality of Near Intake of MIDC W/W at Patalganga River water issatisfactory with respect to Indian Standards for drinking water quality. Fluoride content in riverPatalganga at Near Intake of MIDC W/W water is within the limits in last four years water sampling;however it is within MPCB limits of 1.5 mg/liter. pH value of total samples collected is satisfactoryand meet Indian Standards for drinking water quality.


Similarly Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) levels are also observed to be exceeding at three results andremaining are well within satisfactory limits. Other parameters such as Chloride, Sulphate, TotalHardness & Nitrate Nitrogen were also observed within limit of ARE drinking water parameters.

17.7.8 Water Quality at D/s Kharpada Bridge at Saline water Zone of Patalganga River

The water quality parameters D/s Kharpada Bridge at Saline water Zone of Patalganga River werecomputed for last four year from 2012-2015 with respect to number of samples meeting compliancewith Indian standards on percentage basis as follows:


176

Table No.17.7.8 - Water Quality at D/s Kharpada Bridge at Saline water Zone of PatalgangaRiver



Average Percentage

1 pH 6.5 to 8.5 7.4 100%2 Turbidity 5 1.0 100%3 BOD Not specified 4.8 78%4 TDS upto 500 5133.3 100%5 Chloride upto 250 1974.4 100%6 Sulphates upto 200 337.7 100%7 Mg Hardness Not specified 432.8 100%8 Ca Hardness Not specified 383.7 100%9 Total Hardness for Demo upto 500 816.4 100%10 Nitrate Nitrogen upto 45 1.6 100%11 Fluoride 1.0 0.7 100%

It is observed that water quality of D/s Kharpada Bridge at Saline water Zone of Patalganga Riverwater is satisfactory with respect to Indian Standards. Fluoride content in river Patalganga at D/sKharpada Bridge at Saline water Zone of Patalganga River water is within the limits in last fouryears water sampling; however it is within MPCB limits of 1.5 mg/liter. pH value of total samplescollected is satisfactory and meet Indian Standards.The other parameter turbidity which is considered as unhygienic including suspended matter, clay,organic & inorganic matter results shows satisfactory and almost all samples are within limit of ISdrinking water parameters.Similarly Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) levels are observed to be exceeding the limits. Otherparameters such as Chloride, Sulphate, and Total Hardness are observed to be exceeding the limits. &Nitrate Nitrogen was also observed within limit.

17.8. Environment ManagementManagement of ecological resources is an emerging field of environmental systems development.Riverine systems have been in discussions since long but with the increasing pressures due toresource exploitation & vast development in and around the water bodies with its limitedinfrastructure for domestic sewage disposal have augmented the problems. Though there have beenseveral other issues related to waste disposal, augmenting the organic as well as solids load in theriverine system, the present report outlines an integrated approach for wastewater management asdiscussed in the following sections.

17.8.1. Control of Pollution at the SourceAs the name indicates, measures shall be taken at the source itself that are leading to pollution in thewater body. This is normally achieved either by optimizing the water supply in these areas as well asdecentralized wastewater treatment system development. Though this option seem to be workable inlong run, a detailed technical and financial feasibility of the same needs to be undertaken.


177

17.8.2. Sewage Treatment Plants

In other words implementing control measures to avoid the discharge of the pollutants into the river.The most widely used method is the planning of Sewage Treatment Plant, where the domesticeffluent shall be treated followed by discharge of treated water into the nearby water body or reusedas and when applicable / required. This shall serve two fold management options. On one hand itshall serve as treatment facility for effective environmental up-gradation and on the other hand itshall also render huge amounts of dilution in the receiving water body leading to its healthy behavior.

Though sounding very easy, the evaluation of various parameters for STP is a difficult task and shallrequire time as well as resources including huge financial aid and thereby this option shall beconsidered to be a LONG TERM one.

17.8.3 Sewage Irrigation (Short Term Temporary Relief)

Another such option at the source management is that instead of constructing full-fledged STP, thewastewater may be primarily treated for removal of solids and pathogens (settling of solids &disinfection) & oxygenated through low cost mechanisms such as creation of turbulence throughtraversing wastewater in open channel restricting the flows using bunds, fountains, and/or oxidationditch etc to be further used for irrigation purposes.

Many studies have been carried out on the same nationally as well as internationally. Similar type ofsewage based irrigation are practiced successfully in the Dharwad district of Karnataka, India as wellas many other places include Greece, Pakistan, Israel, etc.

17.8.4.Control of Pollution In the Path (Short & Long Term Relief)

Many streams, nallah’s and such other water bodies converge into the river & many of them in thepresent case of Patalganga carry sewage wastewater, though detailed assessment of the loads needs tobe done before undertaking any such measures. This particular section delineates conceptual optionfor In the Path treatment.These streams account for the indirect source of pollution for the river. Hence there is need ofmitigation measures for the pollution of these sources. Phytoremediation is one such technology thatcan be used to curb the pollution of the water bodies, both static and flowing.

17.8.5 Nallah Treatment using In-situ PhytoremediationPhytorid technology comprises of constructed phyto-filtration system which is functionally similar tothe natural wetlands. This technology is based on the principle of working root systems of plantscombined with the natural attenuation process. It can be used for pollution control and wastemanagement of municipal or industrial effluents from rural as well as urban areas. Various species ofaquatic plants have been utilized to attain maximum efficiency in the treatment of domestic wastes.These include species like Phramites australis, Phalaris arundinacea, Glyceria maxima, Typha spp.,Scirpus spp., other common grasses etc.


178

17.8.6.Control of Pollution at End of Pipe

End of the pipe treatment is the most resource consuming and tedious process. This shall be taken uponly in case of extreme pollution and deterioration of the river when none of the above mentionedoptions are available or feasible. Most of this process is physical, mechanical and biological and maybe required at regular time intervals.

17.8.7. De-silting

One of the best possible options for immediate overturn of the existing problems is de-silting with theuse of mechanical devices also termed as Dredging. Though highly cost intensive, such methods havebeen conventionally utilized for immediate relief from pollution and increasing the carrying capacityof the river bodies all across the globe. Such examples can be taken up from lakes like Pashan inPune, Powai in Mumbai, Kacharali in Thane and many others. As far as rivers are concerned thegreatest example to be quoted for the same is Mithi River wherein every year de-silting has beencarried out since past several decades. This de-silting also helps rejuvenate the existing ecosystemand diffuse air through mechanical turbulence caused during this process. Though not a verysustainable practice, but this seems to be an immediate and short terms remedy for most tediousissues of environmental degradation of rivers.

17.8.8. Mechanical Aeration

As it has been calculated in the earlier sections, the total air requirement for neutralizing BOD inentire stretch of Patalganga River is about 2,19,120 cub.m/day. This system shall be the least ratedoption since mechanical aeration would require enormous amount of energy which itself is a scareresource as of now in the areas where it is intended to be used.This can be mainly achieved by implementation of mechanical aerators. The aerators will help inproviding the excess oxygen required to reduce the BOD of the waste water. From the calculationsmentioned earlier in the report, each site along the Patalganga river basin will have a different oxygendemand.

17.8.9. Marina Adaptation or Biological Rejuvenation

Establishing the lost ecological balance is the most effective way of rejuvenation of any water body.Though a sensitive and time consuming process, it shall still form the basis of sustainability which isthe prime goal desired out of all this studies and action plans.

Use of balanced blend of eco flora and fauna along with symbiotic microbial cultures has been veryeffective in restoring lakes and rivers. It shall be again borne in mind that such systems are usuallyeffective in steady state conditions which are difficult to achieve in rivers but a detailed feasibility ofsuch systems along with an integrated approach of mechanical and natural process may render mostsuitable options of all.


179

17.8.10. Physical Cleaning & Beautification

Human perception about clean water is more of an psychological preference than chemical nature.Thus, it is very important to have cleanliness especially related to the removal / eradication of weedssuch as hyacinth and others that have been long considered to be aesthetic and environmentalnuisance. Similarly, aesthetic improvement in the form of beautification along the banks of canals aswell as along the river wherever possible shall be done.

17.8.11. Minimum Flow in the River

It is very essential that there is constant flow maintained in the river. It has been an experience in thepast that stagnation or low flow velocities leads to anaerobic or septic conditions in water bodiesleading to foul smell due to release of anaerobic end products such as methane and hydrogensulphide. This also leads to change over of the whole aquatic flora which otherwise is aerobic innature and ultimately increasing the BOD requirements. Hence it is very essential to maintain aminimum optimum flow in the river that shall be sufficient enough to flush the riverine system.Though the concept of optimum or minimal flow is not scientifically unclear but it shall be sufficientenough to have certain amount of turbulence and flowing so as to avoid anaerobic conditions in anystretch of the river.

17.8.12. Conservation & Best Possible Options for Improvement

It shall be important that decisions regarding selection of technology for treatment of wastewateralong all the identified sources shall include the end use of treated water which in most of the casesshall be for agricultural use in and geographical area of these sources.

1) Small Villages – Septic tank followed by soak pit2) Municipal Councils – Collection system through underground network with technologies

such as Trickling Filter, Phytoremediation, Facultative Lagoon, Aerated Lagoons, orCollection system through underground network for decentralized treatment usingtechnologies such as ASP, SBR, MBBR or UASB.


180

Table No. 17.8.12-Action Plan for prevention of River Pollution1. Local Body

Sr.No.

Name of theLocal Body

Untreated sewageentering in the river

Action to be proposed

A MunicipalCouncil

1. Panvel Disposal of treatedsewage in to creek.

1. Installed of STP for treatment of sewageconsidering future population.

2. Underground sewer line to entirecorporation area.

3. Local body should adopt in-situ nallatreatment like eco-bricks,phytoremedations on all nalls as a shortterm measure.

4. It should be made compulsory to all localbodies to keep strictly reserve fund of 25% of the capital budget every year forproviding sewage treatment & itsmanagement.

2. Khopoli 12 MLD untreatedsewage entering in the

river Patalganga.

1. Incomplete STP and no further progressobserved.

2. Underground sewer line to entirecorporation area and required to providein new developing area.

3. Local body should adopt in-situ nallatreatment like eco-bricks,phytoremedations as a short termmeasure

4. Treated sewage shall be compulsory re-used.

5. It should be made compulsory to all localbodies to keep strictly reserve fund of 25% of the capital budget every year forproviding sewage treatment & itsmanagement.


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1. Industrial pollution

a. Installation continuous online monitoring systems at outlet of Effluent Treatment plant &display on main gate of industry.

b. Connect to online monitoring system to MPCB serverc. Increase the vigilance by MPCB for verifying the performance of Effluent Treatment Plantd. Insist industries to adopt newly advanced technologies to achieve zero discharge


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Chapter No.-18

Institutional & LegalArrangements


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Chapter No.-18Institutional & Legal Arrangements

18.0 Legal arrangements

Irrigation sector continues to be a major consumer of water. WRD has developed a vastnetwork of canals and pipelines. Water from these dams is also supplied for other needs ofagriculture, domestic and industry. WRD manage and allocate the surface water resources forirrigation, drinking water & sanitation, and industrial purposes. Groundwater is regulated andmonitored by the Water Supply and Sanitation Department. The constitutional provision, Actsand Policies regulating the State water sector are:-1) Indian Easements Act, 18822) Right to life and personal liberty-Article 21 of the Constitution.3) Right to an adequate means of livelihood-Article 39 of the Constitution.4) Article 252 of the Constitution.5) The Land Acquisition Act 1894[The Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill, 2012]6) Indian Forest Act 1928[The Indian forest (Amendment) Bill, 2012]7) The Bombay land improvements schemes Act 19428) The River Boards Act 19569) Land revenue code 1956.10) Interstate Water Disputes Act-195611) The Bombay village Panchayat Act 1958.12) Maharashtra Fisheries Act, 196013) Maharashtra ZillaParishad&Panchayat Act 1961.14) Insecticides Act 196815) Wild life (Protection)Act 198216) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 198417) Maharashtra Water Supply and Sewarage Board Act-198618) Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 198619) The Water Cess Act 198820) Maharashtra Khar land development Act 1989.21) The Forest Conservation Act 198022) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.23) Environmental Protection Act-198624) Maharashtra Project affected persons Rehabilitation Act 1986.25) Maharashtra Groundwater (Regulation for Drinking Water Purposes) Act, 199326) Krishna Valley Development Corporation Act, 199627) Vidarbha Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 199628) Tapi Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 199829) Konkan Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 199830) Biomedical Waste (M&H) Rules, 199831) Godavari Marathwada Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 199832) Maharashtra district planning committees Act 1998.33) Hazardous Waste (M&H) Rules, 200034) Municipal Solid Waste (M&H) Rules, 200035) Maharashtra Project-Affected Persons Rehabilitation Act, 200136) Biological Diversity Act 2002.37) National Water policy 2002 [Revised National Water policy 2002].38) The Biodiversity Act 2003.39) State Water policy-Maharashtra 2003.


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40) Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act, 200541) Hydro power policy,WRD, GoM-2005 (Under revision)42) Disaster Management Act, 200543) Uniform protocol for after quality monitoring order-2005,GOI Notification dated

15.06.200544) Guidelines for Environtal Impact Assessment (EIA) 1998, 2001, 2006.45) Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers (MMISF)Act, 200546) The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers(Recognition of

Rights)Act200647) Supreme Court-Green Bench, National Environment Appellate Authority (NEAA)

2009.

Appellate and Redressal forum: It is also proposed to form an appellate and redressal forumat sub-basin level to look into the suggestions, demands, complaints, etc.

18.1 Review of various acts and policies

1. Standardization of the nomenclature of watersheds at State and National level.2. Notification of sub-basin and rivers3. Indian Easements Act, 1882

Frameworkof law must recognize water not only as a scarce resource but also asaSustainer of life and ecology. Therefore, water needs to be managed as acommunityresource held, by the state, under public trust doctrine to achieve food security,livelihood,and equitable and sustainable development for all. Existing Acts, such as IndianEasementsAct, 1882may have to be modified accordingly in as much as it appearsto giveproprietary rights to a land owner on groundwater under his/her land.

4. Rules have been framed for MMISFAct-2005 whereas for MWRRA-2005 the formulationof rules is in progress.

5. Amendments to Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1986 is under consideration with GOM, bydetailed and comparative study of Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1986 , MMISFAct-2005,MWRRA Act-2005 and State Water Policy-2003


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Master Plan Review Committee

M1-WRD : 1. DG,(MERI), DG(WALMI),CE(WRD),CE(Hydro), CE (WRD), CE(CADA), CE(NMR), SE(DIRD)M2 (Agriculture) : Joint Director (Thane, Raigad)M3 (GSDA) : Dy.Director (Thane, Raigad)M4 (Water Conservation) : CW (WC) (Thane)M5 (MJP) : CE (MJP) (Thane, Raigad)M6 (MIDC) : CE (MIDC)(Thane, Raigad)M8 (Fisheries) : Joint Director (Thane, Raigad)M8 (MTDC) : Regional Manager(Thane, Raigad)M9 (ZP) : Chief Executive Officer (ZP)(Thane, Raigad)M10 (Urban centres) : Commissioner (Thane, Raigad) and Chief Officer (Thane, Raigad)M11 (MPCB) : Regional Manager (Thane, Raigad)M12 (Hydrology) : Chief Engineer, Hydrology (Mumbai)M13 (Revenue) : Collector (Thane, Raigad)M14 (Energy) : CE, MAHAGENCO (Thane, Raigad)Invitees : As requiredNote: Frequency of meeting twice in a year


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Fig 28.1.1: Master Plan Review Committee


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Master Plan Implementation Committee

M1-WRD : Executive Engineer (districts Thane, Raigad)M2 (Agriculture) : Joint Director (Raigad and Thane)M3 (GSDA) : Dy. Director (Raigad and Thane)M4 (Water Conservation) : SE, Minor Irrigation (Thane Local Sector)M5 (MJP) : SE (MJP) (Raigad and Thane)M6 (MIDC) : SE (MIDC) (Raigad and Thane)M8 (Fisheries) : Regional Deputy Commissioner (Raigad and Thane)M8 (MTDC) : Regional Manager(Raigad and Thane)M9 (ZP) : Addl. CEO (ZP) (districts Nashik, Thane and Palghar)M10 (Urban centres) : Commissioner and Chief Officer of Corporation and MunicipalityM11 (MPCB) : Regional Officer (Raigad and Thane)M12 (Forest) : Chief Conservator of Forest (Raigad and Thane)M13 (Revenue) : Addl. Collector (Thane and Raigad)M14 (Energy) : SE, MAHAGENCONote: Frequency of meeting onec in three months

Fig 28.1.2: Master Plan Implementation Committee


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The Government has decided to make this Act more comprehensive and compatible with the intent ofthe Model Billand to enact a new act “Maharashtra Ground Water (Development and ManagementAct -2009”

a) To facilitate and ensure the sustainable and adequate supply of groundwater of theprescribed quality for various category of users ;

b) To protect drinking water sources ;c) To conserve the groundwater sources and to ensure the balance between the

groundwater recharge and its exploitation ;d) To make regulatory mechanism more effective and to manage groundwater in over-

exploited and critical watershed areas ;e) To provide for an institutional framework to ensure community participation both at

planning as well as implementation level ;andf) To establish forum to avoid overlapping and maximize the benefits of Government

schemes in rural areas and also to focus on groundwater issues in the urban areas, suchas rainwater harvesting including rooftop harvesting to improve the groundwater as asupport to the existing water supply system in the State.

The new bill related to this act, seeks to achieve the above mentioned objectives by includingthe important provision that groundwater belongs to the state and the state reserves theprerogative to decide the priority of appropriation and apportionment of the groundwater tomeet public good as it deems fit.S.P.Bagade1,in his comparative analysis of cases of success and failure, attributed successfulimplementation of the act due to notification of sources as per the rules framed under the Act,awareness of the Sarpanch about the provisions of the Act and his vigilance and follow up ingetting the provisions implemented in case of violation; prompt action and diligent use ofpowers vested by the Act in them by competent authorities in stopping construction of newwells in violation of the Act and due procedures being followed for notification of scarcity.He attributes laxity or failure in implementation of the Act to lack of awareness on the part ofthe people; unwillingness of the Panchayat representatives in making a formal complaint or infollowing it up; clear and emphatic preference of the farmers in applying water to growingirrigated crops; pressure group activity of the farmers irrigating the crops being stronger thanthe voice of those whose subsistence needs are affected and lacunae in the Act. He alsocomplains of procedural complexities that make it difficult to implement the Act in time andthe tendency of the officials and elected representatives to press for starting supply of water intanker to avoid distress induced by scarcity of water.In 2005, GoM passed the ‘Maharashtra Water Resources regulatory Authority Act, 2005’regarding water resources with wider ramifications and stronger teeth. The precedence of thegroundwater regulation is accepted explicitly in section (12) (8) of the MWRRA Act, 2005which stipulates that ‘the Authority shall abide by the relevant provisions of the MaharashtraGroundwater Regulation (Drinking Water Purposes) Act, 1993’.6. Sand mining–

GOM has approved a new sand mining policy (20.10.2010), which makes it compulsoryfor contractors to obtain permission from the Gramsabha, (the elected body of villagers)for sand mining and extraction. The policy has given direct control to the local bodiesover the sand mining activities and has placed severe restrictions to protect river bedsfrom damage.

7. Hydro power policy (2005)a. The present policy is not conducive for projects in the sub-basin and therefore this

policy should be prepared for river basin or sub-basin wise to covert the available


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hydro power potential in the physical projects.

b. In all ongoing and future irrigation projects irrespective of its capacity, provision ofICPO should be made compulsory.

c. Conversion of irrigation sluice to ICPO in existing irrigation projects should be doneon priority.

8. Land acquisition

a. WRD should insist revenue department to maintain the records of diversion ofirrigated land to non-agricultural purposes and intimate concerned irrigation projectauthorities to update their records.

b. The powers of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural purpose are vestedwith revenue department and that too at very low level this needs serious review andappropriate amendments.

9. River pollution disaster

a. A new policy to be prepared

10.Maharashtra Irrigation Act,1986

a. Irrigation management is looked after by WUA’s. There is water supply on volumetricbasis and no bar on cropping pattern. Assessment and recovery will be done byWUA’s. Amendments in Irrigation Act to this effect are necessary.

b. Rules for MMISF Act, 2005 have been already framed and For MWRRA act, 2005 areunder preparation. Improvement in the Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1986 are underconsideration of the GoM on detailed and comparative studies of the MaharashtraIrrigation Act, 1986, MWRRA Act, 2005 and MMISF Act, 2005.

11.Conversion of Irrigation Development Corporations in to River Basin Agencies.

As per provisions in MWRRA act, 2005,all Irrigation Development Corporations are to beconverted in to River Basin Agencies step by step. Conversion of The Krishna ValleyDevelopment Corporation in to River Basin Agency is being undertaken by GoM. Draftbill is already prepared for the purpose. Suitable provisions be made in the said bill toinclude the formation of sub-basin monitoring committee (SMC), its duties &responsibilities, Power & functions etc.

12.Constitution of ‘State Water Board ‘ and ‘State Water Council’

MWRRA Act 2005 , provisions under Section 15, subsection(1) and (2),GoM constituted3

‘State Water Board’ to prepare integrated State Water Plan based on sub-basin wiseproject plan and under Section 16, sub-section(1) ‘State Water Council’ to approve the


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integrated State Water Plan.

13.Amendment to Maharashtra State Water Policy”

Vide amendment dt. 18/05/2011, water use priority is changed.

14.Watershed Development and Management

Thrust will have to be given on local water harvesting and artificial recharge ofgroundwater through watershed development and management program on large scale ontime bound basis. An act to include participatory approach and mandatory geologicalinvestigations before implementing watershed development program is pre-requisite.

Thus it is inferred that the existing acts and policies need to be reviewed for more effectivenatural resources development and management.

18.2 Commission/Committees and its recommendations

The pertinent recommendation/s of the Commission/Committees at Central/State level are:-Maharashtra State Irrigation Commission-1962 (Shri. S.G. Barve)1. A special inquiry commission be appointed every 10-15 years to undertake a review of

irrigation-related policy.Water and Irrigation -National Irrigation Commission -1982 (Shri. Ajit Prasad Jain)1. A separate director be there to carry out hydrological study. There should be a separate

Agency at State level to deal with groundwater.Waste Land Development Committee,(1995) Shri. Mohan Dharia1. Create one central authority at national level to develop waste and infertile land.

White Paperon Drinking Water by the Government of Maharashtra (1995)1. Creation of new independent drinking water supply department is necessary to handle

both the rural and urban parts combined so as to implement the water supply programmein an integrated and coherent manner.


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Chapter No.-19

Use of Modern Tools inWater Management


192

Chapter No.-19Use of Modern Tools in Water Management

19.0 Introduction:

Traditionally watersheds were spatial extents that capture rainwater. Recently it has beenidentified that unless the watersheds are not managed in an integrated sustainable manner,then not only the water resources but also other resources such as vegetation, fertile soil,fauna and flora get depleted. Rational management of upper and lower parts of a watershed isequally important for the sustenance of the environment. Therefore it is extremely importantto use an integrated spatial approach for managing watersheds and river basins. The remotesensing and GIS for watershed management constitutes theoretical aspects of GeographicInformation Systems (GIS) & Remote Sensing and their application for watershedmanagement.

19.1. Watershed Importants:

Watershed is an area, which catches the water from precipitation and then is drained by a riverand its tributaries. It is a “resource region” where the eco-system is closely interconnectedaround a basic resource water. The watershed or river basin is therefore an ideal managementunit. The watershed provides a powerful study and management unit, which integratesecological, geographical, geological, and cultural aspects of the land. The watershed is also auseful concept for integrating science with historical, cultural, economic, and political issues.Water (movement, cycling, use, quality, etc.) provides a focus for integrating various aspectsof watershed use and for making regional and global connections Using the watershedconcept, one can start with study of any number of small sub systems (e.g., a particular marshor sub-watershed; or a particular pollutant, such as salt), and continually relate these small-scale issues to questions of larger-scale watershed system health. We all live in a watershed.Watersheds are the places we call home, where we work and where we play. Everyone relieson water and other natural resources to exist. What you and others do on the land impacts thequality and quantity of water and our other natural resources. Healthy watersheds are vital fora healthy environment and economy. Our watersheds provide water for drinking, irrigationand industry. Many people also enjoy lakes and streams for their beauty and for boating,fishing and swimming. Wildlife also needs healthy watersheds for food and shelter. effectiveand efficient way to sustain the local economy and environmental health. Scientists andleaders now recognize the best way to protect the vital natural resources is to understand andmanage them on a watershed basis. Everything that is done in a watershed affects thewatershed's system.

19.2. Geographic Informaton System:

GIS stands for geographic information system. An information system is a computer programthat manages data. A GIS, then, is a type of information system that deals specifically withgeographic, or spatial, information. Like other information systems, a GIS requires lots ofdata that it can access, manipulate, and use to produce a product.Geographic informationdescribes the spatial (location) factors of an object or area. This can be simply latitude andlongitude coordinates, but in most cases more complex factors are included. A geographicinformation system (GIS) is a computer-based information system that enables capture,modeling, manipulation, retrieval, analysis and presentation of geographically referenced


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data.The definition provided by The Oak Ridge National Laboratory: GIS is “a digitalrepresentation of the landscape of a place (site, region, planet), structured to supportanalysis.” Under this broad definition, GIS conceivably may include process models andtransport models as well as mapping and other spatial functions. The ability to integrate andanalyze spatial data is what sets GIS apart from the multitude of graphics, computer-aideddesign and drafting, and mapping software systems.

Fig. No.19.1 Fig. No.19.2.


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Fig. No.19.3


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Fig. No.19.4.

19.3 The components of a GISIn order to function properly, a GIS needs several basic components:

19.3.1 Data-Organized in a database. The database includes the locational data (where things are

located) and the spatial relationships between data features. The database may also includeadditional relevant information.19.3.2 Software-

A program or group of programs, such as ArcView or Arc/Info, that can access thedatabase, manipulate the data, and produce a product. Others: Idrisi, GRASS, Erdas, etc.19.3.3 Plaform-

The hardware, including disk space, terminals, network supporting devices, etc., thatsupport the software and database.19.3.4 User-

People who operate the GIS and use its results for analysis and decision-making Thefourth, and final, component of a GIS is the user (this means you!). Without know- ledgeable,competent operators, the entire system is useless. Users that are able to creatively employ thefunctions of the GIS to their fullest extent (not just making maps!) justify the cost and effortrequired to build and maintain a GIS.

19.4 Environmental application of GIS· Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Non-point Source Pollution Control· Storm water Management· Watershed Management· Spill Control Planning & Response· Hazardous Material Management· Air Pollution Management & Plannin· Wetlands Delineation· Forestry Management· Mining & Geologic Resource Management· Wildlife Habitat Management

19.5 Software used

System MMS Modular Modeling like HSPF Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran


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PRMS Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System. Some softwares such as E jalseva andJalshruti are also used for collective information about water resource department.

E-Jalseva

E jalseva software used for e governance operation. In water resources department . E jalsevacontains 33 modules , of services in which the water storage , consumption , NI customersutilisation and billing , project construction and execution, design, quality control , irrigationmanagement and its details , maintenance and repairs, , training, research and E-service bookof supporting staff work. Etc details are loaded and available for usage.

Jalshruti App

Jalshruti is mobile application ,which can be used on Android based mobiles , by MRSACNagpur in tandem with MERI Nashik . The App is also used for collecting information aboutDam, canal . offices, rivers in various basin, water bodies and canal mapping module, sendmanager are presently in use for getting the required information.

We all have ideas about the state and history of the watershed and about how that watershedwill respond to alternative land management plans. Our personal ideas are models of theworld around us. These models are used to help us understand the present and predict thefuture. Often each of us has different views of the present and the future and we find it verydifficult to communicate why in a particular set of future consequences. To help thiscommunication, it may become necessary to formalize those views and ideas for bettercommunication between us.Geographic information systems (GIS) allow us to formallydefine our understanding of the past and present state of our watershed and landscapes.Geographic modeling systems (GMS) allow us to formally define how we believe thewatershed works.GIS is commonly accepted and often required by watershed managers.Acceptance and use of GMS technologies is growing among management groups to test theconsequences of alter ative land management scenarios.

19.6 Approaches of GIS application in watershed management

The integrated approach of GIS and Remote Sensing is being recognized universally as theunique highly effective and extremely versatile technology for evaluation, management andmonitoring of natural resources and environment. With the concept of multidisciplinaryintegrated approach got an impetus in monitoring and management of resources andenvironment.

3. 19.7 Watershed management decision support system

There is a growing consensus that an effective way to control non-point sourcepollution and enhance the long-term sustainability of agriculture and rural communities isthrough locally based planning and management at the watershed scale. Coordinated resourcemanagement of a watershed requires the simultaneous consideration of physical andsocioeconomic interrelationships and impacts. In order to address these considerations, it isnecessary to integrate a large amount of spatial information and knowledge from severaldisciplines. To be useful, the information and knowledge must be made available to decisionmakers in a rational framework.Advances in remote sensing, geographic information systems(GIS), multiple objective decision making, and physical simulation make it possible todevelop user-friendly, interactive, decision support systems for watershed planning andmanagement.


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The goal of the study is to incorporate these advances by designing a user friendly, interactivewatershed management decision support system (WAMADSS) that identifies the relativecontribution of sub-watershed areas to agricultural non-point source pollution and evaluatesthe effects of alternative land use/management activities and practices (LUMAPs) on farmincome, soil erosion and surface water quality at the watershed scale. LUMAPs to be includedin WAMADSS are: crop rotations, tillage practices, conservation practices (grass waterways,terraces), pollution prevention practices (timing, rate and method of application of fertilizersand pesticides) and other landscape elements such as improved vegetative cover in riparianareas. The decision support system (DSS) adopts a landscape perspective, which is a way toview interactive parts of a watershed rather than focusing on isolated components.The watershed management decision supp-ort system has three major components: a GIS, amodeling system, and a graphical user interface (GUI). ARC Macro Language (AML) is usedto construct the GUIs, which interface the simulation models and the economic model in aseamless decision support system framework. AML handles all simulation-related activities,including generating input files, executing the environmental models, and viewing results inthe GIS.

19.8 Groundwater modeling in watershed

GIS applications are beneficial in terms of watershed management issues, such as locatingpossible sites suitable for groundwater recharge, because:(1) A large amount of the information required (soils, land-use, and slope maps) to evaluatepotential recharge sites currently exists in digital format.(2) GIS allows a great number of factors to be viewed on uniform media.(3) GIS has the ability to update information on features and corresponding data. This isessential for water resource management projects(4) A GIS database provides decision-makers with a comprehensive visual and tabular meansfor analyses on which to construct and support decisions.(5) Utility of this type of database would be for regional and city planners as well as for watersupply and water quality monitoring.

Groundwater modeling is an attempt to replicate the behaviors of natural groundwateror hydrologic system by defining the essential features of the system in some controlled phys-ical or mathematical manner. Modeling plays an extremely important role in the managementof hydrologic and groundwater system.

19.8.1 Related Technologies

Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about a phenomenoa withoutbeing in contact with it. Remote sensing deals with the detection and measurement ofphenomena with devices sensitive to elecromag- netic energy such as:·Light (cameras and scanners)·Heat (thermal scanners)·Radio Waves (radar)19.8.2 Global positioning systems (GPS)The NAVSTAR GPS (NAVigation Satellite Timing And Ranging) Global Positioning System(GPS) is a space-based radio-navigation and time transfer system. It is an all-weather systemoperated by the Department of Defense and is available world-wide 24 hours a day.19.9 ReferencesFor detail to see:http://www.dnr.state.mi.us/spatialdatalibrary andhttp://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.html


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http://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/1997/ts2/ts2002.shtml,Worboys,Michael.1995“GIS:A Computing Perspective.” Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis.http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/conf/SANTA_FE_CDROM/sf_papers/fulcher_chris/abstract.htmlhttp://www.gisdevelopment.net/applicationhttp://www.srnr.arizona.edu/wsm/wsm462/EvesWebPage.htmlhttp://www.cecer.army.mil/pl/catalog/index.cfm?resetsite=models./


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Chapter No.-20

Water Balance


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Chapter No.-20Water Balance

20.0 IntroductionWater Balance estimation is an important tool to assess the current status and trends inwater resource availability in an area over specific period of time.

This chapter deals with availability of surface water, present use for various purposes,future requirement of water by 2030 and the balance water.

20.1 Yield in the Sub basinThe gross yield as approved by Chief Engineer, Planning and Hydrology, Nashik isgiven below

Table 20.1 Yield in the sub basin

Dependability 50% 75% Average

Yield in Mm3 3524.03 3181.83 3486.16

20.2 Availability & Use of Water

The planned water use in patalganga sub basin is finalised in view of alloacation ofwater. Water Balance for Patalganga Basin is worked out for Surface water plusground water available & taking into account all types of sectorial uses.The availability & use of water is as follows:-


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TABLE- 20.2.A- Availability of Water

(Note- *indicates- The quantity of water which is Imported from Valvan Dam (TATAPower) is considered in 75% yield of Basin (Surface Water).

Sr. No. ParticularPresent(Mm3)

Planning(2030)(Mm3)

1) Surface Water 3181.83 3181.83

a) Maximum Permissible use 3181.83 3181.83

b) Recycling : -- --

Domestic -- --

Industrial 0.02 0.18

Total of (b) 0 0

c) Import Tata Power Valvan dam 200.54* 200.54*

d) Regeneration -- 10.97

G. Total (a)to(d) 3181.85 3192.98

2) Ground Water 23.741 120.10

G. Total (1) & (2) 3205.59 3313.08


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20.2B Sectorial Water demands for Surface and Ground waterSectorial Water demands for Surface and Ground water is as given below:-

Table No.- 20.2 B – Sectorial Water Demands (All figures in Mm3)

Sr.No.

ParticularWater Utilization at Present Water Utilization Planned By 2030

Surface Ground Total Surface Ground Total

1 Domestic 203.01 0.00 203.01 307.89 0.00 307.89

ADomestic -Urban(As per Chapt No.12) 173.98 0.00 173.98 259.65 0.00 259.65

BDomestic -ZP(As per Chapt No.12) 29.03 0.00 29.03 48.24 0.00 48.24

2 Industrial (Chap. 13) 18.25 0.00 18.25 50 0.00 50.00

3Irrigation(S.S+L.S projects) 86.85 0.00 86.85 113.75 0.00 113.75

Total 308.11 0.00 308.11 471.64 0.00 471.64

5 Export 0 0 0 0 0 0

AExport to Other SubBasin 0 0 0 0 0 0

B

Export to MunicipalCorporation ofGreater Mumbai –Domestic 0 0 0 0 0 0

C

Export to MunicipalCorporation ofGreater Mumbai –Industrial 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total Export 0 0 0 0 0 0

Grand Total 308.11 0.00 308.11 471.64 0.00 471.64


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Table No. 20.2.1 Water Balance of Patalganga Valley

Sr.No.

Availability Planning Mm3 Sr.No Use Planning Mm3

Ø Availability of Water Ø Sectorial Water DemandPresent 2030 Present 2030

1 Natural 1 Non Irrigation Usea Natural Water Available 3181.83 3181.83 1.1 Domestic

Urban 173.98 259.65Rural 29.03 48.24

2 Manually Managed Sub Total (1.1) 203.01 307.89a Regeneration-Urban-Industry 0.02 0.18 1.2 Industrial Use 18.25 50.00b Regeneration-Industrial Use 0.00 10.97 Sub Total (1.1+1.2) 221.26 357.89

SubTotal (a+b) 0.02 11.152

Intra Basin/Sub BasinTransfer (Export) 0.00 0.00

3Intra Basin/Sub Basin Transfer(Import)

200.54* 200.54* 3 Water for Environment 28.41SubTotal (1+2+3) 221.26 386.30

4Water Required through River 0.00 0.00 4 Irrigation Use 86.85 113.75

4.1 Major+Medium 79.07 94.744.2 Minor(State+Local) 7.78 19.01

5 Recharge from Irrigation 0.00 0.00 5 From Export 0.00 0.006 Ground water 23.74 120.10A Total(1+2+3+4+5+6) 3205.59 3313.08 B Total(1+2+3+4+5) 308.11 500.05

C Balance Water (A-B) 2897.48 2813.03

Note- *indicates- The quantity of water which is Imported from Valvan Dam (TATA Power) which is considered in 75% yield of PatalgangaSub-Basin (Surface Water).


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Table No. 20.2.2 Water Balance of Patalganga Valley

Status


TotalWater

(2+3+4+5)

Water Use (Mm3)

BalanceWater(6-13)

TotalWater

availableSurface

+GroundWater

Recycledwater

+Regenerationfrom domestic& industrial

use


Ecology(1% ofBalancewater)

Export Total(7+8+9+

10+11+12)

Intrabasin

InterBasin

Intrabasin

InterBasin

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

PresentStatus 3205.57 0.02 200.54* - 3205.59 203.01 18.25 86.85 - - - 308.11 2897.48Statusby2030 3301.93 11.15 200.54* - 3313.08 307.89 50.00 113.75 28.41 - - 500.05 2813.03

Note- *indicates- The quantity of water which is Imported from Valvan Dam (TATA Power) which is considered in 75% yield ofPatalganga Sub-Basin (Surface Water).


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20.3 Per capita availability of waterThe per capita availability of water is worked out for present and future (2030) population asbelow

Table-20.3 – Per capita availability of waterPopulation Per Capita availability of water

(Lacs) (Mcum)2011 2030 2011 203034.50 51.95 203.01 307.89

It is observed through the pilot study conducted at an international level that well being of people iscompromised if per capita water availability drops down than 1000 m3. Per capita availability of1700 m3 is considered as satisfactory. If the same is reduced to 1000 m3, hardships are set in. Theseinclude uses of water for various purposes (agriculture, industry, urban use etc.) of human life. Therequirement on count of livestock necessary to support the masses is also being fulfilled there from.Source: Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission 1999 Part I P.N.160

20.4 Water Available for future useTable No 20.4 Water availability for future use

Type of Source WaterAvailability

(Mm3)

Present(Mm3)

Future2030

(Mm3)

BalanceWater Mm3

Net Surface Wateravailable for future use at

75% dependability +Ground Water+Recycled

& regeneration

3181.83+120.10+0.18+10.97

=3313.08 308.11 471.64 2841.44

Ecology 1% of Balance Water 28.41

Water Availability ForFuture Use 2813.03

In Patalganga Sub-basin 2813.03 Mm3 of surface water is balance for future planning such as localIrrigation including diversion of water to the other basin ( inter state or intrastate projects).

20.5 Water availability per ha of Cultivable areaThe Water availability per ha of Cultivable area is as given below. The criterion for categorizationof basin is as per II nd commission for water and irrigation, these norms are given in table 21.7

Table No.20.5– Water availability per Ha of Cultivable areaWater Availability at

75 % Dep.CCA Water Availability

Cum per HaCategory of Sub basin

Mm3 Lakh. Ha3181.83+120.10=

3301.9321837.09 151207.42 A


206

20.6 Norms For Categorization of Basin

Table 20.6 Norms for Categorization of BasinSr.No

Surface Water Availability Unit Category of BasinFrom To

1 Less than 1500 Cum/Ha Highly Deficit2 1500 3000 Cum/Ha Deficit3 3000 8000 Cum/Ha Normal4 8000 12000 Cum/Ha Surplus

5 More than 112000 Cum/Ha Abundant

Source: Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission 1999 Part I P.N.160


207


Chapter No.-21

Financial Aspects


208

Chapter No.-21Financial Aspects

21.0 INTRODUCTION:

The Patalganga River is one of the West Flowing Rivers in Maharashtra falling intothe Arabian Sea. The Patalganga drain has an area of 1540.11 sq km which lies completely inMaharashtra. Some part of Thane, Raigad and Pune districts fall in the basin. The Patalgangarises from Sahyadri hill ranges in the Raigad district of Maharashtra. The total length of thisWest flowing river from its origin to its outfall in to the Arabian Sea is 54 km. Two ongoingprojects are Hetawane Medium and Balganaga project.

This chapter deals with district wise irrigation potential available, potential created,total expenditure incurred and expenditure required in future for potential to be created inPatalganga Sub Basin. It also covers the relation between potential created and the investmentmade on different types of irrigation projects viz. Major, Medium, Minor projects inPatalganga Sub Basin. Investment required to create one hector of irrigation (cost efficiency)is also studied.

The Patalganga sub basin has total potential 16368 hectors through state sector andlocal sector projects, out of which 17.57% i.e. 2876 Ha potential achieved so far. Totalinvestment of Rs.1043.09 crores requires to create irrigation potential of 16368 ha, out ofwhich Rs.406.18 crores expenditure incurred up to March 2014. There is still 13492 hapotential to be created in future for which amount of Rs. 645.32 crores is to be invested inPatalganga sub basin.

There are 1 completed, 2 ongoing and 4 new administratively approved projects instate sector, while 12 completed 1 ongoing and 4 new administratively approved projects inlocal sector in Patalganga Sub Basin. Further, these projects are categorized as Major,Medium and Minor for state sector projects and Irrigation Tank, Storage Tank and K.T. Weirfor local sector projects. District wise details of completed, ongoing and new administrativelyapproved projects are given in Annexure 21.1, 21.2 & 21.3.

Patalganga sub basin includes total 7 state sector projects (Major, Medium, Minor) inPatalganga sub basin having 15035 ha irrigation potential. Out of which 2446 ha potential hasbeen created and expenditure incurred for this is Rs.389 crores. Still 12589 ha irrigationpotential is to be created through state sector projects for which amount of Rs.539 crores is tobe invested in future.

There are total 17 no of local sector projects having irrigation potential capacity 1333Ha. Out of this 403 ha potential has been created and expenditure incurred for this is Rs.17.61crores. Still 903 ha irrigation potential is to becreated through local sector projects for whichamount of Rs.105.92 crores is to be invested in future.


209

21.1 Cost efficiency:

i)State Sector Projects:

Total potential of state sector projects in Patalganga sub basin is 15035 Ha. Out ofwhich 2446 ha potential created at the end of March 2014 and expenditure incurred for thisis Rs.389 crores. Hence the cost efficiency for created potential of state sector projects inPatalganga sub basin is Rs.15.903 lakhs per Ha.

ii) Local Sector Projects:

Total potential of local sector projects in Patalganga sub basin is 1333 Ha. Out ofwhich 430 ha potential created at the end of March 2014 and expenditure incurred for this isRs.17.61 crores. Hence the cost efficiency for created potential of local sector projects inPatalganga sub basin is Rs.4.09lakhs per Ha.

21.2 Conclusion :

Total Irrigation Potential in Patalganga sub basin is 16368 Ha out of which 2876 Hairrigtion potential developed through State sector and local sector projects in PatalgangaBasin and expenditure incurred for this is Rs.406.18 Crores. Hence cost efficiency forcreated irrigation potential in Patalganga sub basin is Rs 14.12 lakhs per Ha. Still 13492Ha irrigation potential likeley to be achieved in Patalganga Basin for which amount ofRs.645.32 crores is to be invested in future. Per Ha cost for future potential creation inPatalganga Basin is Rs.4.78 Lakhs per Ha .

21.9 References:

1 Jilha Mahiti Pustika Thane 2014

2 Jilha Mahiti Pustika Raigad 2014


210


Chapter No.-23

Action Plan


211

Chapter No.-23Action Plan

23.1 DEVELOPMENT PLAN –

23.1.1 NEW IRRIGATION - There are 1 Major, 2 Medium, 4 Minor (S.S), 17 Minor (L.S) future

projects in this sub basin.

23.1.2 WATER CONSERVATION – Water conservation works are jointly carried out by

Agriculture department & Water Conservation (Local Sector) department. Future plan of both the

department is given below.

Table No.23.1.2 (A)- Future Investment for Irrigation Development in Patalganga Sub BasinSr.No

Category ofWorks

ExpenditureIncurred

(Rs.Crores)

PotentialCreated

(ha.)

FutureCost(Rs.

Crores)

BalancePotential

(ha.)

Cost ofBalancePotential(Rs./ha.)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (5/6)1 WRDA Major 68.89 0 304.71 0 0B Medium 310.97 2046 196.01 11526 0.017C Minor(SS) 8.71 400 38.681 1063 0.036D Minor(LS) 17.61 430 105.919

7903 0.117

Total 392.32 2921 642.22 13311 0.1712 Watershed Development Works

a) Local Sector 0 0 0 0 0

b) Soil Conservation

Works

3.66 430 0 0 0

3 Sewage Irrigation 0 0 0 0 04 Galper Land 0 0 0 0 05 Surplus Land 0 0 0 0 0

6Modern Irrigation

Methods0 0 0 0 0

Total 3.66 430 0 0 0


212

23.1.2 B - WATER CONSERVATION (LOCAL SECTOR) DEPARTMENT –

Future plan for year 2015 to 2020 & 2021 to 2025 are as below.

Table No.23.1.2(B)– Status of Future Project

Sr.No Category of Works ExpenditureIncurred(Crores)

PotentialCreated

(ha.)

FutureInvestment

(Crores)

BalancePotential

(ha.)1) WRD 0 0 132.321 46172) Local Sector 0 0 102.82 7223) Soil Conservation Works 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 235.14 5339

23.2 Action Plan (2015-2020)Table No.23.2.1Ongoing Schemes 101 to 250 Ha.

Sr. No Category of Works Ongoingschemes

Potential (ha) Capacity Mm³

1) M. I Scheme Jambrung M.I.scheme,Khalapur

181.00 2.262Total 1 181.00 2.262

Table No.23.2.1-Future Schemes 101 to 250 Ha.Sr.No Category of

Worksschemes Potential (ha) Capacity

mm³

1) Minor LS Mohile M.I.S. 146 2.48Balavali M.I.S. 111 2.42

Khandpoli M.I.S 225 3.46Wangani M.I.S. 240 3.68

Total 4 722 12.04

23.3 DRINKING WATER MJP ACTION PLAN –23.3.1 MJP DEVELOPMENT PLAN

State Government should set aside required funds from budget allocation to ensure un-interrupted functioning of the scheme in the context of larger interest of social and public healthissues.State Government spends considerable amount for provision of water supply to rural areas andit should not be difficult for Government to make relatively small provisions for operation andmaintenance part also. If Government decides to provide financial assistance then proportionateamount of subsidy shall be credited to the account of the agency (MJP). In cases where the local bodydoes not pay the water charges then the agency shall have freedom to stop the water supply. In thatcase the local body cannot have the plea that the Government neglects the important aspect of ruralwater supply.

23.3.2 MJP ACTION PLANAs per the requirement of the local body i.e. Grampanchyat, Nagarparishad, Municipal

Council. Water supply schemes are designed for the projected population (15 Years). Initial cost ofthe scheme depends upon the population as well as source of the scheme. After the necessaryadministrative approval, the rural scheme is considered in to the Action Plan for execution of thescheme. For approximately 30 months duration for the completion of the scheme from the demand ofLocal Body to completion of the scheme. Accordingly, provision of funds is made in the action plan.

Urban & Rural water Supply schemes, for drinking water purpose, with respective sub basin


213

wise, total demand as per the norms & as per the availability of water should be calculated in thecombined Grid system as per the site conditions. If the demand is more, combined Grid systemshould not be implemented.For Rural water supply schemes in Patalganga basin, Annual Action Plan for 2015-2016 underNRDWP will be as follows.

Table No- 23.3- Annual Action Plan for 2015-2016 under NRDWPName of Dist. No. of Villages Cost Rs. (In Croes)

Thane (Advali-Bhutavali, Goteghar,Pimpari, Thane)

4

Raigad (Alibag Karjat, Khalpur,Pen,Sudhagad, Uran, Panvel)

491

Mumbai(Kurla)

1

Pune(Mawal )

1

Total 497

There is no any specific Action Plan of Urban Water Supply Schemes.

23.4- MEASURES TO BE TAKEN AFTER THE COMPLETION OF THE SCHEME

100% meter for all water connections in distribution system and water meter installation formeasuring quantity abstracted from source, at outlet of water treatment plant and at outlet ofservice reservoir.

Water audit to know the losses in the system, to locate the leakage points and rectification oflosses to achieve most economical use of available water.

Timely replacement of old leakage pipelines. To achieve consumers’ satisfaction by introducing 24x7 supply system and thereby to reduce

water consumption and water losses in the system and to have equitable supply to all theconsumers.

23.5- FLOOD MANAGEMENT PLAN –Importance of Flood Control in Patalganga Basin; - There 1 medium projects are in

Patalganga basin which are coming under Jurisdiction of Chief Engineer (WRD.) Konkan Region,Water Resource Department Mumbai.

In Flood Position Hetawane dam controlled by E..E. Hetawne Medium Project Division,Kamarli Unit on situation of flood in rainy season (June to Oct). In between thesemonth daily rainfall on dam site, Incoming flow, Discharge Pass from Canal & Spill way, importantplaces in river water level & danger level, these above all situation of all dams & all river controlledby these flood control units.

This Collective information given to collector, corporation, office of police Commissioner,Press (Media), all department of Govt. also Mantralaya, Mumbai etc. at 10.00 a.m. daily. TheInformation of Hetawne project is given by S.E. North Konkan Irrigation Project Circle, Kalwa,Thane & E..E. Hetawne Medium Project Division, Kamarli. In Flood situation this informationupdated by every hours and same time dangerous situation advance notice given to department.


214

23.6 Geographical situation of Rivers & Reservoir in Patalganga Basin.

23.6.1 Geographical Situation –

The Patalganga River is a river that rises in the steep western scarps of the Matheran uplands where itbranches off from the main ridge near Khopoli and maintains a general westward flow till it joinsthe Dharamtar Creek with a wide estuary. The total length of this West flowing river from its origin toits outfall in to the Arabian Sea is 54 km. The important tributaries of the Patalganga River areBalganga and Bhogeshwari.The Catchment area of entire Patalganga River is 1540.11 km2 which lies in Raigad district & insome part of Thane, Pune, Mumbai district of Maharashtra.

23.6.2 Rainfall:Rainfall is the only source of water in the River. The quantity of inflow and flow forecasts

depends on the intensity and timeliness of rainfall data. In the river basin, the flood forecasting andreservoir operations are based on the guidelines given in “Dam Safety Manual Chapter 7: FloodForecasting, Reservoir Operation and Gate Operation, 1984, Irrigation Department, Government ofMaharashtra”. This manual had been prepared mainly based on the circulars issued by the GOM, theliterature published by the Central Water Commission, New Delhi and the Central Board of Irrigationand Power, New Delhi and provisions in IS: 7323-1974.The gates of the Dam are operated according to the approved ROS & GOS.ROS & GOS of important dams are attached.

The locations of villages have been marked on the Map showing a) Blue Zone, b) Green Zoneand c) Red Zone.a) Blue Zone: As per the guideline issued by Dam Safety Manual Chapter-7, Page No. 28, these

Blue Zone is known as Prohibitive Zone which is 1.5 times river channel capacity. This area maybe used only for the open land type of use such as playgrounds, gardens, river side esplanades orcultivation of light crops wherever such riparian rights exists.

b) Green Zone: This Zone is also known as restrictive Zone which is of spillway design floodcapacity. In the restrictive zone the land use regulation may specify the safe height for the plinthlevel of the lowest floor level and the type of building method to prevent collapse of the structureduring floods.

Restrictions on the type of uses of buildings in such zones may also be specified. This willtake into account the possibility of floods expected in this zone and also necessity of all promptevacuation of people, cattle and goods at short notice, to avoid costly flood damages and loss oflife. While framing constructions in such zones, compulsory insurance may also have to beconsidered.

c) Red Zone: This Zone is also known as Caution Zone and is of Dam break inundation Zone.Flooding in this area may be rare but not altogether impossible. The regulation for land use in thiszone should only include a caution about the flood risk and likely flood height in this area andnecessary building precautions for safety under such circumstances, wherever a contingency mayarise.

The disaster management plan has been prepared by the concerned authorities of revenue andWRD for this emergency and circulated amongst all the concerned office also, as well as the publicrepresentative of Patalganga Sub Basin.


215

23.6.3 Flood Control Cell :

For Patalganga river basin , the Flood Control Cell is established at ,Region Circle , which collectsthe reservoir levels, rainfall, spillway discharge for each of the reservoirs twice a day (07:00 Hrs and17:00 Hrs) in normal circumstances and hourly in flood like situation. The data is received by anyavailable means viz. Cell Phones, Wireless, Land Line etc. Flood control cell is under the ExecutiveEngineer, Kolad Minor Irrigation Division, Kolad and during monsoon (from June to October) isoperational 24X7 in three shifts. Everyday, at 08:00 Hrs Report is generated and send to The ChiefEngineer, Water Resources Department Mumbai. The Chief Engineer, Water Resources, Mumbai;Divisional Commissioner, Konkan Bhavan Navi Mumbai and the District Administration. TheDisaster Management Cell under District Collector with the help of other departments is prepared foremergency response.

23.7Recommendations of Study Groups/Commissions/Committees

23.7.1 Recommendations related to Floodsi) The recommendation/guidelines have been ensured by Dam Safety Organization, Government of

Maharashtra, Nasik as per Dam Safety Manual, Chapter-7 and 8.ii) The National Water Policy, 2002 provides for –a) There should be a master plan for flood control and management for each flood prone basin.b) Adequate flood cushion should be provided in water storage projects, wherever feasible, to

facilitate better flood management. In highly flood prone areas, flood control be given overridingconsideration in reservoir regulation policy even at the cost of sacrificing some irrigation orpower benefits.

c) While physical flood protection works like embankments and dykes will continue to benecessary, increased emphasis should be laid on non-structural measures such as flood forecastingand warning, flood plain zoning and flood proofing for the minimization of losses and to reducethe recurring expenditure on flood relief.

d) There should be strict regulation of settlements and economic activity in the flood plain zonesalong with flood proofing, to minimize the loss of life and property on account of floods.

e) The flood forecasting activities should be modernized, value added and extended to otheruncovered areas. In flow forecasting to reservoirs should be instituted for their effectiveregulation.

23.7.2 Disaster Management Plan:The Disaster Management Plan prepared for Village/Municipality level has two parts.

Part-1 of the Plan contains information on-1. Information about Village / Municipality2. Hazardous, Vulnerable and Risk Areas in the Village / Municipality and MapShowing Disaster Prone area

3. Response and Improvement Plan4. Early Warning and Preparedness Plan5. Mitigation, Relief and rehabilitation Plan


216

Part-2 of the Plan includes-1. Telephone numbers of Government Officials (State/District/Tal./Control Room)2. List of Members of Disaster Management Committee, Groups, Swimmers etc.3. Mitigation Measures for Hazardous, Vulnerable and Risk Areas4. List of Emergency and Important Services5. List of NGOs, Addresses, Telephone Numbers, Specialization6. Inventory of available resources and equipment.

23.8 MANAGEMENT PLAN –

Improvement in Water use efficiency- The coming years are going to exert maximum pressure onavailability of water for irrigation, as domestic as well as industrial demands are certainly going toincrease, within the fixed total available quantum. The challenge lies in using every drop of waterjudiciously. The chapter of use of modern tools (no 19) deals at length about this. Many moderntechniques, like drip, sprinkler, automated and controlled environment will be extensively used tocombat the stress and enhance the area under irrigation. Varieties of crops needing less water andmaturity period have to be developed in lab and the same should be transferred to farmers at theearliest. Research at various agro universities will play a very important role in this regard.

Fuller Utilization of created potential and increasing productivity in existing projects –WaterAudit, Bench-Marking and ISR- By using these two tools, the monitoring of every parameter ispossible and with help of set yardsticks, the performance can be constantly compared and improvisedwith study of findings and proper recommendations from the monitoring authority at MaharashtraWater Resources Development Centre at Aurangabad

23.9 MPCB - WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN –

23.9.1 Action Plan for prevention of River Pollution

The Patalganga River is one of the main river in this basin have been receiving enormous amount ofdischarge of treated and untreated sewage from various local bodies. Thus it could be estimated thatout of total 12.70 MLD sewage generated, almost 0 % i.e 0 MLD gets treatment and whereasremaining 12.70 MLD of untreated sewage is discharged at various points into the river.The action plan is required to improvement in the quality to the required standard and levels foruntreated discharges. Also it is required to establish most effective infrastructure to monitor the waterquality.The action plan in details i.e local body information, quantity of untreated sewages respective to thelocal bodies and the proposed action to be taken are given below;-


217

A) Waste Management

2. Local Body

Sr.No.

Name of theLocal Body

Untreated sewageentering in the river

Action to be proposed

A MunicipalCouncil

1. Panvel 5. Disposal oftreated sewage into creek.

6. Installed of STP for treatment ofsewage considering futurepopulation.

7. Underground sewer line to entirecorporation area.

8. Local body should adopt in-situnalla treatment like eco-bricks,phytoremedations on all nalls as ashort term measure.

9. It should be made compulsory to alllocal bodies to keep strictly reservefund of 25 % of the capital budgetevery year for providing sewagetreatment & its management.

2. Khopoli 12 MLD untreatedsewage entering in the

river Patalganga.

6. Incomplete STP and no furtherprogress observed.

7. Underground sewer line to entirecorporation area and required toprovide in new developing area.

8. Local body should adopt in-situnalla treatment like eco-bricks,phytoremedations as a short termmeasure

9. Treated sewage shall be compulsoryre-used.

10. It should be made compulsory to alllocal bodies to keep strictly reservefund of 25 % of the capital budgetevery year for providing sewagetreatment & its management.


218

2)Industrial pollution

a) Installation continuous online monitoring systems at outlet of effluent from Treatment plant &

display on main gate of industry.

b) Connect to online monitoring system to MPCB server.

c) Increase the vigilance by MPCB for verifying the performance of Effluent Treatment Plant

d) Insist industries to adopt newly advanced technologies to achieve zero discharge

23.9.2 Financial Management

Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) is law enforcement body for protection of

environment in the state of Maharashtra. MPCB has no financial liability for infrastructure

development for treatment of sewage. However, Ministry of Environment & Forest, New

Delhi (MoEF) and Environment Department Govt of Maharashtra has formulated National

River Conservation Directorate & State River Conservation Scheme respectively to provide

funds for treatment of domestic sewage generated from local body area. Local body should

prepare proposals for treatment of sewage respective to their jurisdiction and shall seek funds

from above schemes formulated by MOEF and Environment Department Govt of

Maharashtra.

MPCB monitors river water quality under central government schemes at predefined

locations.

23.9.3 GSDA Ground Water Plan -In the Patalganga sub basin there are 05 watersheds comprising an area of about 1540.114

Sq.km. All 5 watersheds are categorised as safe. The total gross ground water draft is

23.741Mm3. Net annual groundwater availability is 202.78Mm3. Net groundwater

availability for future irrigation is 120.10 Mm3.Hence, there is scope for ground water

development in future.

There is a large scope for groundwater recharge and the management of groundwater in this

basin. The available groundwater has to be managed with the public participation or the

community based water management projects.


219

Table No.23. 9.3.1Water required for Balance CCA

Sr.No Description

TotalCCA

PlannedArea

BalanceCCA

WaterPlanning

Waterrequired

forBalance

CCA(Mm3)

Remark

Ha Ha Ha Mm3

Completed+Ongoing+Future

1 State Sector21837.1

15035 6802.09 98.692 44.65

2 Local Sector 722 21115.1 15.06 440.43

Total 21837.1 15757 27917.2 113.752 485.08

CCA =21837.09 Ha

Planned Area to be Irrigated =15757 Ha

Area To Be Irrigated In Future=27917.20Ha

Water Required for this area = 485.08Mm3

Water Balance at 2030 = 2813.03 Mm3

Hence, Water Available for Future by 2030 (After fulfilling the requirement of balance CCA)=2813.03-485.08= 2327.95Mm3.

Riparian rights :

Under the riparian principle, all land owners whose properties adjoin a body ofwater have the right to make reasonable use of it as it flows through or over their properties. Ifthere is not enough water to satisfy all users, allotments are generally fixed in proportion tofrontage on the water source. These rights cannot be sold or transferred other than with theadjoining land and only in reasonable quantities associated with that land. The water cannotbe transferred out of the watershed without due consideration as to the rights of thedownstream riparian landowners.

Riparian rights include such things as the right to access for swimming,boating and fishing; the right to wharf out to a point of navigability; the right to erectstructures such as docks, piers, and boat lifts; the right to use the water for domestic purposes;the right to accretions caused by water level fluctuations; the right to exclusive use if thewater body is non-navigable. Riparian rights also depend upon "reasonable use" as it relatesto other riparian owners to ensure that the rights of one riparian owner are weighed fairly andequitably with the rights of adjacent riparian owners.


220


Annexures


221

Chapter No.01Annexure 1.1 -Watershed Details

DistrictName

TalukaIncludedWaterShade

Area inHa.

DistrictName

TalukaIncludedWaterShade

Area in Ha.

MUMBAI Kurla WF-42 0.23 MUMBAI Kurla

PUNE Mawal WF-43 29.10 PUNE Mawal WF-43 0.97

RAIGAD Alibag WF-44 0.38 RAIGAD Panvel WF-40 631.79

RAIGAD Karjat WF-40 22.62 RAIGAD Panvel WF-40 909.82






















RAIGAD Khalapur WF-40 14.92 RAIGAD Panvel WF-43 331.54

















222

















RAIGAD Khalapur WF-43 2.79 RAIGAD Pen WF-42 0.93






























223






































RAIGAD Panvel WF-36 0.00 RAIGAD Pen WF-44 540.39









224












RAIGAD Panvel WF-40 572.81 RAIGAD Sudhagad WF-43 104.14











RAIGAD Panvel WF-40 445.25 RAIGAD Uran WF-40 0.02
























225






















RAIGAD Panvel WF-40 281.19 RAIGAD Panvel WF-40 539.01





THANE Thane WF-36 7646.62 THANE Thane WF-36 539.37






226

Chapter No.01Annexure No.2

List of Villages with respective Watershed numbers in Patalganga Basin

Sr.No Name of Village Water Shed No. Taluka

1 Kurla WF-42 Kurla

2 Kune N.m. WF-43 Mawal

3 Dharamtar Creek WF-44 Alibag

4 Ashane

WF-40 , WF-43 Karjat ( R)

5 Bedisgaon

6 Beed Bk.

7 Bekare

8 Bhadwal

9 Bhisegaon

10 Chochi

11 Haliwali

12 Karjat

13 Koshane

14 Mamdapur

15 Matheran

16 Mohili Tf Wasare

17 Mugape

18 Nangurle

19 Neral Urban

20 Palasdori

21 Pali Tf Waredi

22 Talawali

23 Tighar

24 Varne

25 Adoshi

WF-40 , WF-43, WF-44 Khalapur

26 Ambivali Tarf Tungartan

27 Ambivali Tarf Wankhal

28 Anjarun

29 Apati

30 Asare

31 Asaroti

32 Bhilawale

33 Bid Kh.

34 Borgaon Bk.

35 Borgaon Kh.

36 Boriwali

37 Chambharli

38 Chichwali Gohe

39 Chilthan

40 Chowk Maniwali

41 Dahiwali Tf Boreti


227

42 Deonhawe

43 Dhamani

44 Dharni

45 Dheku

46 Dolavali

47 Donvat

48 Durshet

49 Ghodivali

50 Gohe

51 Gorthan Kh.

52 Gorthan Kh.

53 Gothiwali

54 Hal Kh

55 Hatnoli

56 Honad

57 Horale

58 Isambe

59 Jambarung

60 Jambiwali Tf Boreti

61 Jambiwali Tf Chhattishi

62 Kaire

63 Kambe

64 Kandharoli Tf Boreti

65 Kandharoli Tf Wank

66 Karambeli

67 Kelwali

68 Khalapur

69 Khambewadi

70 Khanaw

71 Khariwali

72 Kharsondi

73 Kharwai Kh.

74 Khopoli

75 Kolote Mokashi

76 Kolote Rayati

77 Kopari

78 Kumbhiwali

79 Lodhivali

80 Lohop

81 Mahad

82 Majagaon

83 Mandad Atkargaon

84 Mandap

85 Mankivali

86 Mohopada Alias Wasambe


228

87 Morbe

88 Nadhal

89 Nadode

90 Nandanpada

91 Naniwali

92 Narangi

93 Nawandhe

94 Nigdoli

95 Nimbode

96 Niphan

97 Padaghe

98 Pali Bk.

99 Pali Kh.

100 Pansheel

101 Parade

102 Parkhande

103 Poud

104 Ransai (valvat)

105 Rees

106 Sajgaon

107 Sangade

108 Sangadewadi

109 Sarang

110 Sarsan

111 Savroli

112 Sawali

113 Shengaon

114 Shiravali Tarf Boriti

115 Shiravali Tf Boreti

116 Sondewadi

117 Talashi

118 Talegaon

119 Talwali

120 Tambati

121 Tembhari

122 Thanenhave

123 Tondali

124 Tupgaon

125 Ujloli

126 Umbare

127 Umbarvira

128 Usaroli

129 Vanivali

130 Vat

131 Vinegaon


229

132 Wadgaon

133 Wadvihir

134 Wadwal

135 Wanawathe

136 Wanawe

137 Wangani

138 Wani

139 Warad

140 Warose Tf Wankhal

141 Washiwali

142 Wawandhal

143 Wawarle

144 Wawoshi

145 Wayal

146 Adai

WF-36, WF-40, WF-42, WF-43 Panvel

147 Adivali

148 Ajivali

149 Akulwadi

150 Akurli

151 Ambhe Tf Taloje

152 Ambhe Tf Waje

153 Ambivali

154 Apte

155 Arwali

156 Ashte

157 Bambavi

158 Barapada

159 Barwai

160 Belvali

161 Bhatan

162 Bherle

163 Bhingar

164 Bhingarwadi

165 Bhokarpada

166 Bid

167 Bonshet

168 Borle

169 Chawane

170 Cheravali

171 Chikhale

172 Chinchavan

173 Chinchvali Tf Taloje

174 Chinchvali Tf Waje

175 Chindharan

176 Chipale


230

177 Chirvat

178 Dahivali

179 Dapiwali

180 Dapoli

181 Deharang

182 Derawali

183 Devad

184 Devichapada

185 Devloli Bk

186 Dhamani

187 Dhansar

188 Dhodani

189 Dighati

190 Dolaghar

191 Dundre

192 Dungi (pargaon)

193 Gadhe

194 Gavhan

195 Gherakilla Manikgad

196 Ghot

197 Giravale

198 Gulsunde

199 Harigram

200 Hedutane

201 Jambivali

202 Jatade

203 Kalhe

204 Kaliwali

205 Kalundra

206 Kanpoli

207 Karade Bk

208 Karade Kh.

209 Karambeli Tf Taloje

210 Karanjade

211 Karavale Bk.

212 Karnala

213 Kasalkhand

214 Kasap

215 Kasarbhat

216 Kelavane

217 Kevale

218 Khairwadi

219 Khanav

220 Khanavale

221 Kharghar


231

222 Kharkopar

223 Kherane Kh

224 Kolkhe

225 Kon

226 Kondale

227 Kondap

228 Kopar

229 Koproli

230 Koral

231 Koyana Velhe

232 Kudave

233 Kundevahal

234 Ladiwali

235 Loniwali

236 Mahalungi

237 Mahodar

238 Maldunge

239 Manghar (mankher)

240 Marchiprabal

241 Moho

242 Mohope

243 Morbe

244 Mosare

245 Nagzari

246 Nandgaon

247 Nanoshi

248 Narpoli

249 Nere

250 Nevali

251 New Bombay

252 Nhave

253 Nitalas

254 Nitale

255 Owe

256 Owe (Taloje Panchanad)

257 Owle

258 Padeghar

259 Palaspe

260 Pale Bk.

261 Pali Bk

262 Pali Kh

263 Palidevad

264 Panvel (Urban)

265 Panvel Creek

266 Pargaon


232

267 Patnoli

268 Pisarve

269 Posari

270 Poyanje

271 Ritghar

272 Rohinjan

273 Sai

274 Sangade

275 Sangatoli

276 Sanguli

277 Sarsai

278 Savale

279 Savane

280 Shendung

281 Shilottar Raichur

282 Shiravali

283 Shirdhon

284 Shivansai

285 Shivkar

286 Somtane

287 Sonkahr

288 Taloje Majkur

289 Tamsai

290 Targhar

291 Turade

292 Turbhe

293 Turmale

294 Ulwe

295 Umroli

296 Usarli Bk

297 Usarli Kh

298 Vadavali

299 Vadghar

300 Vaghivali

301 Vakadi

302 Valap

303 Vavanje

304 Vaveghar

305 Vichumbe

306 Vihighar

307 Wahal

308 Wajapur

309 Waje

310 Wangani Tf Taloje

311 Wangani Tf Waje


233

312 Wardoli

313 Adharne

WF-42, WF-43, WF-44 Pen

314 Aghai

315 Ambeghar

316 Ambivali

317 Antore

318 Ashte

319 Balawali

320 Belvade

321 Belvade Bk.

322 Benavale

323 Borgaon

324 Borli

325 Borze

326 Chinchghar

327 Dadar

328 Davansar

329 Davre

330 Dhamni

331 Dhavate

332 Dhondpada

333 Div

334 Dolvi Dababa

335 Dubej

336 Durshet

337 Dushmi

338 Dutarfa Sapoli

339 Gagode Bk

340 Gagode Kh

341 Ghote

342 Govirle

343 Hamrapur

344 Hanumanpada

345 Hetavane

346 Jawali

347 Jite

348 Johe

349 Jui Bk.

350 Jui Kh.

351 Kalave

352 Kaleshriwadi

353 Kamarli

354 Kane

355 Karambeli Chattishi

356 Karodi


234

357 Kauli Simadevi

358 Khar Dutarfa Borli

359 Khar Simadevi

360 Kharkoshim

361 Kharoshi

362 Kharpada

363 Kharsapoli

364 Kopar

365 Koproli

366 Kurmurli

367 Lakhola

368 Mahalmirya Dongar

369 Maleghar

370 Mangrul

371 Masad Kh

372 Mohili Inam

373 Mohili Khalsa

374 Mothe Bhal

375 Mothe Vadhav

376 Mungoshi

377 Nagadi Sapoli

378 Nandai

379 Nanegaon

380 Narwel

381 Navkhar

382 Nidhavali

383 Niphad

384 Odhangi

385 Padale

386 Paned

387 Part of Nagadi Sapoli

388 Part of Pen (Rural)

389 Patnoli

390 Pen

391 Pen (Rural)

392 Pimpalgaon

393 Ramraj

394 Rave

395 Rode

396 Sapoli Inam

397 Sawarsai

398 Shedashi

399 Shene

400 Shirki

401 Shitole


235

402 Sonkhar

403 Talavali

404 Tambadshet

405 Tasrankhop

406 Tilore

407 Tukaramwadi

408 Turkhul

409 Uchede

410 Umbarde

411 Vadgaon

412 Valak

413 Virani (irani)

414 Vitthalwadi

415 Wadhav

416 Wakrul

417 Warawane

418 Waredi

419 Warsai

420 Washi

421 Washiwali

422 Chandargaon

WF-43, WF-44 Sudhagad

423 Gondav

424 Hatond

425 Khandpoli

426 Mahagaon

427 Padsare

428 Tadgaon

429 Antrabamdakhar

WF-40, WF-42, WF-43 URAN

430 Aware

431 Bandhpada(N.V)

432 Belondakhar

433 Bhendkhol

434 Bhom

435 Bokadvira

436 Bori Bk.

437 Bori Pakhadi

438 Borichakotha

439 Chanaje

440 Chikhali Bhom

441 Chirle

442 Chirnar

443 Creek

444 Dhasakhosi (N.V.)

445 Dhutum

446 Dighode


236

447 Dongari

448 Funde

449 Govthane

450 Hanuman Koliwada (N.V.)

451 Harishchandra Pimpale

452 Jasai

453 Jaskhar

454 Jui

455 Juipunade

456 Kacherpada

457 Kadape

458 Kaladhonda

459 Kalambusare

460 Kanthavali

461 Karal

462 Karanja Creek

463 Kauli Bandhankhar

464 Kauli Belodkhar

465 Kegaon

466 Koproli

467 Mhatwali

468 Muthekhar

469 Nagaon

470 Navghar

471 Navinsheve (N.V.)

472 Pagote

473 Pale

474 Panje

475 Part of Sonari

476 Paundkhar

477 Pirkone

478 Pohi

479 Punade

480 Ransai

481 Ranwad

482 Sangpalekhar

483 Sarde

484 Sawarkhar

485 Shematikhar

486 Sheva

487 Sonari

488 Talbandkhar

489 Uran

490 Vasheni

491 Vindhane


237

492 Waltikhar

493 Weshvi

494 Advali-Bhutavali

WF-36 Thane495 Goteghar

496 Pimpari

497 Thane


238

Chapter No.7.-Ground Water ResourcesAnnexure No. -7.1

(Source – Groundwater Assessment Data 2011-12)

Sr.No. District Taluka Village

Watershed Year 2005 Year 2006 Year 2007 Year 2008 Year 2009 Year 2010 Year 2011 Year 2012 Year 2013 Year 2014 Average

NoPre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post

1 Raigad Karjat Kalam WF 39 7.8 1.25 8.25 1.3 8.1 1.2 7.1 1.5 5.9 1.3 5.85 1.1 4.4 0.9 7.5 1 6.7 1.2 6.844 1.194

2 Raigad Karjat Karjat WF 41 2.85 0.45 1.4 0.4 2.6 1 2.75 0.8 3.5 1.2 2.2 0.75 2.2 0.65 3.1 0.75 2.4 0.75 2.556 0.75

3 Raigad Karjat Kashele WF 41 6.7 1.6 7.25 2.3 7.25 3.65 7.25 2.5 7.25 4.8 7.3 3.4 6 3.35 7.25 2.4 6.5 3.35 6.972 3.039

4 Raigad Karjat Khandas WF 39 16.2 1.8 15.5 2.6 15.5 4 15.5 2 14.4 2.7 15.3 3.85 14.1 3.75 17 2.7 17.2 2.6 15.633 2.889

5 Raigad Karjat Vadavali WF 41 8.99 0.7 9 0.6 9 1 9 0.65 9 1.45 9.05 0.7 4.1 0.65 9.05 0.7 3.8 0.9 7.888 0.817

6 Raigad KarjatWarai TWaredi WF 39 1.25 0.6 2.2 0.75 3.95 0.55 4.5 0.8 3.9 0.55 3.35 0.8 2.6 0.75 3.95 0.65 3.1 0.5 3.2 0.661

7Raigad

Khalapur ChaukWF 43

5.5 1.1 5.2 1 4.95 1.1 4.6 0.8 3.7 1.55 5.45 1.35 4.6 1.2 5.25 1.5 6.3 1.2 5.061 1.2

8Raigad

Khalapur KhapaurWF 43

6.15 1.7 6.15 2.1 3.85 2.3 5.95 7.75 5 2.8 5.8 1.2 4.15 1.1 6.7 1.2 6 2 5.528 2.461

9Raigad

Panvel BarapadaWF 43

8.15 0.6 2.65 0.6 2.3 0.6 4.35 0.4 4 0.6 2.85 0.7 1.6 0.65 2.9 0.7 2 0.5 3.422 0.594

10Raigad Panvel

NereWF 40

6.1 0.25 5.5 1 5.4 0.65 5.5 0.4 5.5 1.25 5.7 0.8 4.8 0.75 5.45 1.4 6 0.9 5.55 0.822

11Raigad Panvel

PanvelWF 40

1.1 0.3 0.3 0.05 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.85 0.45 0.25 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.578 0.222

12Raigad Panvel

TalojaPachandWF 40

7.45 0.75 8.1 0.8 6.2 0.9 5.4 0.95 5.5 1.45 5.1 1.6 3.9 0.8 3.7 1.3 2.4 1.1 5.306 1.072

13Raigad Panvel

VajeWF 40

7.54 1.75 6.2 1.8 7.55 2.8 4.3 0.3 7.55 2.75 5.75 2.9 5.8 2.05 5.2 2.5 6.4 1.95 6.254 2.089

14Raigad Pen

Gagode BKWF 43

8.05 1 6.1 1.15 7.45 1.3 8.35 2 7.4 1.3 6.85 1.1 2.6 1 3.2 3.1 3.6 1.3 5.956 1.472

15Raigad Pen

KamardiWF 44

3 0.9 3.15 0.8 2.85 1.05 3.7 2.9 3 1.25 2.7 1.3 3.65 1.1 2.3 2.6 3.05 1.5 3.044 1.489

16Raigad Pen

PenWF 43

7.05 4.8 8.3 4.8 7.8 5.8 7 4.9 7.4 6.35 7.15 6.3 7.1 6.3 7.3 5.9 7.5 5.4 7.4 5.617

17Raigad Pen

UmbardeWF 43

4.7 0.15 7.4 0.3 5.9 0.4 4.65 0.2 1.85 0.45 1.65 0.4 3.1 0.3 2.6 0.5 2.3 0.45 3.794 0.35

18Raigad

Uran JasaiWF 42

4.2 0.3 4.45 0.55 4.85 0.45 4.3 0.4 4.5 0.3 5.25 0.4 4.2 0.35 4.25 0.1 0.5 0.1 4.056 0.328

19Raigad

Uran UranWF 42

2.4 0.85 2 1.2 2.15 0.8 1.1 0.9 2 1.1 1.45 1.1 1.2 1 2.1 1.15 0.9 1 1.7 1.011

Avg 6.062 1.097 5.742 1.268 5.703 1.561 5.579 1.592 5.379 1.768 5.211 1.587 4.226 1.424 5.232 1.592 4.587 1.411 5.302 1.478

Max 16.2 4.8 15.5 4.8 15.5 5.8 15.5 7.75 14.4 6.35 15.3 6.3 14.1 6.3 17 5.9 17.2 5.4 15.633 5.617

Min 1.1 0.15 0.3 0.05 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.85 0.3 0.25 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.578 0.222


239

Chapter No.7.-Ground Water ResourcesAnnexure No.7.2 Ground Water Recharge in patalganga Basin

Sr.No.Watershed

No.

Typeof

AreaArea(ha)

Numberof

irrigationwells ofGWE Recharge in Ham From

Rainfall(ham)

Surfaceirrigation

(ham)

GWIrrigation

(ham)Tanks(ham)

ConservationStructure

(ham)Total(ham)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111 39 C 21225 28 71.59 8.19 19.13 6.86 334.77 8.192 39 NC 21225 40 1687.34 11.7 19.88 48.43 1767.4 11.73 40 C 44560 22 48.82 6.44 16.79 0 129.79 6.444 40 NC 44560 648 4408.09 189.54 6.72 20.11 4624.5 189.545 41 C 42576 21 365.12 5.04 0 0 695.02 5.046 41 NC 42576 90 4023.10 32.4 16.25 43.11 4114.9 32.47 42 NC 24597 121 1632.32 40.84 0 3.1 1676.3 40.848 43 C 63060 13 133.11 4.39 46.04 0 290.47 4.399 43 NC 63060 213 5296.03 71.89 32.66 33.96 5434.5 71.89

10 44 C 1130 10 42.10 0 7.95 0 62.51 011 44 NC 42184 87 2059.03 31.32 0 23.35 2113.7 31.32

Patalganga basin Total 367439 129319766.65

19773 738 409.75 174.4 188.9



240

Chapter No.7.-Ground Water ResourcesAnnexure No. -7.3-Ground Water Draft in patalganga Basin

Sr.No.Watershed

No.Type of

AreaRecharge

(Ham)

NaturalDischarge

(Ham)

Net Annual GWAvailability

(Ham)

Gross Draft(Ham)

1 2 3 4 5 6 71 39 C 8.19 34.27 308.46 35.132 39 NC 11.7 88.37 1678.98 78.53 40 C 6.44 13.68 123.10 32.314 40 NC 189.54 231.22 4393.23 1092.705 41 C 5.04 38.87 738.54 22.716 41 NC 32.4 205.74 3909.12 215.497 42 NC 40.84 83.81 1592.45 199.018 43 C 4.39 16.46 312.73 35.459 43 NC 71.89 271.73 5162.81 449.70

10 44 C 0 6.71 60.43 87.8111 44 NC 31.32 105.68 2008.01 125.28Patalganga basin Total 188.9 1101.54 20293.86 2381.09



241

Chapter No.7.-Ground Water ResourcesAnnexure No.-7.4- Groundwater Availability and Stage of Development in Patalganaga Sub Basin.

Sr.No.WatershedNo.(WF)

Typeof Area

NetAnnualGroundwaterAvailability

(Ham)

GrossDraft(ham)

Stage ofDevel.

(%) Watertable trend

Categoryof

Watershed

Net GW availabilty forfuture irrigation use

(ham)Pre

MonsoonPost

Monsoon1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101 39 C 308.46 35.13 5.72 RISING RISING SAFE 1839.732 39 NC 1678.98 78.5

24.913 40 C 123.10 32.31 RISING RISING SAFE 3050.204 40 NC 4393.23 1092.705 41 C 738.54 22.71 5.13 RISING RISING SAFE 4321.036 41 NC 3909.12 215.49

12.507 42 NC 1592.45 199.01 RISING RISING SAFE 1357.778 43 C 312.73 35.45

8.86RISING RISING SAFE 4810.34

9 43 NC 5162.81 449.7010 44 C 60.43 87.81

10.30RISING RISING SAFE 1779.24

11 44 NC 2008.01 125.28

Patalganga basin Total 20293.86 2381.09 11.23 17158.31



242

Chapter No.7.-Ground Water ResourcesAnnexure No.7.5- Stage of Development of Watersheds, Categories of watershed and Groundwater availability.

Sr.No.

WatershedNo.

Typeof

Area

Area(ha)

Numberof

irrigationwells ofGWE

NetAnnualGroundwater Availability

(Mm3)

GrossDraft

(Mm3)

Stage ofDevelopmen

t (%)

Categoryof

Watershed

Netgroundwateravailabilityfor futureirrigationuse(Mm3)

Avalibility of GW(Mm3)

based onGEC 1997norms of

70%Utilisation

Additional Feasiblewells @

1.5Ham/well

Add.Landto be

irrigated@ 2

ha/well

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 131 39 C 21225 28 3.0846 0.351 5.72 SAFE 18.397 12.88 1226 24522 39 NC 21225 40 16.7898 0.785

24.913 40 C 44560 22 1.231 0.323 SAFE 30.502 21.35 2033 40664 40 NC 44560 648 43.9323 10.9275 41 C 42576 21 7.3854 0.227 5.13 SAFE 43.210 30.25 2880 57616 41 NC 42576 90 39.0912 2.155

12.57 42 NC 24597 121 15.9245 1.990 SAFE 13.577 9.504 905 18108 43 C 63060 13 3.1273 0.355

8.86SAFE 48.103 33.67 3206 6413

9 43 NC 63060 213 51.6281 4.49710 44 C 1130 10 0.6043 0.878

10.3SAFE 17.792 12.45 1186 2372

11 44 NC 42184 87 20.0801 1.253Patalganga basin Total 367439 1293 202.8786 1293 11.23 171.581 120.10 11436 22874



243

Chapter No.08Annexture 8.1. Raigad District Project Details (Major And Medium)

Sr.no.

ProjectsNo. of

Project

Cost Of project

Totalexpenditure

upto3/2013

BalanceCost

PlannedArea To

BeIrrigated

(Ha)

Storage (Mm3) Water Use (Mm3)

Total(Mm3)Original Revised

GrossStorage

LiveStorage

Irrigation Drinking Industrial

ACompleted

Projects0 Nil 0 0 0 0 0 0

B

On goingProjects

1. HetawaneMedium Proj.

1 329.9 413.34 310.97 102.37 9931 147.49 144.98 79.065 58.50 0.00 137.565

2. BalgangaMajor Minor

Proj.1 373.6 373.6 68.89 304.71 0.000 144.77 120.07 0.00 117.27 0.00 117.27

Total 2 703.5 786.94 379.86 407.08 9931 292.26 265.05 79.065 175.77 0.00 254.835

C

FutureProjects

1. SungdewadiMedium Proj. 1 7.9 93.64 0 93.64 3641 33.034 32.674 15.674 15.88 0.00 31.550


244

Chapter No.08Annexture 8.2-. Raigad District Project Details (Minor State Sector > 250 Ha)

Sr.no.

ProjectsNo. of

Projects

Cost Of project totalexpenditure upto3/2013

BalanceCost

PlannedArea To

BeIrrigated

(Ha)

Storage (Mm3) Water Use (Mm3)Total

(Mm3)Original RevisedGross

StorageLive

StorageIrrigation Drinking Industrial

A

CompletedProjects

1. Kharsundiwalan bandhara 1 0.3 0.3 8.71 -8.41 487.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 0.00 0.00 1.75

BOn goingProjects

0 Nil 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

C

Future Projects1.Wangani

(aBhokar Pada) 1 10.01 11.551 0 11.551 296.00 3.817 3.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

2.Poyanje 1 8.11 8.11 0 8.11 264.00 3.554 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

3. Bamanpada 1 0.49 19.02 0 19.02 416.00 3.274 3.006 2.20 0.45 0.35 3.006

Total 3 18.61 38.681 0 38.681 976.00 10.645 6.796 2.20 0.45 0.35 3.006


245

Chapter -09Annexure 9.1-Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes Below 100 ha [ Appendix-I ]

Small Scale Irrigation (WC) Circle ThaneMinor Irrigation (ZP) Division Raigad

Water Use & Irrigation Potential of completed, ongoing and Future Projects WCDBasin PatalgangaBasin Minor (ZP Irrigation) Schemes

A. Projects Completed

Sr.No

Type ofProject

Name. ofProjects

Taluka District

GrossStorage(Mm³)

LiveStorage(Mm³)

ICA(ha)

Water –Use proposed (Mm³) Cost

IrrigationDrinki

ng Industry TotalRs inLacs

IM ISchemes

ZP MINadhalM.I.S.

Khalapur Raigad 1.18 1.18 50 1.18 0 0 1.18 246

Total 1 1.18 1.18 50 1.18 0 0 1.18 246II Barrages / Kt Weir / PaccaBandhara

K.T. WeirChilpaleK.T. Weir

Panvel Raigad 0.225 0.225 43 0.225 0 0 0.225 7.5

1 K.T. WeirMohiliTar. WasareK.T. Weir

Karjat Raigad 0.097 0.097 0 0.097 0 0 0.097 7.2

2 Total 2 0.322 0.322 43 0.322 0 0 0.322 14.7

IIIPT,VT,LIS

1ZP(PT,VT,)

KarmbeliP.T.

Khalapur Raigad 0.085 0.085 25 0.085 0 0 0.085 2.03

2ZP(PT,VT,)

Ujloli P.T. Khalapur Raigad 0.475 0.475 36 0.475 0 0 0.475 21.8

3ZP(PT,VT,)

GovirleP.T.

Pen Raigad 0.493 0.493 81 0.493 0 0 0.493 24


246

4ZP(PT,VT,)

ChaukP.T.

Khalapur Raigad 0.317 0.317 5 0.317 0 0 0.317 4.74

5ZP(PT,VT,)

WawarleP.T.

Khalapur Raigad 0.37 0.37 64 0.37 0 0 0.37 9.29

6ZP(PT,VT,)

LodhiwaliP.T.

Khalapur Raigad 0.17 0.17 28 0.17 0 0 0.17 3.22

7ZP(PT,VT,)

SawroliP.T.

Khalapur Raigad 0.38 0.38 24 0.38 0 0 0.38 12.86

8ZP(PT,VT,)

DhamniP.T.

Panvel Raigad 0.187 0.187 40 0.187 0 0 0.187 10.8

9ZP(PT,VT,)

WajapurP.T.

Panvel Raigad 0.357 0.357 34 0.357 0 0 0.357 16.5

Total 9 2.834 2.834 337 2.834 0 0 2.834 105.24Total A 12 4.336 4.336 430 4.336 0 0 4.336 365.94

B. Projects under Construction

Sr.No

Type ofProject

Name. ofProjects Taluka

District

GrossStorage(Mm³)

LiveStorage(Mm³)

ICA( ha)


Irrigation Drinking Industry Total Rs inLacs

I M ISchemes

1 ZP MI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

II Barrages / Kt Weir / PaccaBandharaZP(PB,,KTB)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


247

IIIPT,VT,LISPT/VT/LIS

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Abstract of Completed and Under Construction Projects.

Sr.No

Type ofProject

Name. ofProjects Taluka

District

GrossStorage(Mm³)

LiveStorage(Mm³)

ICA(ha)



1Minor(ZP)

1 1.18 1.18 50 1.18 0 0 1.18 246

2 Barrages 2 0.322 0.322 43 0.322 0 0 0.322 14.73 PT,VT 9 2.834 2.834 337 2.834 0 0 2.834 105.24

Total = A+B 12 4.336 4.336 430 4.336 0 0 4.336 365.94C. Future Projects

Sr.No

Type ofProject

Name. ofProjects

Taluka District

GrossStorage(Mm³)

LiveStorage(Mm³)

ICA( ha)



I M ISchemesZP MI Raigad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

II Barrages / Kt Weir / PaccaBandharaZP(PB,,KTB)

Raigad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


248

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

III PT,VT, LIS

2PT/VT/LIS

Raigad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Abstract of of A, B, & C Projects

Sr.No

Type ofProject

Name. ofProjects

Taluka District

GrossStorage(Mm³)

LiveStorage(Mm³)

ICA(ha)



1M ISchemes

1 1.18 1.18 50 1.18 0 0 1.18 246

2 Barrages 2 0.322 0.322 43 0.322 0 0 0.322 14.73 PT,VT 9 2.834 2.834 337 2.834 0 0 2.834 105.24

Total A + B +C 12 4.336 4.336 430 4.336 0 0 4.336 365.94


249

Chapter -09Annexure 9.2-Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes 101 to 250 ha [ Appendix-II ]

Small Scale Irrigation (WC) Circle , ThaneSmall Scale Irrigation (WC) Division , Kalawa-Thane

Water Use & Irrigation Potential of completed, ongoing and Future Projects WCD

Basin PatalgangaBasin Small Scale Irrigation (WC) Schemes 101 to 250 ha


Sr.No

Type ofProject

Name. ofProjects

Taluka DistrictGrossStorage(Mm³)

LiveStorage(Mm³)

ICA( ha)



I M. I. SchemeMinor(LS)

Raigad

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

II Barrages / Kt Weir / PaccaBandhara1 K.T.B

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

III PT,VT, LISPT,VT,LIS

Raigad

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


250

Sr.No

Type ofProject

Name. ofProjects

Taluka District

GrossStorage(Mm³)

LiveStorage(Mm³)

ICA( ha)



B] Projects under ConstructionI M. I. Scheme

1Minor(LS)

JambrungM.I.S.

Khalapur Raigad 2.564 2.262 181 1.6965 0.3393 0.2262 2.262 1705.27

Total 1 2.564 2.262 181 1.6965 0.3393 0.2262 2.262 1705.27

II Barrages / Kt Weir / PaccaBandhara1 K.T.B Raigad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

III PT,VT,LIS

1PT/VT/LIS

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total B 1 2.564 2.262 181 1.6965 0.3393 0.2262 2.262 1705.27


1M.I.Scheme 1 2.564 2.262 181 1.6965 0.3393 0.2262 2.262 1705.27

2 Barrages 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 PT.VT. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total A +B

1 2.564 2.262 181 1.6965 0.3393 0.2262 2.262 1705.27

Sr. Type of Name. of Taluka District Gross Live ICA Water –Use proposed (Mm³) Cost


251

No Project Projects Storage(Mm³)

Storage(Mm³)

( ha)


C] Future ProjectsI M. I. Scheme

1Minor(LS)

MohileM.I.S.

Pen Raigad 2.569 2.48 146 1.86 0.372 0.248 2.48 2245.00

2Minor(LS)

BalavaliM.I.S.

Pen Raigad 2.77 2.42 111 1.815 0.363 0.242 2.42 2500.00

3Minor(LS)

Khandpoli M.I.S

Shudhagad

Raigad 3.595 3.46 225 2.595 0.519 0.346 3.46 2664.65

4Minor(LS)

WanganiM.I.S.

Panvel Raigad 3.817 3.68 240 2.76 0.552 0.368 3.68 2872.00

Total 4 12.751 12.04 722 9.03 1.806 1.204 12.04 10281.7

II Barrages / Kt Weir / PaccaBandhara1 K.T.B Raigad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

III PT,VT,LIS

1PT,VT,LIS

Raigad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total C 4 12.751 12.04 722 9.03 1.806 1.204 12.04 10281.7


252

Sr.No

Type ofProject

Name. ofProjects


LiveStorage(Mm³)

ICA(ha)




1 M.I.Scheme

5 Raigad 15.315 14.302 903 10.7265 2.1453 1.4302 14.302 11986.9

2 Barrages 0 Raigad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 PT.VT. 0 Raigad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total A+B + C 5 Nos. 15.315 14.302 903 10.7265 2.1453 1.4302 14.302 11986.9


253

Chapter No.10Annexure 10.1 -Rainfall Data Patalganga Basin

Sr.No.

Name ofTalukas

Year Average

2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

1 Alibag 3043.1 2198.9 2508.2 3221 2375.7 2532 2644.6 2367.2 1474.1 1637.5 2417.3 2641.96

2 Pen 2633.4 1229.5 2679.3 3182.2 2588.9 2869.8 2024 1919.2 2552 2576.9 3221.2 2747.64

3 Karjat 4199 2622.3 3591.9 3249.6 4655.3 4781.3 3041 3119 2603.8 2930.4 3126.8 3792.04

4 Khalapur 3212 2186.7 3313.1 3020.5 3778.9 4284.4 2835.2 2983.7 2647.4 2657.7 3267 3418.66

5 Panvel 3278.1 2007.8 3024.6 2832.7 3560.7 3410 2678.4 2760.6 1896.6 2572.8 2871 3089.33

6 Uran 2875 1006.2 2399.8 2354 2310.3 2229.4 2049 1837 1802.7 908.2 2582 2235.36

7 Sudhadag- Pali 3654.9 2396.5 3938 3637.4 4131.5 4701 3747 3473 2422.8 2450.3 3398 3795.04

8 Matheran 4118 3020 4889.7 4360.2 6310.5 6436 4244.1 3638.7 3495.5 3799.4 4177.5 4848.96

Total 27013.5 16667.9 26344.6 25858 29712 31243.9 23263 22098 18894.9 19533 25061 26569

Average 3376.69 2083.488 3293.08 3232.2 3714 3905.49 2907.9 2762.3 2361.86 2442 3132.6 3321.12


254

Chapter No.12ANNEXURE-12.1 Present Use & Future Requirement of Water

(( MJP And Rural)

Dist. Taluka PurposePresent use Future Requirement

(Mm3) (Mm3 ) (2030)

Raigad

Karjat

Domestic RURAL

MJP 0 0PanvelKhalapurUranPen

ZP 29.03 48.24Sudhagad -paliAlibag

Pune Mawal Domestic Rural NAThane Thane Domestic Rural NA

TOTAL 29.03 48.24

Chapter No.12Annexure 12.2-Number of Water Supply Schemes

Sr. No Basin Dist. Number of Rural W.S Scheme Number of Urban W.S Scheme

1

Patalganga

Raigad 491 06

2 Pune NA NA

3 Thane NA NA

Total 491 06


255

Chapter No.12Annexure 12.3 Water Losses From Municipal Corporation

Dist. TalukaMuncipal

corporation /Nagarparishad

% oflosses

inrisingmain

TreatmentPlant Distribution Total

Raigad

Panvel Panvel 3 2 15 20Uran Uran 2 3 15 20Karjat Karjat 3 2 10 15Khopoli Khopoli 2 3 15 20Sudhagad Sudhagad 3 2 10 15Pen Pen 2 3 10 15NaviMumbai NMMC 1 1 18 20

Total 16 16 93 125


256

Chapter No.12.–ANNEXEURE 12.4:- – Present Use & Future Requirement of Water( Municipal Corporation)

Category Name MCNo. of

Schemes Present Population

Present Water Use (Mm3)Population in

2030

Water Requirement (Mm3) @ 100Liters/day/ capita for rural & @135Liters/day/capita for Urban

Surface GroundTotal

Surface GroundTotal

Water Water Water Water

MahanagarPalika Navi Mumbai 1 1404792 156.22 0 156.22 2501019 219 0 219

Total(A) 1 1404792 156.22 0 156.22 2501019 219 0 219

Urban Councils

Panvel 2 111906 9.49 0 9.49 189757 12.41 0 12.41

Uran 1 30439 1.28 1.28 58000 2.86 0 2.86

Karjat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Khopoli 1 72230 4.8 0.00 4.80 125007 21 0.00 21.00

Sudhagad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pen 1 37852 2.19 0 2.19 60000 4.38 0 4.38

Total(B) 5 252427 17.76 0.00 17.76 432764 40.65 0.00 40.65

Total Urban (A+B) 6 1657219 173.98 0.00 173.98 2933783 259.65 0.00 259.65

Add For Rural Requirementas per ZP (C)

491 1793183 29.03 0.00 29.03 2260764 48.24 0.00 48.24

GRAND TOTAL 497 3450402 203.01 0.00 203.01 5194547 307.89 0.00 307.89

NOTE;-

1. Requirement from NMMC for present water use is 156.22 Mm3 which is met from different surface water sources in patalganga sub basin which

includes (Approx. qty. of water) Morbe dam=109Mm3,MIDC=23.73Mm3,Hetawane Dam=58.50Mm3 ).

2. Panvel Municipal Council owns Deharang water supply scheme on patalganga river in addition to this water from CIDCO & MIDC is alsoagreed to meet the actual present water requirement


257

Chapter No.21Annexure 21.1-. Raigad District Project Details (Major And Medium)

Sr.no.

ProjectsNo. of

Project

Cost Of project

Totalexpenditu

re upto3/2013

BalanceCost

PlannedArea To

BeIrrigated

(Ha)

Storage (Mm3) Water Use (Mm3)

Total(Mm3)Original Revised

GrossStorage

LiveStorage

Irrigation Drinking Industrial

ACompletedProjects

0 Nil 0 0 0 0 0 0

B

On goingProjects

1. HetawaneMedium Proj.

1 329.9 413.34 310.97 102.37 9931 147.49 144.98 79.065 58.50 0.00 137.565

2.Balganga MajorMinor Proj.

1 373.6 373.6 68.89 304.71 0.000 144.77 120.07 0.00 117.27 0.00 117.27

Total 2 703.5 786.94 379.86 407.08 9931 292.26 265.05 79.065 175.77 0.00 254.835

CFuture Projects

1. SungdewadiMedium Proj. 1 7.9 93.64 0 93.64 3641 33.034 32.674 15.674 15.88 0.00 31.550


258

Chapter No.21Annexure21.2-. Raigad District Project Details (Minor State Sector > 250 Ha)

Sr.no.

ProjectsNo. of

Projects

Cost Of project totalexpenditure upto3/2013

BalanceCost

PlannedArea To

BeIrrigated

(Ha)

Storage (Mm3) Water Use (Mm3)Total

(Mm3)Original RevisedGross

StorageLive

StorageIrrigation Drinking Industrial

A

CompletedProjects

1. Kharsundiwalan bandhara 1 0.3 0.3 8.71 -8.41 487.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 0.00 0.00 1.75

BOn goingProjects

0 Nil 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

C

Future Projects1.Wangani(aBhokar Pada) 1 10.01 11.551 0 11.551 296.00 3.817 3.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

2.Poyanje 1 8.11 8.11 0 8.11 264.00 3.554 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

3. Bamanpada 1 0.49 19.02 0 19.02 416.00 3.274 3.006 2.20 0.45 0.35 3.006

Total 3 18.61 38.681 0 38.681 976.00 10.645 6.796 2.20 0.45 0.35 3.006


259

Annexure 21.3Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes Below 100 ha [ Appendix-I ]

Small Scale Irrigation (WC) Circle ThaneMinor Irrigation (ZP) Division Raigad

Water Use & Irrigation Potential of completed, ongoing and Future Projects WCDBasin PatalgangaBasin Minor (ZP Irrigation) Schemes


Sr.No

Type ofProject

Name. ofProjects Taluka District

GrossStorage(Mm³)

LiveStorage(Mm³)

ICA( ha)Water –Use proposed (Mm³) Cost

Irrigation Drinking Industry Total Rs in Lacs

I M I Schemes

ZP MINadhalM.I.S.

Khalapur Raigad 1.18 1.18 50 1.18 0 0 1.18 246

Total 1 1.18 1.18 50 1.18 0 0 1.18 246II Barrages / Kt Weir / PaccaBandhara

K.T. WeirChilpale K.T.Weir

Panvel Raigad 0.225 0.225 43 0.225 0 0 0.225 7.5

1 K.T. WeirMohiliTar.Wasare K.T.Weir

Karjat Raigad 0.097 0.097 0 0.097 0 0 0.097 7.2

2 Total 2 0.322 0.322 43 0.322 0 0 0.322 14.7III PT,VT, LIS

1 ZP (PT,VT,) Karmbeli P.T. Khalapur Raigad 0.085 0.085 25 0.085 0 0 0.085 2.03

2 ZP (PT,VT,) Ujloli P.T. Khalapur Raigad 0.475 0.475 36 0.475 0 0 0.475 21.8

3 ZP (PT,VT,) Govirle P.T. Pen Raigad 0.493 0.493 81 0.493 0 0 0.493 24

4 ZP (PT,VT,) Chauk P.T. Khalapur Raigad 0.317 0.317 5 0.317 0 0 0.317 4.74

5 ZP (PT,VT,) Wawarle P.T. Khalapur Raigad 0.37 0.37 64 0.37 0 0 0.37 9.29


260

6 ZP (PT,VT,)LodhiwaliP.T.

Khalapur Raigad 0.17 0.17 28 0.17 0 0 0.17 3.22

7 ZP (PT,VT,) Sawroli P.T. Khalapur Raigad 0.38 0.38 24 0.38 0 0 0.38 12.86

8 ZP (PT,VT,) Dhamni P.T. Panvel Raigad 0.187 0.187 40 0.187 0 0 0.187 10.8

9 ZP (PT,VT,) Wajapur P.T. Panvel Raigad 0.357 0.357 34 0.357 0 0 0.357 16.5

Total 9 2.834 2.834 337 2.834 0 0 2.834 105.24Total A 12 4.336 4.336 430 4.336 0 0 4.336 365.94

B. Projects under Construction

Sr.No

Type ofProject


GrossStorage(Mm³)

LiveStorage(Mm³)


Irrigation Drinking Industry Total Rs in Lacs

I M I Schemes1 ZP MI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

II Barrages / Kt Weir / PaccaBandhara

ZP (PB,,KTB) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

III PT,VT, LIS

PT/VT/LIS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


261


Sr.No

Type ofProject


GrossStorage(Mm³)

LiveStorage(Mm³)

ICA(ha)Water –Use proposed (Mm³) Cost

Irrigation Drinking

1 Minor(ZP) 1 1.18 1.18 50 1.18 0 0 1.18 246

2 Barrages 2 0.322 0.322 43 0.322 0 0 0.322 14.73 PT,VT 9 2.834 2.834 337 2.834 0 0 2.834 105.24

Total = A+B 12 4.336 4.336 430 4.336 0 0 4.336 365.94

C. Future Projects

Sr.No

Type ofProject


GrossStorage(Mm³)

LiveStorage(Mm³)



I M I SchemesZP MI Raigad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


ZP (PB,,KTB) Raigad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

III PT,VT, LIS

2 PT/VT/LIS Raigad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


262


Sr.No

Type ofProject


GrossStorage(Mm³)

LiveStorage(Mm³)



1 M I Schemes 1 1.18 1.18 50 1.18 0 0 1.18 246

2 Barrages 2 0.322 0.322 43 0.322 0 0 0.322 14.73 PT,VT 9 2.834 2.834 337 2.834 0 0 2.834 105.24

Total A + B + C 12 4.336 4.336 430 4.336 0 0 4.336 365.94


263

Annexure 21.4Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes 101 to 250 ha [ Appendix-II ]

Small Scale Irrigation (WC) Circle , Thane

Small Scale Irrigation (WC) Division , Kalawa-Thane

Water Use & Irrigation Potential of completed, ongoing and Future Projects WCD

Basin PatalgangaBasin Small Scale Irrigation (WC) Schemes 101 to 250 ha


Sr.No

Type of ProjectName. ofProjects


LiveStorage(Mm³)

ICA (ha)



I M. I. Scheme

Minor (LS) Raigad

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


1 K.T.B

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

III PT,VT, LIS

PT,VT, LIS Raigad

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total A

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


264

Sr.No



LiveStorage(Mm³)

ICA (ha)



B] Projects under Construction

I M. I. Scheme

1 Minor (LS)JambrungM.I.S.

Khalapur Raigad 2.564 2.262 181 1.6965 0.3393 0.2262 2.262 1705.27

Total 1 2.564 2.262 181 1.6965 0.3393 0.2262 2.262 1705.27


1 K.T.B Raigad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

III PT,VT, LIS

1 PT/VT/LIS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total B 1 2.564 2.262 181 1.6965 0.3393 0.2262 2.262 1705.27


1 M.I.Scheme 1 2.564 2.262 181 1.6965 0.3393 0.2262 2.262 1705.27

2 Barrages 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 PT.VT. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total A + B 1 2.564 2.262 181 1.6965 0.3393 0.2262 2.262 1705.27


265

Sr.No



LiveStorage(Mm³)

ICA (ha)



C] Future Projects

I M. I. Scheme

1 Minor (LS) Mohile M.I.S. Pen Raigad 2.569 2.48 146 1.86 0.372 0.248 2.48 2245.00

2 Minor (LS) Balavali M.I.S. Pen Raigad 2.77 2.42 111 1.815 0.363 0.242 2.42 2500.00

3 Minor (LS)KhandpoliM.I.S

Shudhagad Raigad 3.595 3.46 225 2.595 0.519 0.346 3.46 2664.65

4 Minor (LS)WanganiM.I.S.

Panvel Raigad 3.817 3.68 240 2.76 0.552 0.368 3.68 2872.00

Total 4 12.751 12.04 722 9.03 1.806 1.204 12.04 10281.7


1 K.T.B Raigad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

III PT,VT, LIS

1 PT,VT, LIS Raigad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total C 4 12.751 12.04 722 9.03 1.806 1.204 12.04 10281.7


266

Sr.No



LiveStorage(Mm³)

ICA (ha)




1 M.I.Scheme 5 Raigad 15.315 14.302 903 10.7265 2.1453 1.4302 14.302 11986.9

2 Barrages 0 Raigad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 PT.VT. 0 Raigad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total A+ B + C 5 Nos. 15.315 14.302 903 10.7265 2.1453 1.4302 14.302 11986.9


267

Annexure 21.5 Financial status of Projects in Patalganga as on 31/03/2014Cost in Crores

Sr.No District Status Type No.

Financial Status

Reference

Updated Cost Up To DateExpenditure

Balance cost

1 Thane & Raigad Completed Major 0 0.00 0.00 0.000

Medium 0 0.00 0.00 0.000

Minor (SS) 1 0.30 8.71 0.000

Minor (LS) 12 3.66 3.66 0.000

Total 13 3.959 12.369 0.000

Ongoing Major 1 373.60 68.89 304.710

Medium 1 413.34 310.97 102.370

Minor (LS) 1 17.05 13.95 3.103

Total 3 803.99 393.81 410.183

Future Major 0 0.00 0.00 0.000

Medium 1 93.64 0.00 93.640

Minor (SS) 3 38.68 0.00 38.681

Minor (LS) 4 102.82 0.00 102.817

Total 8 235.14 0.00 235.14

Grand Total 24 1043.09 406.18 645.32


268

Annexure 21.6 Irrigation potential status of Projects in Patalganga BasinStatus as on31/3/2014

Area in Ha

Sr.No

District Status Type No.

Irrigation potential Status ( I P)

ReferenceDesign Potential Potential created Balance Potential

1Thane &Raigad

Completed Major 0 0 0 0

Medium 0 0 0 0Minor (SS) 1 487 400 87Minor (LS) 12 430 430 0Total 13 917 830 87

Ongoing Major 1 0 0 0Medium 1 9931 2046 7885Minor (LS) 1 181 0 181Total 3 10112 2046 8066

Future Major 0 0 0 0Medium 1 3641 0 3641Minor (SS) 3 976 0 976Minor (LS) 4 722 0 722Total 8 5339 0 5339

Total 24 16368 2876 13492


269

Annexure 21.7- Comparison between Financial Investment and Irrigation Potential Patalganga BasinAnnexure 21.7.1

Sr.No.

DistrictTotal No. of projects

TotalNo

Irrigatin Potential ( Ha) Financial Status ( Crores)

DesignPotential

Potential createdBalancePotential

TotalUpdated

cost

ExpenditureIncurred

Expenditureto be doneCompleted Ongoing Future

1Thane

&Raigad

13 3 8 24 16368 2876 13492 1043.09 406.18 645.32

Total 13 3 8 24 16368 2876 13492 1043.09 406.18 645.32


270

Annexure 21.7.2Comparison Statement

SrNo.

District

Total No. of projectsTotalNo

Irrigation Potential ( Ha) Financial Status ( Crores)

DesignPotential

Potential createdBalancePotential

TotalUpdated

cost

ExpenditureIncurred

Expenditureto be done

Completed Ongoing Future

1

Thane&

Raigad(State

Sector)

1 2 4 7 15035 2446 12589 920 389 539

2

Thane&

Raigad(LocalSector)

12 1 4 17 1333 430 903 123.53 17.61 105.92

Total 13 3 8 24 16368 2876 13492 1043.09 406.18 645.32

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