glycosides by ghumz(falcon)
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Keep silence…!
“In the name of Allah the most beneficent and merciful”.
Presented to: Muhammad Tanveer Khan
Group members: Syed Usman Farooq Gilani
Bpd01093202 Muhammad Hassaan
Bpd01093087 Usman Rasheed
Bpd01093100 Syed Mugheera Hashmi
Bpd01093201 Zubair Aziz
Bpd01093119 Hesham Al-noor
Bpd02113220
Semester: 5th C
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
The University Of Lahore
GLYCOSIDES
Glycosides
GLYCOSIDE
“A glycoside is an organic compound, usually of plant origin maybe of animal origin, that is composed of a sugar portion linked to a non-sugar moiety”.
Glycone: The sugar residue of a gglycoside.
Aglycone / Genin: An aglycone is the non-sugar compound remaining after replacement of the glycosyl group from a glycoside by a hydrogen atom.
Types
Based on atoms involved in glycosidic linkage:
O- glycosides
In these glycosides the sugar is combined with alcohlic or phenolic hydroxyl function of aglycone, e.g. digitoxin.
N- glycosides
In these glycosides nitrogen of amino group is condensed with a sugar, e.g. nucleosides.
S- glycosides
These glycosides contains a sugar moiety attached to the sulphur of the aglycone, e.g.isothiocynate glycosides.
C- glycosides
Condensation of sugar directly to a carbon atom gives rise to C-glycosides, e.g. aloin & cascarosides.
Classification
(a) Cardioactive glycosides: Digitalis, Strophanthus and white squill
(b) Anthraquinone glycosides: Cascara, Aloe, Rhubarb, Cochineal and Senna
(c) Saponin glycosides: Glycyrrhiza, Sarsaparilla
(d) Cyanophore glycosides: Wild cherry
(e) Isothiocyanate glycosides: Black Mustard
(f) Lactone glycosides: Cantharide
(g) Aldehyde glycosides: Vanilla
(h) Miscellaneous glycosides: Gentian, Quassia, Dioscorea
DIGITALIS
Botanical Origin:
Digitalis purpurea
Family:
Plantaginaceae
Part used:
Dried leaves
Common Name:
Foxglove, purple foxglove, finger flower, fairy glove.
Vernacular Names:
English: Fairy fingers, Witchs bells.
Distribution:
Digitalis is native to Western Europe. It can also be located in Asia, North Africa, Canada and much of the US.
Introduction:
Digitalis is a genus of about 20 species, that was traditionally palced in the figwort family Scrophulariaceae.
Due to new genetic research, it has now been placed in the much enlarged family Plantaginaceae.
Constituents:
Cardiac glycosides are composed of two structural features:
the sugars (glycone)
the non-sugar (aglycone) moieties
The R group at the 17-position defines the class of cardiac glycosides. Two classes have been observed in Nature
The cardenolides
The bufadienolides
Uses: Traditionally it has been used in heart diseases.
It increases the activity of all forms of muscle tissues, but more especially that of the heart and arterioles.
The most important action of the drug being its action on the circulation.
Digitalis medication works directly on the heart muscle to strengthen and regulate the heartbeat.
It is used to treat certain heart conditions.
It is used in CHF (congestive heart failure).
It is an agent that increases the force of
contraction of cardiac muscle.
Toxicity:Digitalis toxicity causes;
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Jaundice or yellow vision
Bradycardia
Side effects: Abdominal pain
Cardiovascular shock
bradycardia
Upset stomach
Problems with eyesight
ALOE
Botanical Origin:
Aloe vera
Family:
Aloeaceae
Liliaceae
Part used:
Dried exudation of leaves
Common Name:
Ghrita kumari
Vernacular Names:
Hindi: Guarpatha, ghikanvar
Distribution:
Aloe vera is native to North Africa, the mediterranean region of Southern Europe and to the Canary Islands.
Constituents:There are about 500 species of aloe.
All species contain anthraquinone glycosides.
Following components are present generally in most of the species;
Barbaloin (is the major active constituent)
Aloin
Aloeresins
Aloetic acid
Homonataloin aloe-sone
Chrysophanic acid
Chrysamminic acid
Galactouronic acid
Choline salicylate
Saponins
Mucopolysacchrides glucosamines
Glucosamines
Vitamins
Sreroids etc.
USES:
In cosmetic & toiletry products: Mascara & eyelash
Facial moisturizer
Hand & body lotion
Shaving preparations (to promote razor glide, reduce nicks & razor burns)
Sun care products
Makeup remover
Anti-acne gel etc.
In hair care products: Moisturing conditioner–add shine & softness to hair.
Detangler-allows comb through the hair with its lubricating properities.
Medical products: Phyto Derma Skin Barrier 40Z (is an emollient cream.
Body care: Body Heat Vanilla Rub 40Z, 80Z.
Different shampoos:
Aloe vera Jaswant shampoo
Aloe vera Hibiscus shampoo,
Aloe vera Herbal Henna shampoo
Aloe vera Lime Phudina shampoo
Different gels:
Aloe vera Plain gel
Aloe vera Jaswant gel
Aloe vera Cucumber gel
Contraindication:
Dietary supplement should not be used
In pregnant women
If breast feeding
If allergic to aloe
Side effects:
Because of laxative effects, overuse may cause electrolyte imbalance.
Senna
Botanical Origin:
Cassia angustifolia
Family:
Leguminosae
Part used:
Dried leaflets & pods
Common Name:
American senne
Locust plant
Maryland Cassia
Vernacular Names:
Hindi: Sanaya
Urdu: amaltās, Sonamukhi
Distribution: Cassia angustifolia is native to India, Somalia and Arabia.
It is mainly cultivated in India and Pakistan.
Introduction:
Senna is an Arabian name, and the drug was first brought into use by the Arabian physicians Serapion and Mesue.
Constituents: Water and diluted alcohol extract the active principles of
Senna
Pure alcohol only extracts the imperfectly
The activity of drug is largely due to anthraquinone glycosides In leaf
sennoside A and B
sennoside C and D
Some free anthraquinones
are present.
Medicinal action & Use: Purgative
It increases the peristaltic movement of
the colon by its action upon the intestinal wall
As expectorant
Useful in loss of appetite
Carminative and laxative
Hepatomegaly & spleenomegaly
Wound dresser
Leaves are made into a paste, and applied to
various skin diseases.
Side effects: Senna can cause the colon to become dependent on it to
move properly.
Therefor, senna should not be used for more than ten consecutive days.
GLYCYRRHIZA
Botanical Origin:
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Family:
Fabaceae
Part used:
Dried roots and rhizomes
Common Name: Sweet licorice
Licorice root
Vernacular Names:
English: Liquorice
Urdu: Mulethi, Jethi-madh
Distribution:
It is grown in India, Spain, Russia, China & Italy.
Introduction: Hippocrates named the herb glukos riza, or sweet root.
The British adopted the spelling liquorice from Latin liquiritia.
Sanskrit name yashti. meaning ‘stem, stalk; and madhu meaning ‘sweet’.
The Latin specie name glabra meaning ‘hairless’ refers to the leaves.
Types:There are two types of liquorice,
standard liquorice
De-glycyrrhizinated liquorice (DGL)
When glycyrrhizin is removed from liquorice, the product is called de-glycyrrhizinated liquorice (DGL).
Constituents: The root contains;
4% glycyyrrhizin
The potassium or calcium salt of glycyrrhizinic acid.
It is a saponin glycoside also called Glycyrrhizin which is the Calcium and potassium salt of glycyrrhizinic acid.
Glycyrrhizin is about 50 times sweeter than sucrose (cane sugar).
Glycyrrhizin
Glucoronic acid(2 molecules) Glycyrrhetinic acid
HYDROLYSIS
General Uses: Liquorice is used as;
Flavour
in a wide variety of liquorice candies
in some soft drinks (root beer)
Herbal teas
Medicinal Uses: Flavouring agent in pharmaceuticals
Expectorant (helping to liquefy mucus & facilitate its discharge)
Sweetner
Mild laxative
In tooth powders
Remedy for hyperacidity
Peptic ulcer
Cough syrups
Contraindication:
Liquorice is contraindicated in pregnant women as well as in people with liver and kidney disorders.
De-glycyrrhizinated liquorice do not cause these side effects because there is no glycyrrhizin in them.
“That’s all……….!”
– BY: Gilani