Got Sugar?

May 22, 2012 Jamie Morris, Katelyn Foster,

Mary Jo Brady

Obesity on the Rise

Obesity Resolution

Low Fat Diets: The USDA, AMA, and AHA call for dietary fat reduction

Food Pyramid restructure promoting more carbohydrates and less fat

1992

Prevalence of Obesity Compared to Percent Calories from Fat Among US Adults

Per

cen

t %

Year

It’s Not the Fat

What happens when you cut the fat?

• Taste Bad

• Shorter shelf life

Low-fat processed food means substitution with carbohydrate…

Which carbohydrate?

Either:

• High fructose corn syrup (55% fructose)

• Sucrose (50% fructose)

i.e: Nabisco Snackwells® Oreos (-2g fat, +13g CHO (+4g sugars))

Sugar Consumption Trend

•By recent USDA estimates, about 1/4 of the calories consumed by the average American is in the form of added sugars, and most of that is HFCS

What is HFCS?

+ =

Glucose Fructose

HFSCHFSC

Glucose

= Sucrose (table sugar)

Sucrose (table sugar)

Fructose

Glucose vs. Fructose

After eating fructose, 100 % of the metabolic burden rests on your liver. But with glucose, your liver has to break down only 20 percent.

Every cell in your body, including your brain, utilizes glucose. Therefore, much of it is "burned up" immediately after you consume it. By contrast, fructose is turned into free fatty acids, VLDL, and triglycerides, which get stored as fat.

Glucose suppresses the hunger hormone ghrelin and stimulates leptin, which suppresses your appetite. Fructose has no effect on ghrelin and interferes with your brain's communication with leptin, resulting in overeating.

People are consuming fructose in enormous quantities, which has made the negative effects much more profound.

Your body metabolizes fructose in a much different way than glucose

Glucose

120 calories(about 2 slices of bread)

24 calories

Liver

96 calories

Organs

Muscles

body

VLDL / Fat

(0.5 calories)

24 liver calories

Glucose

ATP ADP

G-6-P Glycogen

Pyruvate

Acetyl CoA TCA ATP CO2

Citrate

Sucrose

120 calories

Liver Organs, Muscles, Body

Glucose (50%) 12 48

Fructose (50%) 60 0

• When you eat 120 calories of glucose, less than one calorie is stored as fat. 120 calories of fructose results in 40 calories being stored as fat. Consuming fructose is essentially consuming fat!

The Other Sugar:

High Fructose Corn Syrup

• High fructose corn syrup entered the American food supply in 1975 just as the nations obesity rate started to soar

• We Consume, on Average, 42 Pounds per Person per Year

• The food and beverage industry doesn't want you to realize how truly pervasive HFCS is in your diet -- not just from soft drinks and juices, but also in salad dressings and condiments and virtually every processed food. The introduction of HFCS into the Western diet has been a multi-billion dollar boom for the corn industry.

Reasons Why Manufacturers Likes HFCS:• Produces a longer shelf life of foods than cane sugar• Addicting• It is cheaper than cane sugar• Sweeter than table sugar

Secular trend in fructose consumption Natural consumption of fruits and vegetables •15 gm/day

Prior to WWII (estimated): •16-24 gm/day

1977-1978 (USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey): •37 gm/day (8% of total caloric intake)

1994 (NHANES III): •54.7 gm/day (10.2% of total caloric intake)

Adolescents: •72.8 gm/day (12.1% of total caloric intake) •25% consumed at least 15% of calories from fructose

Bray, Am J Clin Nutr 86:895, 2007; Vos et al. Medscape Med J 10:160, 2008

Supersize Me!

Curtailing soft drinks limits childhood obesity

James et al. BMJ 328:1237, 2004

Conclusion

Since 1980 obesity has significantly risen, right after HFCS was introduced to our diet

100% of the metabolism of fructose is dependent on your liver, where most of it gets stored as fat

Fructose has no effect on ghrelin and interferes with your brains communication with leptin, resulting in overeating

We are consuming fructose in enormous quantities, which has made the negative effects much more profound

Health Affects

• Hypertension (high blood pressure)

• Osteoarthritis (a degeneration of cartilage and its underlying bone within a joint)

• Dyslipidemia (high total cholesterol or high levels of triglycerides)

• Type 2 diabetes

• Heart disease

• Stroke

• Gallbladder disease

• Sleep apnea and respiratory problems

• Some cancers (pancreas, kidney, prostate, endometrial, breast, and colon)

• Tooth decay (anaerobic metabolism)

So how much exactly is a gram of sugar? One teaspoon of granulated sugar equals 4 grams of sugar

http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/features/sugar-shockers-foods-surprisingly-high-in-sugar

SoBe Green Tea: 16 ounces = 50 grams sugar, 200 calories Snapple Iced Tea, Peach, Lemon, or Raspberry: 16 ounces =46-50 grams sugar, 200 calories

Sugar Shockers!

Nesquick Fat Free Chocolate Milk: 16 ounces = 54 grams sugar, 300 calories

Yoplait Original 99% fat free, Lemon Burst: 6 ounces = 31 grams sugar, 180 calories

Skinny Cow Low-fat Ice Cream Cone (different flavors): 1 cone = 19 grams sugar, 150 calories

Fat Free:

99% Fat Free:

Low Fat:

Healthy:

Citations:

http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=A0oG7hepyalPImAAFG5XNyoA?p=koolaid+mustache&fr=slv8-hptb5&fr2=piv-http://www.google.com/search?q=cartoon+images+of+tooth+decay&um=1&hl=en&gbv=2&tbm=isch&ei=4sypT62jEOWJ6AHA4qjMBA&start=63&sa=Nwww.ncsl.org/issues.../obesity-statistics-in-the-united-states.aspx

http://www.hivehealthmedia.com/world-obesity-stats-2010/http://www.data360.org/dsg.aspx?Data_Set_Group_Id=196

http://runews.rockefeller.edu/index.php?page=engine&id=237

Sugar: The Bitter Truth. Robert H. Lustig, Professor of Pediatrics at UCSF