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Goodness-of-fit Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health and Mental Health M Maldonado M Maldonado

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Page 1: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

Goodness-of-fit and Goodness-of-fit and Mental HealthMental Health

M MaldonadoM Maldonado

Page 2: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

Goodness of fitGoodness of fit

Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperamentConcept of temperament ““different kinds of temperament” different kinds of temperament” Relationship with caregiver’s style:Relationship with caregiver’s style: Good fit, or poor fitGood fit, or poor fit

Page 3: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

Temperament. Temperament. Bernhard Hellwig “Die Bernhard Hellwig “Die vier Temperamente bei Kindern” (1780’s)vier Temperamente bei Kindern” (1780’s)

Sanguine childSanguine child

Phlegmatic childPhlegmatic child

Choleric childCholeric child

Melancholic child Melancholic child

Page 4: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

Temperament: Chess and ThomasTemperament: Chess and Thomas

Easy child Easy child

Slow to warm up childSlow to warm up child

Difficult child Difficult child

UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated

Page 5: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

TemperamentTemperament

Biological PredispositionBiological Predisposition Rhythmical functioningRhythmical functioning Circadian rhythmicityCircadian rhythmicity Interest in noveltyInterest in novelty Approach to new situations, curiosityApproach to new situations, curiosity Inclination to “outside’ or “inside”Inclination to “outside’ or “inside”

Page 6: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

Temperament Temperament

Environmental influences on biological Environmental influences on biological predisposition:predisposition:

Promoting self-regulation through other-Promoting self-regulation through other-regulationregulation

Promoting development (Vygotskian model)Promoting development (Vygotskian model) Promoting rhythmicity through routinesPromoting rhythmicity through routines Buffering from environmental influences Buffering from environmental influences

Page 7: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

Transition to parenthoodTransition to parenthood

Wish for a perfect childWish for a perfect child Reverie during pregnancy about how the baby Reverie during pregnancy about how the baby

will bewill be Images (working models) in parents’ mind Images (working models) in parents’ mind

about what it is to be a mother/ fatherabout what it is to be a mother/ father Influence of own experience of being parented Influence of own experience of being parented

on “what is a mother, father”on “what is a mother, father”

Page 8: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

Transition to parenthood Transition to parenthood

Calipedia (wish for a beautiful child)Calipedia (wish for a beautiful child) Conscious wish for a babyConscious wish for a baby Imaginary baby ( preconscious desire, fantasy)Imaginary baby ( preconscious desire, fantasy) Phantasmatic baby (unconscious Phantasmatic baby (unconscious

representation, meaning of baby)representation, meaning of baby) ““Real baby”Real baby” ““Cultural baby” (MR Moro)Cultural baby” (MR Moro)

Page 9: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

Transition to parenthoodTransition to parenthood

First encounter with babyFirst encounter with baby Encounter between desired baby and real babyEncounter between desired baby and real baby Surprise, “shock” and ambivalenceSurprise, “shock” and ambivalence Reconciliation between imagined and real Reconciliation between imagined and real

infant infant Process of acceptance, celebration, Process of acceptance, celebration,

“mourning” of ideal features “mourning” of ideal features

Page 10: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

Genes-heredityGenes-heredity Tempera-Tempera-

mentment

Health Health problems, e.g. problems, e.g. prematurityprematurity

Sensory Sensory integration, integration, motor patternsmotor patterns

Parental Parental psychopathologpsychopathology and child y and child rearing rearing

Fit between Fit between parent and child parent and child

Early Early experiencesexperiences

Family, Family, relationships, relationships, organizationorganization

Social group and Social group and cultureculture

Influences on developmentInfluences on development

Page 11: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

PARENT INFANT

FAMILY AND CULTURE

Page 12: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

PARENT FEATURESTEMPERAMENT

REACTIVITYATTENTION SPAN

INTEREST IN NOVELTYTALENTS

INTERESTS+

HOPESEXPECTATIONS

RULESDESTINY

OBLIGATIONS

CHILD FEATURESTEMPERAMENT

REACTIVITYATTENTION SPAN

INTEREST IN NOVELTYTALENTS

+DUTIES

BIRTH ORDERRESEMBLANCE

CULTURAL EXPECTATIONSGENDER

APPEARANCE

Page 13: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

Goodness of Fit: Goodness of Fit: “ideal”“ideal”

PARENT PARENT Expectation Expectation

Active, energeticActive, energetic

Likes music Likes music

Wanted a boy Wanted a boy

INFANTINFANT Child has easy Child has easy

temperamenttemperament Child is athletic and Child is athletic and

interested interested Likes music Likes music

Child is a boyChild is a boy

Page 14: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

Poor fit Poor fit

PARENTPARENT Parent is exhausted and Parent is exhausted and

stressed stressed Low level of energy Low level of energy Active, likes sports Active, likes sports

Conflict with own father Conflict with own father

CHILD CHILD Child is irritable and Child is irritable and

“high demand”“high demand” Sleeping difficultiesSleeping difficulties Is floppy and low Is floppy and low

muscular tonemuscular tone Child resembles the Child resembles the

grandfathergrandfather

Page 15: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

Goodness of fit Goodness of fit

DEGREE OF DEGREE OF FLEXIBILITY FLEXIBILITY

ACCEPTING THE ACCEPTING THE REALITYREALITY

CAPACITY TO “READ” CAPACITY TO “READ” THE CHILD THE CHILD

EMPATHY/EMPATHY/MENTALIZATIONMENTALIZATION

MATERNAL OR MATERNAL OR PATERNAL INSTINCTPATERNAL INSTINCT

ADAPTABILITYADAPTABILITY

CAPACITY TO READ CAPACITY TO READ PARENTPARENT

““BABYNESS”BABYNESS” ““SOCIAL ORIENTATION”SOCIAL ORIENTATION” DEVELOPMENTAL PUSH DEVELOPMENTAL PUSH

PARENT CHILD

Page 16: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

Goodness of fit Goodness of fit

Parent adapts caregiving to child’s unique Parent adapts caregiving to child’s unique characteristicscharacteristics

Parent modifies expectationParent modifies expectation Parent alters discipline strategiesParent alters discipline strategies Child creates own environmentChild creates own environment Child “disarms” parentChild “disarms” parent Child reinforces parentChild reinforces parent

Page 17: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

Positive mutual feedbackPositive mutual feedbackINFANT IS IRRITABLE ANDCRIES FREQUENTLY, HIGH

DEMANDS

CAREGIVEREXPERIENCES

EMPATHY AND COMPASSION TOWARD

INFANT

CAREGIVER TRIES TECHNIQUES TO CALM

INFANT, CARRYING, BUFFERING, DISTRACTING

CHILD REMAINSCALM LONGER

PERIODS OF TIME

Page 18: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

Vicious cycle feedbackVicious cycle feedback

CHILD IS FUSSY ANDIRRITABLE

CAREGIVER IS MOSTLYANGRY AND READS

AS MANIPULATION , SPOILED

CAREGIVER IGNORESYELLS, SHAKES

SPANKS THE INFANT

INFANT BECOMES INCREASINGLY DYSREGULATED,

UNABLE TO CALM,DISORGANIZED

Page 19: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

Effects of child on parent Effects of child on parent

TODDLER DISOBEYSTRANSGRESSION

THROWS A TEMPERTANTRUM

PARENT BECOMESEXASPERATED, LOSES

TEMPER

CHILD SHOWS SENSE OF HUMORMAKES PARENT LAUGH

CHANGES TONE OF INTERACTION

PARENT CALMS DOWNSEES THE “BIG PICTURE”

LETS TH INGS GO

CHILD LEARNSFROM

EXPERIENCE

Page 20: Goodness-of-fit and Mental Health M Maldonado. Goodness of fit Stella Chess and Thomas Stella Chess and Thomas Concept of temperament Concept of temperament

Mutual coercive training (Mutual coercive training (GR Patterson)GR Patterson)

CAREGIVER USESMOSTLY COERCIVE

STRATEGIES(THREATS, PHYSICAL,

PUNISHMENTS)

CHILDCOMPLIES

CHID LEARNSTO COMPLY MOSTLY IF

UNDER DURESSOR THREAT

CHILD DOES NOTCOMPLY

CHILD, IF STRONG RESISTANCE, NO

COMPLIANCE AND NOT FOLLOWRULES