Dynamics of defor in greater amazonia

Governance, institutions and policies reducing deforestation in Amazonia___________________________________________________________________________National Commitments and Formal Institutions and ProcessesDevelopment of IBAMA; Development of a National Systems of conservation areas ( Complete preservation to inhabited landscapes) (SNUP)Forest Code (in contest)Recognition and demarcation of native reservesDevelopment of legal mechanisms for inhabited, non native reservesEnabling of sub-national agreements and autonomyZEE: econo-ecological zoning exercises (vulnerable to manipulation)Placing parks and reserves in active development zonesINCRA reform (Art.88) “historical rights”

Regional and State Level Policies

“Territorialization” of conservation in policies :Acre, Amazonas and Amapa: Guyana, Upper PurusSubstantial state community forestsAbility to implement local PES REDD+ (Acre/ Amazonas)(Socio Bosques; Bolsa FlorestalInvestment in socio-environmental based sciences:(agroforestry forestry and NTFP other resources management)Mato Grosso “Panopticon” :TNC/IBAMA monitor clearing with GIS cadastral overlay to control clearing

Community Autonomy in Resources managementHistorical communities (Kilombos, extractive reserves, traditional peoples)Other forms of community management of forests landscapesRegional planning through larger scale organizations in civil society (Roundtables, MSTX)Transfer of forest rights to communities

Better enforcement of legal sanctionsReal time monitoringBetter cadastral systems with GIS; reform of land Institute(Incra)Mato Grosso “Panopticon”: with TNC overlay clearing data with cadastral data with rigorous enforcement of deforestation in private and public reserves“Black listing” for cattle credits in high deforestation municipalitiesGreen Markets and their managementNTFP in national markets (Brazil nuts, açai, coffee, fruits, oils and natural rubber)NTFP in international markets (Açaí)Debate of GMOsTimber certification (quite fraudulent)International and boycotts of Amazon beef:: Friboi, Carrefour, WalmartInternational boycott of Amazon soy.Credit Blackout zones in speculative deforestation expansion zones.Climate Policy is taken seriouslySignatories to UNFCC, Copenhagen, CancunDevelopment of National Climate PolicyPES: low defor, water, National CO2 offsets :SP water situationElaboration of REDD policies (and pilot projects)Other Processes and spilloversSocial Policy spillovers: Bolsa Familia “Fome zero” Food subsidies to rural inhabitants, Bolsa FlorestalIdeological spillovers (desmatemento zero)

POLICY FORMATS LARGELY FOR INHABITED Places: But increasingly modern conservation takes on the idea of the empty

Forest Recovery in El Salvador

New economic models bring new rural realities:From traditional agro-exports to remittances, tourism and

maquila

1978 2006

69% 67% 65%74% 69%

12%4%

12%18% 13%

6% 8%26% 10% 14%

14%

9%

15%17% 24%

6%

8%

18%14% 11%

9%

12%

13%

9%12%

23%

11% 11%8%

5%10%

5%

6%

17%

9%

45% 55%42%

34%

7%6%

4%3%

5%7%

6% 8% 6%3%5%

GU ES HN NI CR GU ES HN NI CR

Commercial surplus with CA

Remesas

Other services

Tourism

Maquila (Net exports)

Other exports outside of CA

Traditional agro-exports

Foreign exchange generation in Central America

• Dramatic economic changes and new patterns of accumulating wealth• Expansion to “new territories”: Access/control over territories and resources• Territorial reconfiguration, new territorial dynamics and new conflicts

The Age of migration• Huge int’l flows (4-10% of global pop)

• $400 + Billion (on target to 700B by 2017

• Internal migration dynamics much more complicated: More circular, more multi- sited, more flexible, polymorphic incomes: labor and gender dynamics

• Migration as investment strategy, necessity, rite of passage, institutional development

• Farming and forest livelihoods: resilience dynamics

• Rural populations as Semi prol, semi- urban, semi-globalization

Urbanization

• Highly linked to rural areas in pop flows• Circular• Forest dependent in many ways• Second and third order urbanizations• Rurban: complex matrix—often forested• Multisites hsehold, semi proletarianized,

semi urbanized, semi globalized

Interactions between Carbon Sequestration and Shade Tree Diversity in a Smallholder Coffee Cooperative in El Salvador

Conservation BiologyVolume 28, Issue 2, pages 489-497, 27 NOV 2013 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12181http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12181/full#cobi12181-fig-0005

New Rurality• Small farmer dynamics have really shifted• Semi prol• Semi urban• Remittances, pensions and state transfers• End of small farm annual cropping? Cheap food and agro-industrial

subsidies• Clandestine economies• Multi-sited households• Rural –urban subsistence and small mkt transfers• Rural development activism emphasizing different models• Cross sector, cross class, cross country alliances: Its not about the

poor and noblesse oblige: their actions have hugely benefited the planet:

Forests and our futures: The larger questions of habits of thoughtHuge structural changes: dramatically changing land cover: 1.4 B1.Impacts of globalizations (labor mkts, commodities, info, finance, institutions, policy

contexts, clandestine economies ): new sciences of the tropics; 2. Impacts of migrations, urbanization 3. Effects of Climate change ( drought, intensity of events, erratic nature, long term

trends: historically we know there have been super droughts in central America and South America

4. Large scale restructuring of environments and rural economies (Forest resurgence, changes in deforestation. Climate Change, vulnerability patterns etc: Habits of thought may not adequately reflect the real dynamics within the new context of transitions: urban agrarian an forest transitions.

5. This implies a much closer attention to realms of possibilities based on a complex “local” context (remittances, multi-sited households), local knowledge systems and the complexity of income formation.

6. Function of the rural goes well beyond its old role of production: provisioning of environmental services and social services. Not a strictly agrarian site: nor or are urban places strictly urban. Common theme though: trees