glossary & terms in bridge engineering

D14 Appendix III

Glossary of terms used in bridge engineering

Many of the terms used in bridge engineering in the different countries of the BRIME project have been translated into the six languages of the partner countries. The terms used are based on the “Handbook for Bridge Inventory” produced by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration as part of the inventory module of the bridge management system – BRUTUS International.

Wing wallMain carryingelement

Parapet

Axi

s 2

Axi

s 3

Joint

Abutment

Embankment

Pier Pier foundation

Piles

Bearing

Axi

s 1

Bridge deck

BRIME – Bridge Management in Europe

Final Report/D14/February 2001 Appendix III : Glossary of Bridge Engineering Terms PAGE 1

1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 4

2 DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS ................................................................................... 4

2.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................................... 4

2.1.1 Definition of a bridge................................................................................................. 4

2.1.2 The Code System ...................................................................................................... 4

2.1.3 Bridge Category ........................................................................................................ 5

2.1.4 Types of Structures ................................................................................................... 5

2.1.5 Principal Parts of a Bridge ......................................................................................... 5

2.2 STATIC SYSTEM............................................................................................................ 8

2.2.1 Simply Supported System.......................................................................................... 8

2.2.2 Continuous System.................................................................................................... 9

2.2.3 Cantilever System...................................................................................................... 9

2.2.4 Arch Systems ...........................................................................................................10

2.2.5 Frame Systems .........................................................................................................11

2.3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRUCTURES .......................................................................11

2.3.1 Culverts....................................................................................................................11

2.3.1.1 Pipe culverts.........................................................................................................12

2.3.1.2 Box Culverts ........................................................................................................12

2.3.1.3 Vault culverts .......................................................................................................13

2.3.1.4 Frame culverts ......................................................................................................13

2.3.1.5 Slab Culvert..........................................................................................................13

2.3.2 Types of Slab Bridges; W/D ≥ 5 ...............................................................................14

2.3.2.1 Solid Slab Bridges ................................................................................................14

2.3.2.2 Voided Slab Bridges .............................................................................................15

2.3.2.3 Rib Slab Bridges ...................................................................................................15

2.3.3 Types of Beam/Girder Bridges..................................................................................16

2.3.3.1 Beam Bridges .......................................................................................................16

2.3.3.2 Girder Bridges ......................................................................................................17

2.3.4 Arch/Vault and Frame Bridges..................................................................................18

2.3.4.1 Arch Bridges ........................................................................................................18

2.3.4.2 Vault Bridges .......................................................................................................19

2.3.4.3 Frame Bridges ......................................................................................................20

2.3.4.4 Strut Frame Bridges..............................................................................................20

2.3.5 Truss Bridges ...........................................................................................................21



2.3.5.1 Through and Half -Through Truss Bridges............................................................21

2.3.5.2 Arch Truss Bridges...............................................................................................22

2.3.5.3 Deck Truss Bridges ..............................................................................................22

2.3.6 Cable supported Bridges...........................................................................................23

2.3.6.1 Suspension Bridges...............................................................................................23

2.3.6.2 Cable Stayed Bridges............................................................................................24

2.3.7 Moveable Bridges.....................................................................................................25

2.3.7.1 Bascule Bridges ....................................................................................................25

2.3.7.2 Swing Bridges ......................................................................................................26

2.3.7.3 Rolling bridges......................................................................................................28

2.3.7.4 Ferry Quays ..........................................................................................................28

2.4 BRIDGE ELEMENTS.....................................................................................................29

2.4.1 General.....................................................................................................................29

2.4.2 The Ground..............................................................................................................30

2.4.2.1 The River Course..................................................................................................30

2.4.2.2 The Embankment..................................................................................................32

2.4.2.3 Retaining walls .....................................................................................................32

2.4.3 Substructure .............................................................................................................33

2.4.3.1 General.................................................................................................................33

2.4.3.2 Abutments ............................................................................................................33

2.4.3.3 Piers .....................................................................................................................37

2.4.3.4 Towers .................................................................................................................39

2.4.3.5 Anchoring.............................................................................................................40

2.4.3.6 Culvert sections ....................................................................................................41

2.4.3.7 Walls ....................................................................................................................44

2.4.4 The Superstructure ...................................................................................................45

2.4.4.1 Slabs.....................................................................................................................45

2.4.4.2 Beams ..................................................................................................................46

2.4.4.3 Girders .................................................................................................................50

2.4.4.4 Bridge Deck .........................................................................................................52

2.4.4.5 Arch Structures ....................................................................................................53

2.4.4.6 Vault Structures ...................................................................................................56

2.4.4.7 Truss Structures ...................................................................................................57

2.4.5 Superstructure of Cable Bridges ...............................................................................59



2.4.6 Superstructure of Moveable Bridges.........................................................................60

2.4.6.1 Bascule Bridges ....................................................................................................60

2.4.6.2 Swing Bridges ......................................................................................................61

2.4.7 Structure Components..............................................................................................62

2.4.7.1 Bearings ...............................................................................................................62

2.4.7.2 Joints....................................................................................................................65

2.4.7.3 Bridge Deck Surfacing..........................................................................................68

2.4.7.4 Drainage...............................................................................................................70

2.4.7.5 Parapets................................................................................................................71

2.4.7.6 Pedestrian Walkways ............................................................................................73

2.4.7.7 Edge Beams..........................................................................................................74

2.4.8 Accessories ..............................................................................................................75

2.4.8.1 Lighting................................................................................................................75

2.4.8.2 Access equipment .................................................................................................75

2.4.8.3 Signs ....................................................................................................................76

2.4.8.4 Pipes/Cables .........................................................................................................77



1 INTRODUCTION

This glossary contains some 400 bridge terms. As such it can by no means be considered a complete glossary of all terms used in bridge engineering but does give a useful introduction into the diversity of terms used. The task of compiling a complete glossary would be arduous, not to mention voluminous. This stems from the fact that bridges have been built since ancient times and their design, calculation and construction materials have evolved through the ages. As a result of national or even local practice not all bridge types or bridge elements are to be found in all countries. This combined with fundamental theoretical differences between countries means that certain bridge engineering terms do not exist in all languages.

Part 1 or the descriptive part of this glossary is taken from the “Handbook for Bridge Inventory” produced by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration. The aim of the Handbook is to assist users in completing the inventory module of the bridge management system (BMS) – BRUTUS International. As this differs from the objectives of a glossary, certain passages have been modified or deleted to make it more compatible with its current purpose – general description of bridge engineering terms. However, to facilitate cross-referencing between the two documents, the list of contents and figure numbering has remained unchanged. As a consequence, certain sections are empty and the word “Blank” is written in.

As the original text was written for users of the Norwegian BMS, most of the examples describe the Norwegian system. However, an effort has been made to make these examples as general and non-system specific as possible. Nevertheless, the resulting glossary is not to be considered as a BRIME approved glossary but rather an introduction to bridge engineering terms.

2 DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS

2.1 GENERAL

2.1.1 DEFINITION OF A BRIDGE

A bridge is a structure spanning and providing passage over a river, chasm, traffic intersection area, fjord, inlet or other physically obstacles and with a span length equal to or exceeding a certain distance. This distance is defined by national authorities and is usually in the range 2 - 6 m.

All types of structures such as road bridges, pedestrian bridges, movable bridges, floating bridges as well as culverts, pipes and vaults in fills are defined as bridges.

2.1.2 THE CODE SYSTEM

Some countries have established a code system for defining all bridge elements in their stock.

The code system is an unambiguous description of bridge related terms such as functional



categories, systematic description of structure types or static systems, elements of a bridge and other related issues connected with bridges. The code may be numeric or an abbreviation of the term. When the code comprises two or more digits, it normally is built up as an hierarchical code. That means, a two digit code provides more detailed information than a one digit code, e.g. Type of Elements; Substructure = 2 while Abutment = 21.

This makes the system consistent in terms of selecting the correct description for a bridge. It is also easier to computerise digits rather than terms and more convenient as regards safety since only valid codes can be used in the database.

2.1.3 BRIDGE CATEGORY

The bridge category indicates what purpose the bridge has been constructed for, namely what kind of traffic the bridge is intended to serve.

Examples of bridge category codes are:. • Road Bridge • Pedestrian • Railway Bridge • Pedestrian Underpass • Culvert

2.1.4 TYPES OF STRUCTURES

A bridge is usually defined as a “Types of Structure” where the type of structure is given by the bridge’s principal load carrying element. Within each Type of Structure, there are frequently different sub-types, for example Truss Bridges. :Through Truss Bridge, Deck Truss Bridge etc.

One bridge may also comprise several structure types. Normally, the bridge with the longest span length is referred to as the main type. An example of a bridge comprising a slab and a beam structure is shown below; where the main type is the beam bridge:

Slab structure Beam structure

Figure 2.1.4: Example of several structures within the same bridge

2.1.5 PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A BRIDGE

A bridge and the ground immediately surrounding it are divided into principal parts as follows:



• Ground • Substructure including foundation • Superstructure • Structure components • Accessories

Superstructure

Substructure

Structure components

Ground

Figure 2.1.5 - a: Principal parts of a bridge

Substructure

Ground

Figure 2.1.5 - b: Principal parts of culverts

Ground

The Ground in this context that which takes the loads from the foundations and the surrounding area, inclusive of the approach road, which can have an influence on the structure.

Examples of the elements which the ‘Ground’ is divided into: • River course • Embankment • Retaining walls

For a more detailed description see Chapter 2.4.2.

The Substructure

The substructure carries the loads from the superstructure together with its own weight through the foundations to the supporting ground.



All elements below the superstructure inclusive of the foundation form the substructure.

Examples of elements which the Substructure is divided into: • Abutments • Piers • Towers • Anchoring

For further description, see Chapter 2.4.3.

The Superstructure

The superstructure carries the traffic together with its own weight to the substructure through the bearings. All elements of a bridge situated above the supports are regarded as the Superstructure.

Examples of elements belonging to the superstructure can be: • Slab • Beam • Deck

Additionally, some elements which form part of a superstructure are listed under Structure Components and Accessories. For a more detailed description see Chapter 2.4.4.

Special Superstructure Components for Cable Structures

Examples of components are:

• Cables

• Saddles/Bearings for the cables

• Hangers

For a more detailed description see Chapter 2.4.5

Special Superstructure Components for Moveable Bridges

Examples of components are:

• Counterweight

• Machinery

• Trunnion




Structure Components

Structure Components are normally elements belonging to the superstructure of a bridge. Examples of elements can be: • Bearings • Joints • Parapets

For a further description see Chapter 2.4.7.

Accessories

All non structural installations or items connected to a bridge that do not strictly belong to it are collected under ‘Accessories’. Examples of elements can be: • Lighting • Access equipment • Signing • Pipes/cables


1.1 STATIC SYSTEM

The static system indicates how the superstructure acts when carrying loads. There is a wide range of different static systems, but only the most commonly used will be referred to.

1.1.1 SIMPLY SUPPORTED SYSTEM

A Simply Supported Static System means that the structure is freely supported at the ends. The simplest form consists of one span with two end supports. For wider gaps, several simply supported spans are used with intermediate supports. The Simply Supported Static System is the most common type of Static System for bridges.

Figure 2.2.1 – a: Simply Supported Single and Multi-span Structures

Movablebearing

Fixedbearing

Simply supported(Single span)

Movablebearing

Movablebearing

Fixedbearings

Simply supported(Multi span)



Fig. 2.2.1 – b: Photos of Simply Supported Single and Multi-span bridges

1.1.1 CONTINUOUS SYSTEM

A Continuous Static System means that the Superstructure is designed to take flexural moments as well as shear forces in the intermediate supports. A bridge using the Continuous System has a superstructure which extends over one or more intermediate supports with no joints.

Movablebearings

Fixedbearing

Continuous - multi span Figure 2.2.2 – a: Continuous Multi-span Bridge

Fig. 2.2.2 –b: Photo of Continuous Multi-span bridge



1.1.1 CANTILEVER SYSTEM

This Static System is continuous over one or several supports simultaneously as it is cantilevered from the supports themselves. In some cases the Cantilever System may have one or several suspended spans. An example of a bridge with a Cantilever System with Suspended span is shown below:

Suspended spanCantilever

Hinge

Figure 2.2.3 Cantilever Bridge with one Suspended Span

1.1.2 ARCH SYSTEMS

These Types of Static Systems have arched superstructures, sometimes hinged at both supports, in the middle of the span length or at both supports as well as in the middle of the span as shown below. A further type can be cantilevered at the supports with no hinges.

Hinge

Arch

Arch with one hinge

Arch

Hinge Hinge

Arch

Arch with two hinges

Hinge

Hinge Hinge

Arch

Arch with three hinges

Figure 2.2.4 Different types of Static Arch Systems



2.2.5 FRAME SYSTEMS

In a Frame System, the load bearing elements are normally mutually connected to each other offering the possibility of transferring flexural moments as well as shear forces through the connection points.

Frame Structures may have abutments, but normally they do not have any independent free standing abutments as end supports, only side walls as substitutes.

The Static System of frame structures can often be difficult to determine, but the most common types are mentioned below. Additionally, the superstructure may be cantilevered.

Figure 2.2.5 Different types of Static Frame Systems

2.3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRUCTURES

The purpose of this chapter is to establish consistent definitions of the different types of structures. This chapter deals with examples and descriptions of the main types of structures.

2.3.1 CULVERTS

A culvert is a structure, usually a drainage or stream crossing beneath a roadway embankment, which does not interrupt the embankment and has no bridge deck.

Culverts are different from other bridge types because their structural elements are normally internally connected to each other without any possibility of mutual movement.

In most cases culverts are made of concrete or steel, but also masonry, timber and plastic are used. Steel culverts are usually made from corrugated steel plates and can be shaped like pipes

Frame without hinges/cantilevered

Frame without hinges

Frame with two hinges/cantilevered with support

Frame with two hinges Frame with 3 hinges



or vaults. The most common type of concrete culvert is the box culvert, so named because they are shaped like a box; but concrete culverts formed as pipes or vaults are also common. They can be cast in situ or prefabricated.

2.3.1.1 Pipe culverts

Pipe culverts are usually of a circular or elliptical shape and can be made of steel (normally corrugated steel), PVC or concrete. The function of pipe culverts is provided by the interaction between the culverts and the surrounding soil. A common type of steel culvert has an upper part that is elliptical, or circular and a more flat bottom part. (See below)

The most common types are shown below.

Figure 2.3.1.1:Different shaped Pipe Culvert Sections

2.3.1.2 Box Culverts

Box culverts are in most cases square-shaped and usually made of reinforced concrete, They can be single or multi-barrelled (The opening of a culvert is sometimes named the barrel). Box culvert types are most commonly used in soil of a low bearing strength and for small spans.

The most usual types of box culvert are shown below:

Barrel

Top Slab

Bottom Slab

Barrel Barrel

Interior wall

Figure 2.3.1.2: Single Cell Box Culvert and Multi Cell Box Culvert

Barrel Barrel Barrel Barrel

Circular Pipe Culvert

Horizontal EllipticalPipe Culvert

ArchPipe Culvert

Vertical EllipticalPipe Culvert



2.3.1.3 Vault culverts

Vault culverts are shaped like a curved slab and can be made of reinforced concrete, stones, masonry or steel.

One type of vault culvert is shown below.

Figure 2.3.1.3: Vault culvert

2.3.1.4 Frame culverts

The shape of a frame culvert is more or less similar to the box culvert type except for the bottom slab which has been replaced by spread footing. These type of structures are usually made of reinforced concrete.

The frame culvert is characterised by the fact that the top slab is rigidly fixed at both ends into the side walls or piers of the structure.

Figure 2.3.1.4: Frame Culvert with spread footing

A bracing construction may also be provided between the Spread Footing of the side walls when foundation conditions are difficult.

2.3.1.5 Slab Culvert

Slab Culverts are culverts of small span lengths, and are normally not frame structures because

Slab

Spread footing

Side wall



they do not have any mutual connections between the top slab and the walls. In some cases a composition of masonry walls and reinforced slabs also exists.

Example of a Slab Culvert is shown below.

Barrel

Top Slab

Bottom Slab

Fig. 2.3.1.5: Slab Culvert

2.3.2 TYPES OF SLAB BRIDGES; W/D ≥ 5

The characteristic feature of a slab bridge is the fact that the slab is the main carrying load element of the bridge and it is also the slab that transmits the loads directly to the substructure.

Bridges are referred to as slab bridges if the ratio between W/D≥5, where W is the total width and D is the depth of the slab. If W/D < 5, the structure is a beam bridge. See the figures below.

Slab bridges may be of either solid, voided or rib construction. The cross section can be either rectangular, with sloping slab edges or of the cantilever type.

2.3.2.1 Solid Slab Bridges

If a slab is solid, it means that the cross section is homogenous. Examples of solid slab bridges are shown in Figure 2.3.2.1-a, 2.3.2.1-b and 2.3.2.3.

W

D

Figure 2.3.2.1 - a: Cross section of a Solid Slab Bridge



W

D

Figure 2.3.2.1 - b: Cross section of a Solid Slab Bridge with sloped edges

2.3.2.2 Voided Slab Bridges

A voided slab is not homogenous, but has circular shaped voids inside. An example of a voided slab is shown below.

W

D

Figure 2.3.2.2: Cross section of a Voided Slab Bridge

2.3.2.3 Rib Slab Bridges

If the ratio between w/D ≥ 1 and the superstructure is solid above the supports, the type of Structure is called a Rib Slab Bridge. For this type of structure, the slab and the ribs are cast homogeneously. If w/D < 1, the structure is defined as a Beam Bridge. See below

Figure 2.3.2.3: Rib Slab Bridge

W

w

D



2.3.3 TYPES OF BEAM/GIRDER BRIDGES

In a Beam Bridge, the beams constitute the main carrying element. They have to carry the loads from the traffic and the weight of the bridge deck as well as its own weight and transfer the vertical and horizontal forces down to the substructure of the bridge.

The Beam Bridge type of structure includes in situ casting and prefabricated beams and girders. A Beam Bridge is made of either standardised beams or specially made beams. If the beams are of the standardised type, they are called beams and if they have been specially made or are bigger than standard, then they are normally called girders.

Examples of some typical Beam Bridges are shown below.

2.3.3.1 Beam Bridges

Beams are made of different materials of which the most common are concrete, steel, timber or aluminium. Beams may be used in different parts of a structure, but in this context, as main carrying elements, they normally support the bridge deck.

Examples of some types of Beam Structures are shown below.

Bridges with T - Beams

For T-Beams, the beams and the deck are rigidly connected to each other in one type, while in others, the beam itself is shaped like a T.

Figure 2.3.3.1 - a: Cross section of a Beam Bridge, made of concrete T-beams

Bridges with Rectangular Beams

Rectangular Beams normally support the bridge deck without any mutual connection between the beams and the deck.

W

w

D



Fig. 2.3.3.1 – b: Sketch of Rectangular Concrete Beams

Bridges with I- and H - Beams

These types are mostly made of steel, but other materials like timber and aluminium are also common. In most cases there is no connection between the beams and the deck, but it might happen.

Standardised steel Beam Bridges are some of the most common types for bridges.

Figure 2.3.3.1 - c: Cross section of a Beam Bridge made of steel I-beams

The difference between I- and H-beam is mainly that an H-beam has wider flanges than an

I-beam.

2.3.3.2 Girder Bridges

Girder bridges have girders as the load bearing element. Girders are normally bigger than beams and can support longer span lengths.

Girders may have different shapes and be made from different materials. The most common materials are concrete, steel and timber.

Descriptions and sketches of the most common types of girder structures are shown below:

Box Girder Bridge

Box Girders are so named because of their appearance since they look like a box. Compared to normal beams the bridge deck of a box girder is identical to the top flange, the walls form the web, and the bottom plate is similar to the bottom flange.

Box Girder Bridges can be made of either concrete or steel. In steel box bridges, the box girder(s) are normally made of steel while the deck is made of concrete. For the concrete box girder type both box girder(s) and the deck are made of concrete. These are the most common

W

D



types of Box Girder Structures. In both cases the structure consists of hollow box-like girder(s) as illustrated below. Box Girder Bridges are normally used for longer spans.

W

Figure 2.3.3.2: Cross section of a Girder Bridge made of concrete Box Girders

Plate Girder Bridge

A Plate Girder Bride is normally designed for taking longer spans than a Beam Bridge, and it is the Plate Girders that take both dead and traffic loads from the superstructure to the substructure. Plate Girders can be both welded and riveted constructions, of which the former have been the most common type in the past and the latter the most common today.

For more detailed information about types of Beam/Girder Bridges, see chapter 2.4.4.2 and 2.4.4.3.

2.3.4 ARCH/VAULT AND FRAME BRIDGES

The main elements of these types of bridges are respectively the arches, the vaults and the frames. The difference between an arch bridge and a vault bridge is that the arch of an arch bridge is a curved beam, whereas the vault of a vault bridge is a curved slab.

Arch bridges take normally longer span lengths than vault bridges because the ribs are designed to resist a load combination of axial compression and bending moment, while vault bridges normally are designed to resist only axial compression. A more detailed elaboration on the two types is given below.

A frame bridge can be said to be a multi-sided configuration in which the sides are rigidly connected in such a way that applied loads are distributed to each side. Please see below for a more detailed elaboration.

2.3.4.1 Arch Bridges

The type of structure termed arch includes open and closed spandrel arch bridges as well as



earth filled arch bridges. The bridge deck can be either above, between or underneath the arches. So far as new arch bridges are concerned, the arch ribs are usually made of concrete or steel and they are either solid or hollow and sometimes formed as a truss. The open spandrel arch bridge is a development of the closed spandrel arch bridge where the earth fill is replaced by vertical columns which carry the bridge deck. In an arch bridge, the main carrying elements are the arch ribs or the arch itself.

For open spandrel arch bridges there are usually two main arch ribs of the bowstring type, interconnected by cross bracing which provides lateral stability and resists wind forces. An open spandrel arch bridge is usually constructed of reinforced concrete or in combination with steel.

A closed spandrel arch rib bridge has its side walls connected to the arch ribs where the walls are usually made of reinforced concrete. Different types of arch bridges are shown below.

Fig. 2.3.4.1 – a: Open Spandrel Arch Bridge with deck on top

Fig. 2.3.4.1 – b: Arch bridge with underlying deck

2.3.4.2 Vault Bridges

The type of structure termed Vault Bridge has the vault as the main load bearing element. In the case of earth filled vault bridges, the loads are carried by compression in the vault. Old vault bridges are normally made of stone, but newer vaults are mostly made of reinforced concrete and are in most cases solid. In the case of smaller span lengths, corrugated steel plates are common, but in this handbook they are mentioned under Vault Culverts.

For vault bridges, the bridge deck always has to be above the vault.

Arch rib

Columns

Span length

Deck

Arch



Figure 2.3.4.2 Vault Bridge

2.3.4.3 Frame Bridges

The characteristic for Frame Bridges is that the carrying elements are mutually connected to each other without the possibility of internal movements. The superstructure and substructure are designed as a single unit. A Frame Bridge can either be single or multi-span. Single - span Frame Bridges with small span lengths are normally of the slab frame design, while the frame beam design is designated for longer span lengths. Because the frame sides(walls) contribute to the structures overall capacity, increased span lengths and material savings can be realised.

The most common material in Frame Bridges is reinforced concrete, but also steel Frame Bridges exist.

Slab

Beam(s)

Bridge deck

Spread footing

Side wall

Fig. 2.3.4.3: Examples of Frame Bridges with spread footing

2.3.4.4 Strut Frame Bridges

The principles for strut frame bridges can be quite different from the frame structures mentioned in chapter 2.3.4.3, due to the fact that the struts of a strut frame bridge may act only as a support for the main load bearing element, which can be a concrete slab, steel girders etc. However, if the struts are rigidly connected to the main load carrying element(s), the interaction behaviour between the elements are similar to the ones of a frame structure. The connection between the carrying element and the struts can be either rigid or hinged.

Vault

Span length



Span Span Span

Strut frame

Fig. 2.3.4.4: Sketch of a Strut Frame Bridge

2.3.5 TRUSS BRIDGES

For this type of bridge the main load carrying element is the truss, and it is the truss that transfer the loads to the substructure.

The bridge deck may be above, between or underneath the trusses. If the deck is above the trusses, it means that the deck is above the top chord of the trusses. If the deck is underneath the trusses, it means that the deck is situated at the same level as the bottom chord of the trusses. If the deck is between the trusses, this means that the deck is situated somewhere between the bottom and top chord of the trusses.

A truss can be compared with a girder, where the top and bottom booms are similar to the top and bottom flanges of a girder, and the truss members between the booms are similar to the webs of a girder. The most common types of truss bridges are described below.

2.3.5.1 Through and Half -Through Truss Bridges

In the case of Through and Half - Through Truss Bridges, the truss walls are parallel to each other. If the bridge is of the Half - Through truss type, the top bracing between the walls is omitted. Examples of Through and Half Through Truss Bridges are shown below:

Fig. 2.3.5.1 - a: Through Truss Bridge



Fig. 2.3.5.1 – b: Half Trough Truss Bridge

2.3.5.2 Arch Truss Bridges

An Arch Truss Bridge usually has its truss walls parallel to each other, but with a bowed top or bottom boom.

Example are shown below:

Fig. 2.3.5.2: Truss Bridge with arched top chord

2.3.5.3 Deck Truss Bridges

If the deck is above the trusses, it means that the deck is above the top chord of the trusses. The type of structure is then named a Deck Truss Bridge. Sometimes the top chords may be cast into the concrete deck. Examples of some Deck Type Truss Bridges are shown below:

Fig. 2.3.5.3 –a: Type of Deck Truss Bridge



Fig. 2.3.5.3 -b: Type of Deck Truss Bridge

2.3.6 CABLE SUPPORTED BRIDGES

A Cable Bridge is a bridge in which the superstructure is directly or indirectly supported by cables, and where the cables pass over or are attached to the towers.

The Static System of a Cable Supported Bridge is dependant on how the Stiffening Structure is supported on the towers. It can be either simply supported or continuously.

2.3.6.1 Suspension Bridges

Suspension Bridges have normally two towers on which the cables rest, and the tensile forces of the cables are transmitted to the anchoring at the extreme ends of the cables.. If there is more than one main span, a suspension bridge might have more than two towers. The hangers are connected to the cables at one end and to the cross beams or the stiffening structure at the other.

The stiffening structure of a suspension bridge may be one of the following types: H beams, box girder(s) or trusses. Adjacent to the main span(s), a suspension bridge may have suspended side spans or separate supported spans (viaducts).

Side span Side spanMain spanViaductViaduct

Figure 2.3.6. 1 - a: Sketch of a Suspension Bridge



Fig. 2.3.6.1 – b: Photo of a Suspension Bridge

2.3.6.2 Cable Stayed Bridges

Cable Stayed Bridges must have at least one tower, but if there are more than two main spans, two or more towers have to be provided. In the case of Cable Stayed Bridges, the bridge deck is carried by cables anchored to the upper part of the tower(s) at one end and to the bridge deck at the other. Normally the tensile forces of the cables are transmitted to the tower(s) with anchoring only in the bridge deck at each side of the tower. Sometimes, however, the cables can be anchored to the deck at one side of the tower and in the ground or rock at the other side.

Fig. 2.3.6.2: Photo of a Cable Stayed Bridge in Riga



2.3.7 MOVEABLE BRIDGES

A Moveable bridge is a bridge having one or more spans capable of being raised, turned, lifted, or slid from its closed position in order to provide passage to navigable traffic. A Moveable Bridge is in most cases an ordinary beam/girder bridge equipped with machinery which allows the bridge to move in the desired direction. The most common types of moveable bridges are:

2.3.7.1 Bascule Bridges

A Bascule Bridge is a bridge crossing a waterway with one or two leaves which rotate from a horizontal to a near-vertical position, providing unlimited clear headway.

The superstructure of a bascule bridge turns around a horizontal trunnion - in the vertical plane. The principal systems for Bascule Bridges are:

- Fixed Trunnion Bascule Bridge - Rolling Lift Bascule Bridge - Bascule Draw Bridge - Double Leaf Bascule Bridge

The Fixed Trunnion Bascule Bridge acts as a balanced system, with the longest part of the superstructure crossing the waterway and the shortest carrying a counterweight. The nose of the superstructure rests on bearings. Some bascule bridges have nose-locks which engage the support. In some cases the bascule bridge may be of the double leaf bridge type which means that the superstructure is divided into two parts, one on either side of the waterway and fitted with nose-locking arrangements where the two parts meet, normally at the middle of the span’s length above the waterway.

Fig. 2.3.7.1 – a: A Fixed Trunnion Double-Leaf Bascule Bridge

A Rolling Lift Bascule Bridge is carried on curved rollers which roll on special tracks. The movement of the bridge is caused by special draw bars or by hydraulic jacks at the tail ends. Different from the fixed trunnion bascule bridge where the superstructure turns around the trunnion, the superstructure of a rolling lift bascule bridge can be moved in both a horizontal



and vertical direction.

Bascule Draw Bridges differ from the above mentioned types by having the counterweight placed on a separate balance arm above the roadway. The superstructure turns around a fixed trunnion at the end of the superstructure. Adjacent to this end, there are two columns on which the balance arms together with counterweights rest. The principle of a drawbridge is shown below.

Columns

Counterweight Balance arm

Figure 2.3.7.1 -b: Example of a Bascule Draw Bridge

2.3.7.2 Swing Bridges

A Swing Bridge is a moveable bridge in which the superstructure rotates horizontally about a centre pier (pivot), to permit the passage of navigable traffic. There are two main systems of swing bridges:

A Balanced Cantilever Bridge is located on top of a pier and rests on a pivot. The superstructure of the bridge has two leaves of the same length which can span two waterways. A sketch of a balanced cantilever bridge is shown below. The spans are usually, but not necessarily equal. When open, the swing spans are cantilevered from the pivot. When closed, the spans are supported by the pivot pier and by two rest piers (outer) or abutments.



Pivot

Column

Figure 2.3.7.2 - a: Balanced Cantilever Swing Bridge

Figure 2.3.7.2 – b: Photo of a three-span balanced cantilever Swing Bridge

A Bobtail Swing Bridge has a short tail span and a longer main span. It is used preferably on sites where a narrow canal is to be bridged and the space is limited. In order to obtain coincidence between the centre of gravity and the centre of rotation, the shorter span must have a counterweight. A sketch of a bobtail type bridge is given below.

Pivot

Figure 2.3.7.2 - c: Bobtail Swing Bridge



2.3.7.3 Rolling bridges

A Rolling Bridge is devised to roll backwards and forwards upon supporting beams when operated through an “open and closed” cycle.

When opened, the bridge moves backwards in the longitudinal direction of the road. The principle is shown in the sketch below.

Access rampRollers

Figure 2.3.7.3: Example of a Rolling Bridge

2.3.7.4 Ferry Quays

Ferry Quays are in principle similar to a Fixed Trunnion Single-Leaf Bascule Bridge, except for the fact that the outermost end of the superstructure of a Ferry Quay rests on the ferryboat when the bridge is closed. It is connected to the superstructure by a locking system. In most cases the static system of a Ferry Quay is of the simple supported type.

A sketch and photo of a Ferry Quay is shown below.

Fig. 2.3.7.4 - a: Example of a Ferry Quay

The Lifting and Lowering Machinery

The Ferry Quay Bridge Superstructure



Fig. 2.3.7.4 – b: Photo of a Ferry Quay

2.4 BRIDGE ELEMENTS

2.4.1 GENERAL

The different types of elements maybe coded in accordance with their location in relationship to the principal parts of a bridge. Normally a bridge is divided into the following principal parts: Ground, Superstructure, Substructure, where each part is divided into elements.(See Figure 2.4 below.) Additionally, special elements belonging to Cable Structures and Moveable Structures are gathered under “Special Cable Superstructure Components” and “Special Components of Moveable Structures”, while other structural and non-structural elements are gathered under “Structure Components” and “Accessories”. If a Code System is adopted it usually provides options for selecting the information listed below for most of the elements: • Type of elements • Materials • Surface treatment • Foundation • Protection facilities

However, not all elements share all the information specified above.

Types of elements: Type of abutments - gravity or cantilever. Types of piers - single or multi- column, wall pier etc.. Types of towers such as A or H towers etc.

Material: What kind of material the different elements are made of.

Surface treatment provides information on the type of surface treatment of the element in question. The treatment is directly dependant on the material(s) of the element.



Foundation gives information about the type of foundation in question, for example spread footing, different types of piles, caissons etc..

Protection facilities. Protection facilities are different types of protective measures that are established in order to prevent scouring or erosion underneath the foundations of abutments or piers, along the river banks, in the river bed, at the inlet or outlet of a culvert or bridge, along embankments etc. An extensive explanation of the different types of protection facilities with fundamentals is given below.

Wing wallMain carryingelement

Parapet

Axi

s 2

Axi

s 3

Joint

Abutment

Embankment

Pier Pier foundation

Piles

Bearing

Axi

s 1

Bridge deck

Figure 2.4: Examples of elements of a bridge

2.4.2 THE GROUND

The Ground supports the abutment foundations, the pier foundation(s) as well as the approach road and may consist of one or several types of materials.

The Ground in this context is divided into the following elements: • River Course • Embankment • Retaining wall

2.4.2.1 The River Course

The River Course includes the river bed and river banks. The river bed is defined as the bed of the river between the banks, namely the part of the river that normally is below water.

The river banks are defined as the slopes on either side of the river bed.



Figure 2.4.2.1 - a: Sketch showing River Course

Protection facilities for a River Course:

Protection facilities for a river course are defined as devices arranged to protect the river course from scouring, erosion or similar processes.

Gabions are steel wire baskets filled with stones and are differentiated into gabion boxes and gabion mattresses. Generally speaking, gabion mattresses (also known as Reno mattresses) are wider and flatter than gabion boxes.

An apron - a form of scour protection consisting of concrete, stone pitching, timber, paving, gabion mattresses, or other construction placed adjacent to abutments, piers, at the inlet or outlet of a culvert.

Rip rap consists of large stones or concrete blocks placed on river bank slopes or river. Since no binding material is used to hold them together, they must be heavy enough not to be washed away by the river current.

Stone pitching consists of stones that are smaller than those used for rip rap. They are bound together by mortar and are normally used to protect steep slopes especially at the abutments.

Piled walls are made from timber or steel. The piles are hammered into the ground at the bottom of the slope.

Check dams are small retaining walls normally built in steps to reduce water speed in rivers. Check dams are usually made of gabions, timber or stone.

Rip rap orstone pitching

Gabion mattressesRetaining walls etc

River bank

River bed

Piled wall

Figure 2.4.2.1 - b: Examples of locations of Protection Facilities for River Course

River course

bankbed

bankRiver

RiverRiver



2.4.2.2 The Embankment

The embankment transmits the traffic loads and its own weight to the subsoil and can form the approach road to the bridge. Generally speaking the embankment supports the road.

The slope of the access embankment is usually terminated by a rounded portion of stones at the side of the abutments which acts as support for the embankment and provides protection against erosion and scouring of the abutment.

Materials for an Embankment can be stones, gravel, sand etc

Protection Facilities for an Embankment can be gabion mattresses, piled walls, rip rap etc.

Fig. 2.4.2.2: Example of Embankment

2.4.2.3 Retaining walls

The function of the retaining walls is to retain the embankment or fill slopes of the road. The difference between a wing wall and a retaining wall is the connection to the abutment. While wing walls are connected to the abutment, retaining walls are provided as free-standing extensions of wing walls (and thereby unconnected to the abutment), but also for retaining slopes outside the abutment area.

Materials for a Retaining Wall are normally either concrete or stones. If the Retaining Wall is made of concrete, it can be either with or without reinforcement.

Protection of a Retaining Wall can be piled walls, rip rap, stone pitching etc..



Figure 2.4.2.3 Example of a Retaining Wall

2.4.3 SUBSTRUCTURE

2.4.3.1 General

The following elements belong normally to the Substructure : • Abutments • Piers • Towers • Anchoring • Culvert section • Walls

2.4.3.2 Abutments

The function of an abutment is to support the end of a single span or the extreme end of a multispan superstructure, to transmit the loads to the foundations and, in general, retain or support the approach embankment.

There are four main types of abutments, namely:

- Cantilever abutments

- Gravity abutments

- Pile abutments

- Bank-seated abutments

Retaining wallInclined wing wall

Wing wall parallelwith the road



All types are more thoroughly described with appurtenant parts below.

Cantilever Abutments

For cantilever abutments, the abutment wall is fixed rigidly to the foundation. Acting like a cantilever beam, the abutment wall transmits the horizontal pressure from earth and traffic to the footing which maintains its stability by virtue of the dead weight of the abutment and of the soil mass resting on the remaining part of the abutment foundation (base slab). Such a type of abutment is usually made of reinforced concrete.

Wing wallBearing shelf

Abutment wallWeep holes

Ballast wall

Abutment foundation

Figure 2.4.3.2 – a: Sketch showing a Cantilever Abutment

Gravity Abutments

Gravity abutments are heavy abutments that resist the pressure from the earth and traffic by their own weight and are normally made of solid masonry, hewn stones, mass concrete, reinforced concrete or gabions.

Figure 2.4.3.2 - b: Sketch showing a Gravity Abutment

Pile-Abutments

Pile-abutments are named so because the pile(s) is taking the loads to the foundation/ground from the top portion of the abutment. The pile(s) and the supporting top portion are mutually connected and constitute together the abutment. Examples of pile-abutments are shown below

Ballast wall

Gravityabutment



2.4.3.2 – c: Different types of Pile Abutments

Bank-Seated Abutments

Bank-seated abutments are normally small abutments that rest at the banks of the river or at the slopes of the embankment. They have to be protected extremely well from scouring, as they are as exposed to scouring as the material of the embankment/river banks. Examples of bank-seated abutments are shown below.

Fig. 2.4.3.2 – d: Examples of Bank-Seated Abutments

Details of Abutments

The ballast wall is situated immediately behind the bearing seat and forms the upper part of the abutment. Apart from retaining the approach road, it also in some cases supports the approach slab(run-on slab).

Figure 2.4.3.2 - c: Details of an abutment

Approach slab(run-on slab)

Bearing shelf

Ballast wall

Pile

Piles



The bearing shelf is the part of the abutment that provides a seat for the bearings. This part is heavily reinforced in order to resist stresses from the loads on the superstructure. In some cases the superstructure is placed directly on the bearing shelves without any bearings.

The abutment wall is the stem or main part of the abutment between the foundation and the bearing shelf. (See Figure 2.4.3 - a) The abutment wall transmits the loads from the superstructure to the abutment foundation and resists the pressure from the earth in the road embankment.

The abutment foundation is the lowest part of the abutment and transmits loads to the ground, sometimes via piles.

Abutments can have three types of foundations. Spread foundations or footing which is usually a reinforced concrete base wider than the abutment. Spread footing is normally placed directly on the soil or rock. When the soil is weak, it cannot support the weight of the bridge through spread footing alone. In such cases the footing is supported either by piles or caissons which can transmit the loads to deeper and stronger soil strata. The footing acts then as a pile cap.

The wing walls/end walls retain the embankment fill and make it possible for the bridge to have a shorter span. A Wing Wall is always connected to the abutment wall and is thus of the type cantilever.

Figure 2.4.3.2 - d: Examples of Wing Walls

End walls are normally used in the case of pipe culverts in order to retain the filling of the road body. Sometimes the outer ends of the end wall form an angle with the centre line of the inlet. In such cases they may look like wing walls, but are still called end walls because they are not connected to any abutment. When the wall is separate from the end or wing wall it is termed a retaining wall.

Inclined wing wall

Wing wall paralellwith the road



Figure 2.4.3.2 - e: Examples of end walls with parallel pipes

Weep Holes are found in the abutment. When water enters the approach embankment fill, more pressure is exerted on the abutment. In order to reduce this pressure, water must be drained out by placing through-holes in the abutment wall. These are called weep holes.

The approach slab runs from the embankment to the bridge deck and is normally supported by a nose at the rear of the abutment wall.

2.4.3.3 Piers

Piers are the intermediate supports of the superstructure in the case of multi-span bridges. They are made of different materials of which concrete, steel and stones are the most common. Both in situ manufactured and prefabricated piers are usual.

There is a wide range of different pier types, of which the most common are listed below.

Types of Piers:

- Single Column Pier

- Multi Column Pier

- Wall Pier

- Gravity Pier

- Column/wall Pier

- Pile Pier

Column Piers may have one or several columns. The columns can be of different shape.

A Wall Pier has the part between the pier cap and the pier foundation formed like a wall. Example of a wall pier is shown in fig. 2.4.3.3. b.

Gravity Piers are heavy structures that resist the influence from loads by their own weight and are normally made of solid masonry, hewn stones, mass concrete, reinforced concrete or gabions.

End wall

Pipe culvert

Pipe culvert

Inclined end wall



A Column/Wall Pier consists of a different upper- and bottom-part of the pier. The bottom-part may for instance consist of a Wall Pier type, while the upper-part may consist of a Sigle or Multi Column Pier. An example is shown in fig. 2.4.3.3.

A Pile Pier consists of only one or several piles with normally a pile cap as the topmost portion of the pier. The piles replace the columns and transfer the loads to the ground. Example of a pile pier is shown in fig. 2.4.3.3

A sketch giving information of the most important components of a pier and where they are located is given below.

W

Pier columnor pier wall

Pier foundation

Pier cap(pier head)

t

Figure 2.4.3.3 –a: Parts of a Pier

Fig. 2.4.3.3 –b: Photo of a Wall Pier



Fig. 2.4.3.3 - c: Sketch of a Column/wall Pier Fig. 2.4.3.3 - d: Sketch of a Pile Pier

Description of Pier parts:

A pier cap is the topmost portion of a pier which distributes uniformly over the pier the concentrated loads from the superstructure.

In circular pier columns, the top of the column is called the column head and may be flared to improve the transmission of loads, and shear forces in particular.

The pier column or pier wall is the middle part of the pier between the cap (or head) and the foundations. A pier column is named a pier wall when w > 5 t and as a square when w ≤ 5 t, where ‘w’ is the width of the pier column and ‘t’ the thickness.(See above)

The pier foundations are the lowest part of the pier that carry and distribute the loads to the ground. The foundations are usually made of reinforced concrete and may be spread footing or supported on piles or caissons.

2.4.3.4 Towers

Towers are one of the most conspicuous elements in a Suspension Structure and function more or less in the same manner as piers. However, towers are different from piers that support the superstructure in that they transmit loads from the cables to the ground (mostly vertical components of the forces). Towers are normally made of reinforced concrete, steel or timber.

Types of Towers

The most common types of tower are the «A - tower» and the «H - tower», but a wide range of other tower-types that are not outlined in this handbook exist too. The «A - tower» is formed like the letter A and the «H - tower» like the letter H. (See below) Towers are normally made of either concrete, steel or timber. Concrete and steel are the most common materials for towers, but also timber is used for small bridges. On modern, and very big bridges, concrete is

Column-wall pier

Column

Wall

Pile pier

Pile



the most dominating material of today.

Normally a Tower comprises the following components: - Top cross beam - Cable saddle - Tower legs - Deck cross beam - Foundation

Figure 2.4.3.4: A - Tower for Cable Stayed Bridges H - Tower for Suspension Bridges

The foundation slab transmits the loads from the substructure to the ground, in some cases via piles or caissons. There are two types of piles, friction piles and head bearing piles. Friction piles distribute the loads from the foundation slab of the towers to the subsoil in cases where the ground is not strong enough to resist the compression. Head bearing piles are used for transferring loads from the foundation slab to the rock or to a level in the ground capable of taking the loads. Piles can be made of concrete, steel or timber.

2.4.3.5 Anchoring

An anchorage is a complete assemblage of members and parts designed to hold back the cables in their correct position.

The anchoring can be constructed as a gravity reinforced concrete block in or on top of the ground, or as a fixing deep into the rock on the land side of the towers in order to retain the anchoring-ends of the cables. Sometimes, however, the anchoring can be a part of the abutments. In soft ground anchoring by concrete blocks is commonly used.

Tower leg

Bridge deck

Foundation

Cable saddle

Top cross beam



Fig. 2.4.3.5 Sketch showing the Anchoring of a suspension bridge

2.4.3.6 Culvert sections

There is a wide range of different types of culvert sections such as box, pipe and vault elements. These are normally named in accordance with their shape,e.g. box, pipe, elliptical etc., and are normally structures with short span lengths. Below are shown the most common types of culvert sections.

Types of Culvert Sections

Type of section in question: Box section, circular section, elliptical section, vault section etc..

Pipe sections may be circular, elliptical or with a flat bottom as shown below. They are normally made of corrugated steel plates or concrete, but also masonry exists.

Barrel Barrel Barrel Barrel

Fig. 2.4.3.6 -a Circular, Horizontal Ellipse, Pipe Arch and Vertical Ellipse Pipe Sections



Fig. 2.4.3.6 – b: Photo showing Multi-cell Circular Pipe Sections

Box sections can be square or rectangular in shape. They are mostly made of concrete.

Road surfaceOverfillTop slabHaunchSide wall (leg)Bottom slab

2.4.3.6 – c: Cross section of box element with details

- The Top slab of a culvert is the topmost portion of the culvert. - The Bottom slab of a culvert is similar to the spread footing of an abutment. - The Side Walls of a culvert have the same function as the breast wall of an abutment. - The Haunch is a thickening of the slab at the support and is provided to increase the capacity to accept shear forces. - The Barrel is the opening of a culvert. Culverts may have one or several barrels.



Fig. 2.4.3.6 – d: Photo of a Box Culvert Section

Fig. 2.4.3.6 – e: Photo of a Vault Culvert Section

A vault section has an arch shaped upper part like a curved slab and can be made of stone, concrete, corrugated steel or masonry. Normally, vault sections have fill on top. Different types of constructions exist, one of which is illustrated in the photo below.

A Culvert Valve Plate is sometimes being used at the outlet of the culvert in order to regulate the water flow direction. The Valve Plate is hinged at the top portion of the culvert as shown in fig. 2.4.3.6 - f, and can be made of steel, timber or aluminium.



Fig. 2.4.3.6 – f: Example of culvert with a Valve Plate

2.4.3.7 Walls

Walls in this connection are referred to as all types of walls connected to a bridge or culvert.

Types of Walls

- End Walls

- Wing Walls

- Side Walls

- Interior Walls

End Walls are found mostly at the ends of pipe culverts. The purpose of these types of Walls is mainly to retain the filling of the embankment, but also to prevent scouring of the embankment slope. (For more information, see chapter 2.4.3.2)

Wing Walls are found mostly on abutments. (For more information, see chapter 2.4.3.2)

Side Walls are similar to wing walls and have the same function. While a wing wall forms an angle with the centre-line of the road, a Side Wall is parallel to it. Both are rigidly connected to the abutment wall.

Interiors Walls are mainly found as intermediate walls in box-culverts, box-girders, large abutments etc..

Hinge

Steel plateCulvert

Culvert with valve plate



2.4.4 THE SUPERSTRUCTURE

All the elements of a bridge that bear loads situated above the supports on abutments or walls are regarded as the superstructure. It is the superstructure that carries the traffic. Elements that belong to the superstructure are elaborated in the sub-chapters below.

2.4.4.1 Slabs

In the case of a slab structure, the main carrying element is the slab itself. The loads are carried and transmitted directly to the substructure by the slab. A slab can also be compared to a flat beam which supports loads through flexure. Slabs are in most cases made of reinforced or pre-stressed concrete and have different shapes, e.g., rectangular, rectangular with diagonal edge, rectangular with wing edge etc.. They can be either solid or voided. For both types the concrete can be pre-cast or cast in situ.

Type of Slabs

The types of slabs are named after their geometrical shape. Only the most common ones are sketched below. For several types, look up the Codes.

Solid Slab Element with sloping slab-wings

Rectangular Slab Element-Solid

Rectangular Slab Element-Voided



Rib Slab Element -Solid

2.4.4.2 Beams

Beams are commonly the main load bearing element in bridges on which the bridge deck rests. The deck may be simply supported by the beams, or the two elements may be connected to each other forming a composite member in order to increase the load carrying capacity. Beams may be made of reinforced or pre-stressed concrete, steel or timber. In bridge terminology, however, it is common to use the expression girder instead of beam if the beam is larger than standardised.

Type of Beams

Beams are named in accordance with their geometrical shapes. Below are listed the most common ones.

I-Beams can be made in different materials and shapes. In most cases, I-Beams made of steel, are standard rolled elements, but in some cases, and especially in old bridges, the top and bottom flanges can be connected to the web by steel angle brackets and rivets or bolts. Welded I-Beams also exist.

Some I-Beam profiles are shown below.

Fig. 2.4.4.2 -a: Sketch of a steel I-Beam and Concrete I-Beam

I NP-Beam

Top flange

Web

Bottom flangeSlopingflanges



Fig. 2.4.4.2 – b: Sketch of riveted and welded steel I-Beams

T-Beams can be made in different materials and shapes, but the most commonly used material for this type is concrete. They can be monolithically cast to the bridge deck or separated where the only purpose of the deck is to distribute the loads to beams. Pre-stressed string and wire concrete T-Beams are also common.

Fig. 2.4.4.2 – c: Sketch of concrete T-Beams

Fig. 2.4.4.2 – d: Single concrete T-Beam

Riveted I-Beam Welded I-Beam

Web plateSide plate

Flange Angle

Top flangeCover plate

Bottom flangeCover plate

Single T-Beam, concrete

T-Beams with deck, concrete



Fig. 2.4.4.2 – e: Double T-Beam, and Bulb T-Beam, concrete

H-Beam is the most common type of steel beams;, H-Beams made of other materials also exist, but they are more rear. In Europe, standard rolled steel shaped H-Beams are among the most commonly used beams for bridges of short span lengths. An H-Beam has a wider flange than an I-Beam, but for both the flanges are parallel to each other.

Fig. 2.4.4.2 – f: H-Beam made of steel

Box Beams are shaped like a box and can be made of both concrete, steel and timber. However, concrete is the most commonly used for this type of beam, but also riveted and welded Box Beams exist as well as timber Box Beams. They can be of the Single- or Multi-Cell configuration.

Fig. 2.4.4.2 – g: Multi-Cell Box Beam made of concrete

Double T-Beam Bulb-tee

Edge beamBridge deck

Wearing course

Multi-Cell Box Beam, concrete



Fig. 2.4.4.2 – h: Spread Box Beams, concrete and Riveted Box Beams, steel

Channel Beams are formed in the shape of a “C” and placed legs down when erected. They are mostly made from concrete and function as both beam element and deck and are typically used for shorter span bridges. A wearing course is often added to provide the riding surface. Channel Beams are usually pre-cast rather than cast-in-situ.

Fig. 2.4.4.2 – i: Channel concrete Beams

Rectangular Beams are formed like a rectangle and are in most cases made of concrete or timber. In the case of timber, they can be of the glued laminated type or of the sawn solid type. This particular shape, if the material is concrete, can be pre-cast or cast-in-situ and have pre-stressed or normal reinforcement. Below are shown some typical Rectangular Beams.

Fig. 2.4.4.2 – j: Rectangular Beams made of concrete and timber

Riveted Box Beams, steel

LacingChannel Angle

Plate

Spread Box Beams, concrete

Channel Beams, concrete

Rectangular Beam

Sawn solidRectangular Beam

Glued laminated Rectangular Beam



Circular Beams are in most cases made of timber and are normally found on timber bridges of rather short span. They are also named log beams because they normally are made of logs. In order to elongate the span length, they sometimes are made double (in the vertical plane) with shear connectors between the logs. However, bridges with beams of the timber log type, are not used on bridges with dense traffic, and are found usually only in rural areas.

Below are shown single and double Circular Beams (Log Beams).

Fig. 2.4.4.2 – k: Circular Beams made of timber

2.4.4.3 Girders

Girders are similar to beams in shape and are produced from the same materials, but they are generally larger than beams. Girders are the main load bearing element in bridges on which the bridge deck rests. The deck may be simply supported on the girders, or the two elements may be connected to each other forming a composite unit in order to increase the load carrying capacity. Girders may be made of reinforced or pre-stressed concrete, steel or timber. The most common type of Girders are shown below.

Types of Girders:

Plate Girders are welded elements made of steel plates, where the top and bottom flanges are welded to the web as shown below. In some old bridges the top and bottom flanges are connected to the web by steel angle brackets with rivets or bolts.

Box Girders are in principle similar to Box Beams, except they are larger. They are normally made of concrete or steel. Sometimes however, the element may consist of a composition of steel and concrete, where usually the bottom part of the box might be made of steel and the top part, which normally is the deck, may be made of concrete.

LogBeam

Double logBeam

Shearconnection



I-Girder, steel

Multi-cell Box Girder

Figure 2.4.4.3 - a: Example of Steel Plate-Girders

Fig. 2.4.4.3 -b: Box Girder made of concrete

Fig. 2.4.4.3 – c: Multi-cell Box Girder made of concrete

V-Girders are shaped like the letter V, and can like the Box Girders, be made of different materials like concrete, steel or timber. Sometimes however, the element may consist of a composition of steel and concrete, where usually the “V” might be made of steel and the top part, which normally is the deck, may be made of concrete.

Box Girder

Top flangeWebStiffenerBottom flange

Flanges, web andstiffener areconnected by welding

Plate Girder



2.4.4.4 Bridge Deck

The Bridge Deck is a secondary load-bearing element that transmits loads to the primary load-bearing elements, e.g. main girders or beams, box beams, trusses etc.. The bridge deck can be made of reinforced concrete, steel or timber etc.

The specific function of a deck is determined by whether the deck is composite or non-composite. A composite deck is designed to join together the deck and supporting members, such that they structurally behave as one member. A composite deck spans between its supports, but also functions to increase the carrying capacity or the span length.

A non-composite deck does not contribute to the structural capacity of the main carrying members, only to span between the carrying members and to provide a wearing surface for the traffic.

Type of Decks

In situ cast deck means that the deck is made on site on top of, for instance beams, girders etc.. The material for this type is always concrete. This type of bridge deck is made with or without edge beams, and the edge beams may be designed above or below the deck or with a combination of both.

An example of an in - situ cast deck is shown below.

Fig. 2.4.4.4 – a: Example of an in-situ cast Bridge Deck

Pre-cast bridge deck means that the deck is factory made, normally somewhere outside the bridge site and is erected on top of, for instance, the main carrying element(s). Sometimes, however, the bridge deck is merged into the carrying element, as in the case of channel beams.

Thin-plate decks are named so because they are very thin. Normally, they are made of different shapes of steel plate, like plain steel plates, corrugated etc., but also aluminium exists. Sometimes the bridge deck is merged into the carrying element, as in the case of steel Box Girders. An example of a Thin-Plate Deck is shown below.

Plank deck constitutes the timber deck above the carrying element and is always made of timber. It includes the entire flooring system with floor-beams (cross beams) and running strips as well.

Drain pipe



Example of a Plank deck is shown below.

The most common deck types are shown in the figure below:

Steel deck Timber deckConcrete deck

Timber crossbeams

Timber runningstrips

Figure 2.4.4.4 - b: Examples of different types of Bridge Decks

Lattice deck is normally used only on bridges with low carrying capacity or on bridges where it is important to limit the dead weight. Normally this type of deck is made of steel, but on bridges exposed only to light traffic loads, also aluminium is used. Lattice deck includes also floor-beams and longitudinal stringers if any.

In the case of a steel deck, the deck element may consist of a steel plate on top of cross girders or a combination of cross girders and longitudinal secondary girders.

For concrete decks, the most common combination is main girders and cross girders made of steel with a concrete deck on top.

For timber deck timber planks on top of cross timber beams are common.

2.4.4.5 Arch Structures

An arch is a curved element primarily in compression, producing at its supports reactions having both vertical and horizontal components. A true arch has an elliptical shape and functions in a state of pure axial compression. It can be thought of as a long curved beam. However, the true arch form is often compromised so as to adjust for a specific bridge site. Because of this compromise, modern arches have to resist a load combination of axial compression and bending moment. Arches are usually designed as rigid or two pinned.

As far as information on different types of Static Systems for arches is concerned, please refer to Figure 2.2.4.

Types of Arch Structures

Types of arches are named in accordance with the location of the bridge deck. There are three main types of arch structures as follows:

- Arch structure with deck on top



- Arch structure with intermediate deck

- Arch structure with underlying deck

Also other types of arch structures exist, but they are not elaborated in this handbook.

Arch structure with deck on top may include both Open- and Closed Spandrel Arches and means that the roadway is above the arches.

Fig. 2.4.4.5 – a: Arch Structure with Deck on top

Arch structure with intermediate deck means that the roadway is between the arches.

Fig. 2.4.4.5 – b: Example of an Arch Bridge with intermediate Deck

Arch structure with underlying deck means that the roadway is located on the bottom section of the arch structure.

Different types of arch bridges are shown below.

Arch rib

Columns

Span length



Fig. 2.4.4.5 – c: Example of Arch Structure with underlying deck and suspenders

Fig. 2.4.4.5 – d: Example of Truss Arch Structure with underlying deck

Primary members of an arch structure

Spandrel Columns - of an open spandrel arch transfer the loads from the bridge deck to the arch ribs when the deck is situated above the arch.

Spandrel column cap - transverse beam member of the spandrel column

Fig. 2.4.4.5 – e: Photo showing Arch Ribs, Spandrel Columns and the Bridge Deck of an Arch Structure with Deck on top

Deck

Arch



The Suspenders support the bridge deck when it is situated between or below the arches.

Fig. 2.4.4.5 – f: Arch Structure with Suspenders (Hangers)

Arch ribs are usually formed like beams, curved in the vertical plane. Arches are normally made of reinforced concrete, but also materials such as pre-stressed concrete, mass concrete, stones, bricks, steel or timber are common. In cases where the arch is made of stones, mass concrete or bricks, it normally tolerates only compression.

2.4.4.6 Vault Structures

A vault structure is a curved element, designed only for taking compression if it is made of stones or masonry, but capable of taking bending moments if it is made of reinforced concrete. Different from arch structures, Vault structures always have the deck above the Vault. The area between the Vault and the roadway is called the spandrel. The vault itself is the primary load-carrying element of the superstructure.

A closed spandrel vault structure with no fill material between the spandrel walls exists, but this section deals only with filled closed spandrel vaults.

Types of Vault Structures

Vault structures with open spandrel walls receive traffic and dead loads from the deck through spandrel columns to the Vault.

Example of a vault structure with open spandrel walls is not shown here, but is similar to the structure in .fig. 2.4.4.6 – a, except that the arched spandrel walls are replaced by columns of different shape.

Vault structures with arched spandrel walls receive traffic and dead loads from the deck through the arches of the spandrel walls to the Vault.



Vault Spandrel wall

Example of a vault structure with arched spandrel walls is shown below.

Fig. 2.4.4.6 – a: Vault Structure with Arched Spandrel Walls

Vault structures with closed spandrel walls receive traffic and dead loads from the deck through the fill material which is contained by the spandrel walls. The spandrel area, i.e. the area between the vault and the roadway, is occupied by fill retained by vertical walls.

Example of a Vault structure with closed spandrel walls is shown below.

Fig. 2.4.4.6 - b: Example of a Vault Structure with closed spandrel walls

2.4.4.7 Truss Structures

The superstructure of a truss bridge consists of two trusses. The trusses are the main load-carrying elements on the bridge and consist of many members, such as Top Boom, Bottom Boom, End Struts, Diagonal and Vertical Struts. These members form the truss walls. The Top Wind Bracing is located between the Top Booms. The bottom part of a truss acts as a support for the deck and comprises the following members: Cross Girders, Longitudinal Girders or Stringers, and Sway or Bottom Braces. All truss members are mutually connected



by bolts or rivets. Truss members are fabricated from eye-bars, rolled shapes, and built-up members.

In the case of a half - through truss bridge, the Top Wind Bracing is missing.

The truss walls have the same function in a truss bridge as a beam in a beam bridge. The Top and Bottom Boom of a truss are similar to the Top and Bottom Flange of a beam, and the End, Vertical and Diagonal Struts are similar to the Web of the beam.

Top wind bracing

Top boom

Vertical strut

End strut

Bottom boom

StringersCross girder

Figure 2.4.4.7 - a: Sketch showing Truss Bridge Components

Longitudinal Beams (stringers) distribute traffic loads and the weight of the deck to the cross beams (floor beams). Sometimes, however, the truss bridge is designed without stringers, only with a deck, where the deck takes the loads to the cross beams or the bottom booms.

Fig. 2.4.4.7 – b: Photo showing a Trough Truss Bridge with Deck, Walls and Top Wind Bracing



Fig. 2.4.4.7 – c: Photo of a Half Through Truss bridge with Deck and Walls

2.4.5 SUPERSTRUCTURE OF CABLE BRIDGES

Despite covering different ranges of span lengths, the types of elements are more or less similar for this type of structure. This chapter covers elements and members that are unique to both Suspension and Cable Stayed Bridges. The main elements of a Suspension Structure are as follows:

Types of elements:

The most conspicuous elements on a Cable Structure are elaborated below:

Main Cables

The main cables take the loads from the hangers in the case of a Suspension Bridge and transmit them to the towers and the anchoring. In the case of a Cable Stayed Bridge the cables transmit the loads directly from the attachment of the bridge deck to the towers. They are normally made of high quality steel threads spun into thick wires.

Suspender Cables(Hangers)

The hangers support the bridge deck and are usually connected to the cross girders or the stiffening structure. In most cases they are made of special steel wires of high durability so as to take tensile forces. Hangers are not applicable to Cable Stayed bridges.

The Stiffening Structure

The stiffening structure may consist of longitudinal stiffening girders, whose purpose is to distribute/spread concentrated loads from the deck to a greater length of the bridge(to several hangers). This type of Stiffening Structure is common to small suspension bridges. For large bridges, however, a Wind Bracing System, whose main purpose is to resist the stresses induced by wind forces, is employed. For smaller bridges, wind bracing can be omitted, but for bigger



bridges it is normally constructed as a box girder or a truss.

Saddles

Saddles are found on suspension bridges and are located upon the topmost portions of the towers and act as bearing surfaces for the main cables passing over them.

The main components of a suspension bridge are shown in fig. 2.4.5.

Figure 2.4.5: Components of a Suspension Bridge

2.4.6 SUPERSTRUCTURE OF MOVEABLE BRIDGES

Moveable structures are constructed in order to permit access to Navigable Waters of waterway users when crossing the roadway, and it is always the superstructure of these bridges that is moveable. This handbook will describe the main elements of moveable bridges, e.g. Bascule bridge, swing bridge, vertical lift bridge and rolling bridge.

2.4.6.1 Bascule Bridges

In bascule bridges the leaf(moveable portion of the span) lifts up by rotation vertically about a horizontal axis. Bascule bridges may be either single- or double leafed. In the former case, the entire span lifts about one end. A double-leafed bascule has a centre joint, and half of the span rotates about each end.

Main elements for this type of bridge are more or less similar to a Beam bridge, except the machinery and some other special components that are unique for this type of bridge. The

Cable saddlesTower

HangersCables

Columns Longitudinalstiffeninggirder

Bridge deckLongitudinal stiffener girderWind bracingCross girder

Side spanSide span Main span

ViaductViaduct



machinery moves the span in the desired position by means of hydraulic transmission for modern Bascule Bridges, but in the past mechanical transmission was common.. The counterweight balance the weight of the superstructure in order to ease the moving of it. Sketches of different types of Bascule Bridges are shown below.

Fig. 2.4.6.1 - a: Double-Leafed Bascule Bridge

Fig. 2.4.6.1 – b: Example of Bascule Draw Bridge

2.4.6.2 Swing Bridges

Swing bridges consist of two-span trusses or continuous girders which rotate horizontally about the centre(pivot) pier. The spans are usually, but not necessarily, equal. When open, the swing spans are cantilevered from the pivot(centre) pier and must be balanced longitudinally and transversely about the centre. When closed, the spans are supported at the pivot pier and at two resting (outer) piers or abutments.

Main elements for this type of bridge are similar to a Truss bridge, a Beam bridge etc., except the bearings that normally have to be made especially for this bridge type. There are two types of bearings that are most common, namely:

Centre-Bearing: Carries the entire load of the bridge on a central pivot. Balance wheels are

Columns

Counterweight Balance arm



placed on a circular track around the outer edges of the pivot pier to prevent tipping.

Rim-Bearing: Transmits all loads, both dead and live, to the pivot pier through a circular girder or drum to bevelled rollers. The rollers move on a circular track situated inside the periphery of the pier.

The bridge is rotated horizontally by a circular rack and pinion arrangement, or cylinders.

Fig. 2.4.6.2 – a: Sketch of a Swing Bridge

Fig. 2.4.6.2 – b: Sketch of a Bobtail Swing Bridge

2.4.7 STRUCTURE COMPONENTS

The elements collected under this chapter heading have no direct influence on the static system of the bridge.

2.4.7.1 Bearings

Bearings transmit loads from the superstructure to the substructure and provide an interface between the two bridge parts. The three primary functions of a bridge bearing are:

-To transmit all loads from the superstructure to the substructure

-To permit longitudinal movement of the superstructure due to thermal expansion and contraction

-To allow rotation caused by dead load and live load deflection

Bearings that do not allow for translation or movement of the superstructure are referred to as fixed bearings.

Bearings that do allow for translation or movement of the superstructure are known as

Pivot

Column

Pivot



expansion bearings.

Both fixed and expansion bearings permit rotation.

.

The main types of bearing are as follows: - Sliding Plate Bearing(Expansion) - Roller Bearing(Expansion) - Pin and Link Bearing(Expansion) - Hinged bearings(Fixed) - Pot Bearings(Fixed + expansion) - Elastomeric Bearings(Expansion) - Restraining Bearings - Rocker Bearings

A Sliding Plate Bearing is normally comprised of an upper and lower plate. The upper plate is connected to the superstructure and the lower plate to the substructure. The movement of the superstructure is taken by the sliding of the plates towards each other. In the case of steel beams, the upper plate may be omitted.

Fig. 2.4.7.1 - a: Plate Bearings – fixed and moveable

Roller Bearings are similar to sliding plate bearings in that they have the upper and lower plates, but additionally they have rollers that take the movement. The rollers can be of the single or multi type and they can vary in size.

Fig. 2.4.7.1 – b: Photo of different types of Roller Bearings



Pin and Link Bearings have upper and lower pins connected to an arm that takes the movement.

Fig. 2.4.7.1 – c: Pin and Link Bearing

Hinged Bearings have vertical pins to which the two parts of the bearing are interlinked. They can take only vertical rotation of a structure.

Fig. 2.4.7.1 -d: Photo showing a Hinged Bearing

Pot Bearings allow for the multi-dimensional rotations of a structure. There are two different pot bearing configurations: Neoprene and spherical.

Fig. 2.4.7.1 – e: Examples of Pot Bearings

Elastomeric Bearings include both plain and laminated neoprene pads.



Fig. 2.4.7.1 -f: Photo of an Elastomeric Bearing

Restraining Bearings are designed to hold a bridge down in case of uplift, which may occur on cantilever anchor spans. The devices used to resist uplift can be as simple as long bolts running through the bearings on short span bridges, or as complex as chains or eye-bars on larger structures.

Rocker Bearings function in a similar manner to roller bearing and are generally used where a substantial amount of movement is required. Rocker bearings come in different forms, such as segmental rockers, rocker nests and pinned rockers.

Fig. 2.4.7.1 – g: Example of Rocker Bearing

A superstructure has always movable bearings at one end of the span. Each of the above mentioned main types is divided into several different sub-types.

2.4.7.2 Joints

Due to changes in temperature the superstructure can change in length. When it is colder the superstructure contracts and shortens, while it expands and elongates when it becomes warmer. For this reason joints are provided in the superstructure at the free ends to accommodate these movements. Joints are also provided at the fixed ends in order to allow for rotation and to fill the gap between the deck and the ballast wall. In addition, the joints provide a smooth transition from the approach roadway to the bridge deck. Bridges with short span lengths normally have no joints.

There are two main types of joints as follows: - Open joints



- Closed joints

Fig. 2.4.7.2 -a: Sketch of a Formed Open Joint(with armour)

Open Joints allow water and debris to pass through the joints. Of open joints there are two subtypes as follows:

- Formed joints

- Finger plate joints

Formed joints can be a wide or narrow gap between the bridge deck and the abutment ballast wall or, in the case of multiple span structure, between adjacent deck sections. They are usually designed for very short span bridges where expansion is minimal. A formed joint can be unprotected or armoured with steel angles.

Finger plate joints consist of two steel plates with interlocking fingers. They are normally used when greater expansion is required. Old finger plate joints belong normally to the open type, while new finger joints are provided with an underlying rubber membrane that seals the opening thereby making them closed.

Fig. 2.4.7.2 - b: Example of a Finger Plate Joint

Expansion gap

Bridge deck

Beam

Steel angles

Ballast wallMoveable bearingAbutment



Closed Joints do not allow water and debris to pass through the joints. Of closed joints, four subtypes are considered here as follows:

- Pour Joint Seal

- Compression Seal

- Sliding Plate Joint

- Elastomeric Seal

- Rolling Joint

Pour Joint Seal is made of two materials: A base and a poured sealant. The base consists of a pre-formed expansion joint filler which has to be mixed with the poured sealant

Fig. 2.4.7.2 – c: Example of a Pour Joint Seal

Compression Seal consists of a rectangle of neoprene with a honeycomb cross section. The honeycomb design allows the compression seal to fully recover after being distorted during bridge expansion and contraction.

Sliding Plate Joint is composed of two plates sliding on top of each other. Although classified as a closed joint, the sliding plate joint is not watertight.

Fig. 2.4.7.2 -d: Example of Sliding Plate Joints



Elastomeric Seal may consist of reinforced neoprene which is bolted to the deck. Another type consists of hollow, rectangular neoprene block seals, interconnected with steel and supported by its own stringer system.

Fig. 2.4.7.2 – e: Example of Elastomeric Seal Joint

Rolling Joints are normally designed for taking extensive movements. They have normally a curved top plate connected to the superstructure and which is sliding underneath a horizontal plate connected to the abutment when the bridge elongate or contracts. The principle of a Rolling Joint is shown in the sketch below.

Fig. 2.4.7.2 – f: Example of a Rolling Joint

2.4.7.3 Bridge Deck Surfacing

The pavement on a bridge deck normally comprises one, two or a maximum of three layers. If the bridge deck is made of concrete or steel the bottom layer ought to be waterproof so as to prevent the penetration of water into the bridge deck. The mid layer, if any, is called the spread course, and serves as a dispersing layer for traffic loads to the deck below and simultaneously acts as protection for the waterproofing layer if the top layer is worn out. The top layer is designated the wearing course. Sometimes the spread course and the wearing course are combined and laid directly on the waterproofing. The spread course and the wearing course are commonly bituminous. The wearing course may also be a part of the concrete deck, either homogeneously solid(extra thickness) or cast afterwards on top of the bridge deck.

A wearing course made of timber represents another type of wearing course material that is still common in many countries. They normally occur on girder bridges.

In some cases the wearing course material is gravel. This type is most typical on arch structures, but they can also be seen on concrete and timber decks.

The Waterproofing forms a watertight barrier which prevents the penetration of water and chlorides(pollution) into the bridge deck. There are many different types of waterproofing, but the most important are bituminous mastic waterproofing and different types of prefabricated waterproofing mats.



Bridge deck surfacing with a hard surface usually comprises a bituminous waterproofing layer, a spreading course and a wearing course. A waterproofing layer is necessary when de-icing salt is used. For concrete bridge decks the concrete itself constitutes the wearing course, and in that case there is normally an extra thickness of the covering. The wearing course of a timber bridge deck is made of timber and is then called running strips.

Types of Surfacing that are the most common ones:

- Bituminous

- Concrete

- Timber

- Gravel

Bituminous surfacing consists normally of different types of asphalt. When asphalt is placed on concrete or steel, it is recommended that a waterproof membrane be placed on the concrete or steel deck to protect the reinforcement or steel from the adverse effects of water; especially the effects from de-icing salt can be destructive when the water passes through the permeable asphalt layer.

Concrete wearing surfaces have normally two types: Integral and overlays. An integral concrete wearing surface is cast with the deck, typically adding an extra 50 mm of thickness to the slab. A concrete overlay wearing surface is cast separately over the previously cast concrete deck.

Timber Surfacing may consist of different types of timber floorings, such as timber planks laid transversely across the bridge, timber planks running longitudinally in the direction of the bridge span, or nailed laminated deck planks running longitudinally to the bridge etc..

Gravel Surfacing consists normally of crushed stones, but can also be of natural gravel.

Figure 2.4.7.3: Pavement on concrete deck

Wearing courseSpread course

Waterproofing layerBridge deck

Joint sealer



2.4.7.4 Drainage

The function of the drainage system is to remove water from the bridge deck or from other components related to the bridge..

Drain pipes should be placed at intervals along the sides of a bridge deck near the kerbs to allow water to drain out from the deck.

In order to avoid damage to elements below the bridge deck, it is extremely important that the outlet pipes are long enough to lead the water away from the bridge deck and the elements below. Sometimes is it necessary also to install downspout pipes when a bridge is located over a roadway, over a parking place etc..

Types of drainage that are the most common for bridges:

- Drainage from the deck

- Drainage from the abutments

- Drainage from the joints

- Drainage from embankment

Drainage from the deck takes the water off the bridge deck and includes all components installed for this purpose. There are two types of deck drainage, surface drainage and ground drainage. The surface drainage is leading the water on the wearing course off the bridge deck, while the ground drainage is leading the water which has penetrated through the wearing and spread course off the deck.

Drainage from the abutments includes all components involved in the process of leading the water off the abutment, such as weep holes, pipes etc..

Drainage from joints includes all components involved in the process of leading the water off the joints.

Drainage from the embankment includes all components involved in the process of leading the water off the embankment, e.g. ditches, channelling the water down slopes, pipes etc.

Drain pipe

Figure 2.4.7.4 –a: Example of a Drain Pipe



Fig. 2.4.7.4 -b: Photo showing a Drain Pipe through the deck

2.4.7.5 Parapets

The primary function of a bridge parapet is to keep errant vehicles from driving off the bridge. Bridge parapets must also smoothly direct the vehicles in such a manner that they do not overturn and consequently fail. Parapets include rail posts or supports and railings.

The parapet posts are connected to the edge beam or the rim of the bridge deck by bolts or have been cast into or form part of the concrete slab or edge beam. In the case of timber bridges the posts can be connected to the main beams or the cross beams.

Types of Parapets: In this section mention is made of the most common types of parapets on bridges, for instance:

- Guard rail

- Barrier

- Bar railing

- Pipe railing

- Wire fence

- Expanded metal

- Concrete parapet

Guard rail consists of posts and flex beams. This type of parapet is normally used only between the driving lanes and the pedestrian lanes or at the side of the approach road.



Fig. 2.4.7.5 -a: Photo showing Guard Rail

Barriers in this handbook are normally identified as concrete barrier of the New Jersey type or similar. Steel or aluminium railings may be attached to the top of the parapets. A concrete Barrier is shown in fig. 2.4.7.5 –b below.

Bar Railing is normally composed of vertical steel bars attached to an upper and lower box steel member. Other types also exist.

Fig. 2.4.7.5 -b: Examples of Barrier and Bar Railing

Pipe Railing is normally composed of horizontal steel bars running through the posts or attached to them.

Fig. 2.4.7.5 –c: Example of Pipe Railing

Wire Fence is normally composed of horizontal wires running through the posts or attached to them. This type is never used on bridges, only at the side of the approach road.



Expanded Metal is normally composed of expanded metal welded to an upper and lower box steel member. Other types also exist.

2.4.7.6 Pedestrian Walkways

Pedestrian walkways are situated at the side(s) of the bridge deck or form part of it. Sometimes they can be as a cantilevered part of the bridge deck, whilst other times they can be connected to the bridge at the side of the bridge deck as a separate element. They are separated physically from the traffic lanes by kerbs or parapets and are usually designed for pedestrians and bicyclists only.

The main types of walkways are as follows:

Separated walkways are named so when they are separated from the traffic by railings, barriers or the suchlike, but still form part of the bridge deck.

Fig. 2.4.7.6 -a: Example of a Separate Walkway

Raised walkways(Sidewalks) can be cantilevered from the deck and are in most cases of the same construction as a separated walkway, except they are raised from the deck.

Sidewalk(Raised)Sidewalk

Fig. 2.4.7.6 - b: Example of Raised Sidewalk

Additionally hung-on walkways are normally constructed after the bridge itself has been completed and are hung-on at either one or both sides of the bridge deck.



Fig. 2.4.7.6 – c: Example of Hung-on Sidewalk

2.4.7.7 Edge Beams

Edge beams provide support for the parapets as well as acting as load-bearing elements in the case of cantilever decks. They also provide stiffening of the bridge deck and are visible due to the local increase in the slab thickness. They normally have extra reinforcement. The increase in thickness can occur underneath the deck as a combination of underneath and above the deck, or only above the deck.

Types of Edge Beams are shown below.

Edge beam above deck

Fig. 2.4.7.7 - a: Edge Beam above deck cast in-situ

Edge beam aboveand below deck

Fig. 2.4.7.7 - b: Edge Beam above and below deck cast in-situ

Edge beambelow deck

Fig. 2.4.7.7 - c: Edge Beam below deck cast in-situ

Hung-on sidewalk



2.4.8 ACCESSORIES

Accessories are items on or in the vicinity of the bridge that do not strictly belong to the bridge, but are equipment for servicing the different needs of bridge users.

2.4.8.1 Lighting

For long bridges the lighting posts are connected to the bridge deck, but for short ones they normally are placed outside the bridge structure.

Type of lighting that are most common on bridges are as follows:

Highway lighting (standard) consists of a lamp or light source attached to a bracket arm which again is attached to a pole or shaft. The pole is generally tapered towards the top.

Fig. 2.4.8.1: Examples of Highway Lighting and Walkway Lighting

Navigation lights are used for the safe guidance of waterway traffic

Aerial obstruction lights are used to alert aircraft pilots that a hazard exists below and around the lights.

Traffic control lights may be used to control the traffic flow on a bridge.

2.4.8.2 Access equipment

Access equipment described in this chapter is referred to as permanent access equipment designed and connected to one or several parts of a bridge to gain easier access for inspection purposes.

Examples of Types of access equipment:

Steps are normally designed in order to improve the accessibility of abutments or other elements of the substructure. They are normally placed on the embankment slopes beside the abutments.



Fig. 2.4.8.2 – a: Example of Steps at the embankment

Ladders are in most cases designed to improve the accessibility of superstructure elements and towers and piers.

Catwalk is a narrow walkway, making access easier to some parts of a structure. It is in most cases found on the top or bottom booms of truss bridges, below the deck of a suspension bridge or at the sides of large girders.

Fig. 2.4.8.2 –b: Catwalk on top of the top chords

2.4.8.3 Signs

Signing serves to inform the motorists about bridge or roadway conditions.

Types of signs: (The most common ones)



Weight limit signs indicate the maximum vehicle load allowable on the bridge.

Vertical clearance signs indicate the minimum vertical clearance for the structure

Lateral clearance signs indicate the maximum width between obstacles on a bridge. For instance, between truss walls.

Obstacle sign indicates that there is an obstacle, normally at the entrance of the bridge ends.

Fig. 2.4.8.3: Example of Obstacle Sign

2.4.8.4 Pipes/Cables

“Blank”.

Types of pipes/cables can be like:

Water pipes carrying water from one place to another.

Sewage pipes carrying sewage.

Telephone cables transmit telephone signals or electronic signals.

Electric cables transmit electric current.



List of words collected from the ”Handbook for Bridge Inventory” - a handbook within the BRUTUS International Project and translated by BRIME partners

Chp ref Word/Expression French - français German – deutsch Norwegian – norsk

Slovenian - slovensko

Spanish - espanol

1 Chp. 2.1.1 Chasm Brèche Abgrund Kløft Soteska Barranco 2 Chp. 2.1.1 Traffic intersection area Zone de croisement

de trafic Verkehrsknotenpunkt Områd med

kryssende trafikk Preckanje prometnih poti Enlace

3 Chp. 2.1.1 Span length Longueur de travée Spannweite Spennvidde Razpetina polja Luz 4 Chp. 2.1.1 Road bridge Pont routier Straßenbrücke Vegbru Cestni most Puente de carretera 5 Chp. 2.1.1 Pedestrian bridge Passerelle Fußgängerbrücke Gangbru Nadhod Pasarela 6 Chp. 2.1.1 Movable bridge Pont mobile Bewegliche Brücke Bevegelig bru Premicni most Puente móvil 7 Chp. 2.1.1 Floating bridge Pont flottant Schwimmende Brücke Flytebru Plavajoci most Puente flotante 8 Chp. 2.1.1 Culvert Buse Durchlass Kulvert Propust Obra de drenaje 9 Chp. 2.1.1 Pipe Tuyau Rohr, Röhre Rør Cevovod Tubería

10 Chp. 2.1.1 Vault Voûte Gewölbe Hvelv Obok Bóveda 11 Chp. 2.1.2 Code system Système de codage Verschlüsselung, Kodierung Kodesystem Sistem šifriranja Codificación 12 Chp. 2.1.2 Bridge related terms Termes relatifs aux

ponts Bezeichnungen mit Brückenbezug Begreper relatert til

bruer Terminologija elementov mostu

Terminología de puentes

13 Chp. 2.1.2 Static system Système statique Statisches System Statisk system Staticni sistem Esquema estático 14 Chp. 2.1.2 Bridge element Element de pont Brückenelement Bruelement Element mosta Elemento de puente 15 Chp. 2.1.3 Bridge category Catégorie de pont Brückenkategorie Brukategori Kategorija mosta Clase de puente 16 Chp. 2.1.3 Railway bridge Pont ferroviaire Eisenbahnbrücke Jernbanebru Železniški most Puente de ferrocarrril 17 Chp. 2.1.4 Type of structure Type de structure Bauwerksart Byggverkstype Tip konstrukcije Tipo de estructura 18 Chp. 2.1.4 Principal type of structure Type principal de

structure Hauptbauwerksart Hovedbyggverkstype Glavni tip konstrukcije Tipo principal de

estructura 19 Chp. 2.1.4 Truss bridge Pont à treillis Fachwerkbrücke Fagverkbru Palicna mostna

konstrukcija Puente de celosía

20 Chp. 2.1.4 Through truss bridge Pont à treillis à tablier intermédiaire

Fachwerkbrücke mit untenliegender Fahrbahn

Paralellfagverk m/ overliggende vindavstivning

Palicna mostna konstrukcija s podgradnjo

Puente celosía con doble arriostramiento

21 Chp. 2.1.4 Deck truss bridge Pont à treillis à tablier supérieur

Fachwerkbrücke mit obenliegender Fahrbahn

Paralellfagverk m/overliggende brudekke

Palicna prekladna mostna konstrukcija

Puente de celosía de tablero superior



22 Chp. 2.1.4 Slab Dalle Platte Plate plošca Losa 23 Chp. 2.1.4 Beam structure Structure à poutres Balkenartiges Tragwerk Bjelkekonstruksjon Gredna konstrukcija Estructura de vigas 24 Chp. 2.1.4 Beam bridge Pont à poutres Balkenbrücke Bjelkebru Most z gredno prekladno

konstrukcijo Puente de vigas

25 Chp. 2.1.4 Slab structure Structure en dalle Plattenartiges Tragwerk Platekonstruksjon Plošcasta konstrukcija Estructura losa 26 Chp. 2.1.4 Beam structure Structure à poutres Balkenartiges Tragwerk Bjelkebru Gredna konstrukcija Estructura de vigas 27 Chp. 2.1.5 Principal parts of a bridge Parties principales

d'un pont Grundsätzliche Teile einer Brücke Hovedbruelementer

Hoveddeler på ei bru Glavni deli mostu Partes principales de un

puente 28 Chp. 2.1.5 Ground Sol Baugrund Grunn Temeljna tla Terreno 29 Chp. 2.1.5 Substructure including

foundation Appuis incluant les fondations

Unterbau inclusive Gründung Underbygning inkl. fundamentering

Podporna konstrukcija Subestructura incluida la cimentación

30 Chp. 2.1.5 Superstructure Structure Überbau Overbygning Prekladna konstrukcija Superestructura 31 Chp. 2.1.5 Structure component Composants de

structure Bestandteile des Bauwerks, Bauteile

Konstruksjonselement

Elementi konstrukcije Elementos estructurales

32 Chp. 2.1.5 Accessories Equipements Zubehör Utstyr Oprema objekta Equipamiento 33 Chp. 2.1.5 Principal parts of a

culvert Parties principales d'une buse

Hauptteile eines Durchlasses Hoved deler av kulvert

Glavni deli prepusta Partes principales de una obra de drenaje

34 Chp. 2.1.5 Approach road Route d’accès Zufahrtsstraße Tilkomst veg Dostopna cesta Carretera de acceso 35 Chp. 2.1.5 River course Cours d’une rivière Flußlauf Elveløp Recno korito Cauce de río 36 Chp. 2.1.5 Embankment Remblai Straßendamm Fylling Brežina Terraplén 37 Chp. 2.1.5 Retaining wall Murs de soutènement Stützwände Støttemur Podporni zidovi Muros de contención 38 Chp. 2.1.5 Supporting ground Sol support Tragender Baugrund Bærende grunn Nosilna tla Terreno soporte 39 Chp. 2.1.5 Abutment Culée Widerlager Landkar Krajni opornik Estribo 40 Chp. 2.1.5 Pier Pile Pfeiler Bropilar Vmesni opornik Pila 41 Chp. 2.1.5 Tower Pylône Gittermast, Turm Tårn Pilon Torre 42 Chp. 2.1.5 Anchoring Ancrage Verankerung Forankring Sidrišce Anclajes 43 Chp. 2.1.5 Bearing Appareil d’appui Lagerung Lager Ležišce Aparato de apoyo 44 Chp. 2.1.5 The supports Les appuis Unterstützungen Understøttelser Podpore Apoyos 45 Chp. 2.1.5 Slab Dalle Platte Plate Plošca Losa 46 Chp. 2.1.5 Beam Poutre Balken Bjelke Nosilec Viga 47 Chp. 2.1.5 Deck Tablier Fahrbahnplatte Brudekke Vozišcna plošca Tablero 48 Chp. 2.1.5 Special Superstructure

Component Elément spécial de structure

Spezielle Bauteile des Überbaus Spesielle over-bygningselementer

Posebni elementi prekladne konstrukcije

Elementos especiales de la superestructura

49 Chp. 2.1.5 Cable structure Structure à câbles Kabel-/Seilstrukturen Hengekonstruksjon Visece konstrukcije Estructura de cables 50 Chp. 2.1.5 Cables Câbles Kabel, Seile Kabler Nosilni kabli Cable



51 Chp. 2.1.5 Saddle Selles Sattel Sadel Sedla Sillas 52 Chp. 2.1.5 Hanger Suspentes Hänger, Aufhängevorrichtung Hengestag Vešalke, Obese Péndola 53 Chp. 2.1.5 Special Superstructure

Component Elément spécial de structure

Spezielle Bauteile des Überbaus Spesielle over-bygningselementer

Posebni elementi prekladne konstrukcije

Elementos especiales de la estructura

54 Chp. 2.1.5 Cable Structure Components

Elements de structure à câbles

Bauteile von Kabel-/Seilstrukturen Elementer på hengekonstruksjonen

Elementi visece konstrukcije

Elementos de una estructura de cables

55 Chp. 2.1.5 Counterweight Contrepoids Gegengewicht Motvekt Protiutež Contrapeso 56 Chp. 2.1.5 Machinery Machinerie Maschinenanlage Maskineri Strojnica Maquinaria 57 Chp. 2.1.5 Trunnion Tourillon ou axe Kolbenbolzenlager Svingtapp Tecaj 58 Chp. 2.1.5 Joint Joint Fuge Fuge Vozlišce Junta 59 Chp. 2.1.5 Parapet Parapet Brüstung Rekkverk Ograja, parapet Pretil 60 Chp. 2.1.5 Signing Signalisation Beschilderung Skilting Signalizacija Señalización 61 Chp. 2.1.5 Pipe/cable Tuyau/câble Rohr/Kabel Rør/kabel Cevovod, komunikacijske

inštalacije Tuberías/cables

62 Chp. 2.2 Static system Système statique Statische Systeme Statisk system Staticni sistemi Esquema estático 63 Chp. 2.2.1 Simply supported static

system Système isostatique Statisch bestimmtes System Fritt opplagt

bæresystem Prostoležeci staticni sistem

Esquema de viga simplemente apoyada

64 Chp. 2.2.1 Freely supported Simplement appuyé Frei aufliegend Fritt opplagt Prosto podprt Simplemente apoyado 65 Chp. 2.2.1 Gap Brèche Lücke Åpning Dolžina premostitve Vado 66 Chp. 2.2.1 Simply supported span Travée isostatique Einfeldträger Enkeltspenn fritt

opplagt Prostoležeca konstrukcija preko enega polja

Vano simplemente apoyado

67 Chp. 2.2.1 Intermediate supports Appuis intermédiaires

Zwischenstützen Mellomliggende opplegg

Vmesne podpore Apoyos intermedios

68 Chp. 2.2.1 Movable bearing Appareil d’appui mobile

Bewegliches Lager Bevelig lager Pomicne podpore Aparato de apoyo deslizante

69 Chp. 2.2.1 Fixed bearing Appareil d’appui fixe Festes Lager Fastlager Vpeta podpora Aparato de apoyo fijo 70 Chp. 2.2.1

(Fig. 2.2.1) Single span Travée unique Einfeld- Enkeltspenn Konstrukcije preko enega

polja Vano único

71 Chp. 2.2.1 (Fig. 2.2.1)

Multi-span Travées multiples Mehrfeld- Flere spenn Konstrukcija preko vec polj

Varios vanos

72 Chp. 2.2.1 Simply supported Single and Multi-span Structures

Structures a travée unique isostatique et a travées multiples

Statisch bestimmte ein- und mehrfeldträger

Fritt opplagt enkel- og flerspennskonstruksjoner

Prostoležeca konstrukcija preko enega polja in preko vec polj

Estructuras simplemente apoyadas de uno o varios vanos

73 Chp. 2.2.2 Continuous static system Système hyperstatique

Durchlaufendes statisches System Kontinuerlig hovedbæresystem

Kontinuirni staticni sistem

Esquema de viga continua

74 Chp. 2.2.2 Flexural moment Moments fléchissants Biegemomente Bøyemoment Upogibni momenti Momentos flectores



75 Chp. 2.2.2 Continuous Multi-span bridge

Pont à travées continues

Durchlaufträgerbrücke Kontinuerlig flerspennsbru

Kontinuirni most preko vec polj

Puente continuo

76 Chp. 2.2.3 Cantilever System système cantilever Auskragendes System Utkraget system Konzolni sistem Esquema voladizo 77 Chp. 2.2.3 Suspended span Travée suspendue Einhängefeld Innhengt spenn Obešeno polje Tramo apoyado 78 Chp. 2.2.3 Hinge Articulation Gelenk Ledd Clenek Rotula 79 Chp. 2.2.4 Arch System Système en arc Bogensystem Buesystem Locni sistem Esquema arco 80 Chp. 2.2.4 Arched Superstructure Structure en arc Bogenförmiger Überbau Bue i overbyggning Locna prekladna

konstrukcija Superestructura en arco

81 Chp. 2.2.4 Hinged Articulé Mit einem Gelenk verbunden Leddet Clenkast Articulado 82 Chp. 2.2.4 Arch with one hinge Arc à une

articulation Bogen mit einem Gelenk Buebru med ett ledd Lok z enim clenkom Arco monoarticulado

83 Chp. 2.2.4 Arch with two hinges Arc à deux articulations

Bogen mit zwei Gelenken, Zweigelenkbogen

Buebru med to ledd Dvoclenski lok Arco biarticulado

84 Chp. 2.2.4 Arch with three hinges Arc à trois articulations

Bogen mit drei Gelenken, Dreigelenkbogen

Buebru med tre ledd Troclenski lok Arco triarticulado

85 Chp. 2.2.4 Arch without hinges Arc encastré Bogen ohne Gelenk, eingespannter Bogen

Buebru uten ledd Vpeti lok Arco biempotrado

86 Chp. 2.2.5 Frame Systems Système en portique Rahmensystem Rammesystemer Okvirni sistemi Esquema de pórticos 87 Chp. 2.2.5 Load bearing element Element supportant

la charge Tragendes Bauteil Bæreelement Nosilni element Elemento portante

88 Chp. 2.2.5 Mutually connected Encastré Gegenseitig verbunden Monolittisk forbundet Medsebojno povezan (spojen)

Interconectados

89 Chp. 2.2.5 Shear force Effort tranchant Scherkräfte, Querkräfte Skjær kraft Strižna sila Esfuerzo cortante 90 Chp. 2.2.5 Connection points Jonctions Verbindungspunkte Bindeledd Vozlišca Puntos de conexión 91 Chp. 2.2.5 Side wall Piédroits Seitenwände Sidevegg Celni zid Muros laterales 92 Chp. 2.2.5 Free-standing abutment Culée auto-portante Freistehende Widerlager Frittstående landkar Prostostojeci krajni

opornik Estribo exento

93 Chp. 2.2.5 Frame structure Structures en portique

Rahmentragwerke Rammekonstruksjon Okvirne konstrukcije Estructura aporticada

94 Chp. 2.2.5 Static Frame Systems systeme statique de portique

Statische Rahmensysteme Statisk rammekonstruksjoner

Okvirni staticni sistemi Pórtico estático

95 Chp. 2.2.5 Frame without hinges/cantilevered

Portique encastré / avec traverse prolongée par des consoles

Rahmen ohne Gelenke/auskragend Rammekonstruksjon uten ledd/ utkraget

Odprti okvir s krajnima previsnima poljema

Pórtico empotrado con voladizos



96 Chp. 2.2.5 Frame with two hinges/cantilevered with supports

Portique articulé en pied /avec traverse prolongée par des consoles appuyées à leur extrémité

Zwei-Gelenkrahmen, Rahmen mit zwei Gelenken/ auskragend mit Auflagerung

Rammekonstruksjon med to ledd/utkraget med opplegg

Okvir s clenkastima podporama in podprtima krajnima previsnima poljema

Pórtico biarticulado con voladizos apoyados

97 Chp. 2.2.5 Frame without hinges Portique encastré Rahmen ohne Gelenke, eingespannter Rahmen

Rammekonstruksjon uten ledd

Odprti okvir Pórtico empotrado

98 Chp. 2.2.5 Frame with two hinges Portique à deux articulations

Zwei-Gelenkrahmen, Rahmen mit zwei Gelenken

Rammekonstruksjon med to ledd

Odprti okvir z dvema clenkoma

Pórtico biarticulado

99 Chp. 2.3.1 Drainage Drainage Drainage Vannavløp Odvodnjavanje Drenaje, desagüe 100 Chp. 2.3.1 Stream crossing Passage d’un cours

d’eau Flußquerung Gjennomløp Potok Arroyo que cruza

101 Chp. 2.3.1 Embankment Remblai Damm, Straßendamm Fylling Nasip Terraplén 102 Chp. 2.3.1 Bridge deck Tablier de pont Brückenfahrbahnplatte Brudekk Vozišcna konstrukcija Tablero de puente 103 Chp. 2.3.1 Structural elements Eléments de pont Bauelement Bruelementer Konstrukcijski elementi Elementos estructurales 104 Chp. 2.3.1 Internally connected Connectés

intérieurement Miteinander verbunden Innternt forbundet Notranje povezan Conectados internamente

105 Chp. 2.3.1 Mutual movement Mouvement relatif Gegenseitige Bewegung Innbyrdes bevegelse Medsebojni pomik Movimientos relativos 106 Chp. 2.3.1 Corrugated steel plates Tôles ondulées Wellblechplatten, Profilpaltten Korrugert stålplater Valovite jeklene

plocevine Chapas de acero corrugadas

107 Chp. 2.3.1 Box culvert Buse rectangulaire Rechteckdurchlass Firkantkulvert Škatlasti propust Obra de drenaje en cajón 108 Chp. 2.3.1 In situ cast Coulé en place Vor Ort hergestellt Støpt på stedet Na mestu betoniran Fabricado in situ 109 Chp. 2.3.1 Prefabricated Préfabriqué Vorgefertigt Prefabrikert Prefabriciran, montažen Prefabricado 110 Chp.

2.3.1.1 Pipe culvert Buse de forme

cylindrique Rohrdurchlässe Rørkulvert Cevni propusti Tubería de drenaje

111 Chp. 2.3.1.1

Interaction between the culverts and the surrounding soil

Interaction entre les buses et le sol environnant

Wechselwirkung zwischen Durchlässen und dem umgebenden Baugrund/Erdreich

Samvirke mellom kulvert og omkringliggende masser

Interakcija med propustom in okolišno zemljino

Interacción entre la obra de drenaje y el terreno

112 Chp. 2.3.1.1

Circular Pipe Culvert Buse circulaire Kreisförmige Rohrdurchlass Sirkulær rørkulvert Okrogli cevni propust Tubería de drenaje circular

113 Chp. 2.3.1.1

Horizontal Elliptical Pipe Culvert

Buse de forme elliptique horizontale

Horizontal elliptischer Rohrdurchlass

Liggende elliptisk rørkulvert

Horizontalno elipticni cevni propust

Tubería de drenaje elíptica horizontal

114 Chp. 2.3.1.1

Vertical Elliptical Pipe Culvert

Buse de forme elliptique verticale

Vertikal elliptischer Rohrdurchlass

Stående elliptisk rørkulvert

Vertikalni elipticni cevni propust

Tubería de drenaje elíptica vertical

115 Chp. 2.3.1.1

Pipe barrel Conduit de forme cylindrique

Rohrdurchlass Rørformet åpning (løp)

Cev Caño, tubo



116 Chp. 2.3.1.2

Square-shaped culvert Buse de forme rectangulaire

Rechteckdurchlass Firkantkulvert Škatlasti propust Marco

117 Chp. 2.3.1.2

Reinforced concrete Béton armé Bewehrter Beton, Stahlbeton Armert betong Armirani beton Hormigón armado

118 Chp. 2.3.1.2

Single or Multi-barrelled culvert

Buse à conduit unique ou à conduits multiples

Einzelliger oder mehrzelliger Durchlass

Enkel eller flerløps kulvert

Eno ali veccevni prepust Cajón monocelular o multicelular

119 Chp. 2.3.1.2

Top slab Hourdis supérieur Deckplatte Toppplate Zgornja plošca Losa superior

120 Chp. 2.3.1.2

Bottom slab Hourdis inférieur Bodenplatte Bunnplate Talna plošca Losa inferior

121 Chp. 2.3.1.2

Single cell Box culvert Buse rectangulaire uni-cellulaire

Einzelliger Rechteckdurchlass Enkelcelle kulvert Enocelicni škatlasti propust

Marco monocelular

122 Chp. 2.3.1.2

Multi cell Box culvert Buse rectangulaire multi-cellulaire

Mehrzelliger Rechteckdurchlass Flercelle kulvert Veccelicni škatlasti propust

Marco multicelular

123 Chp. 2.3.1.3

Vault culvert Buse arche Gewölbedurchlass Hvelvkulvert Obokani propust Bóveda

124 Chp. 2.3.1.3

Curved slab Dalle courbe Gebogene Platte Bueformet plate Plošca v vertikalni krivini Losa curva

125 Chp. 2.3.1.3

Masonry Maçonnerie Mauerwerk Murverk Zidan Mampostería

126 Chp. 2.3.1.3

Stones Pierres Steine, Mauersteine Stein Kamnit Piedra

127 Chp. 2.3.1.4

Frame culvert Buse portique Rahmendurchlass Rammekulvert Okvirni propust Pórtico

128 Chp. 2.3.1.4

Spread footing Semelle Flächengründung Såle Pasovni temelj Zapata corrida

129 Chp. 2.3.1.4

Rigidly fixed Encastré Fest verbunden Fast forbundet Togo povezan Empotramiento

130 Chp. 2.3.1.4

Pier Pile Pfeiler, Gründungspfahl Pilar Steber Pila

131 Chp. 2.3.1.4

Side wall Piédroits Seitenwand Sidevegg Celna stena Muro lateral

132 Chp. 2.3.1.4

Compression member Buton Druckglied Trykkstag Tlacni element Pieza comprimida

133 Chp. 2.3.1.4

Bracing construction Contreventement Aussteifungskonstruktion Avstivningskonstruksjon

Zavetrovalna konstrukcija Arriostramiento



134 Chp. 2.3.1.4

Foundation conditions Conditions de fondation

Gründungsbedingungen Grunnforhold Pogoji temeljenja Condiciones de cimentación

135 Chp. 2.3.1.5

Slab culvert Buse en U recouverte d’une dalle

Abgedeckter Durchlass Platekulvert Plošcnati propust Losa

136 Chp. 2.3.2 Slab bridges - W/D≥5 Pont-dalle Plattenbrücken Breite/Dicke≥5 Platebru Plošcnati most Puente losa ancho/canto $5

137 Chp. 2.3.2 Main carrying load element

Principal élément porteur

Haupttragglied/-element Hovedbæreelement Glavni nosilni element Elemento portante principal

138 Chp. 2.3.2.1

Solid slab bridge Pont à dalle pleine Massive Plattenbrücke Massiv platebru Most s polno nosilno plošco

Puente losa maciza

139 Chp. 2.3.2.1

Slab bridge with sloped edges

Pont dalle avec encorbellements

(Unusual construction in Germany)

Platebru med skrå kant

Most s plošco s poševnimi bocnimi robovi

Puente losa con bordes ataluzados

140 Chp. 2.3.2.2

Voided slab bridge Pont à dalle élégie Hohlkörperplattenbrücke Platebru med sparerør

Most z votlo nosilno plošco

Puente losa aligerada

141 Chp. 2.3.2.3

Rib slab bridge Pont à dalle nervurée Plattenbalkenbrücke Ribbeplatebru Most z rebrasto nosilno plošco

Puente losa nervada

142 Chp. 2.3.3 Beam/Girder bridges Ponts à poutres Balkenbrücke Bjelkebru Most z gredno prekladno konstrukcijo

Puente de vigas

143 Chp. 2.3.3 Standardised beams Poutres standardisées Standardisierte Balken Standardiserte bjelker Standardizirani nosilci Vigas normalizadas 144 Chp.

2.3.3.1 T-beams Poutres en T Plattenbalken T-bjelker T-nosilci Vigas en t

145 Chp. 2.3.3.1

Rectangular beams Poutres de section rectangulaire

Balken mit Rechteckquerschnitt Rektangulære bjelker Pravokotni nosilci Vigas rectangulares

146 Chp. 2.3.3.1

I-beams Poutres en I Balken mit I-Querschnitt I-bjelker I-nosilci Vigas en i

147 Chp. 2.3.3.1

H-beams Poutres en H (refer to 146) H-bjelker H-nosilci Vigas en h

148 Chp. 2.3.3.1

Flange Semelle Flansch Flens Pasnica Ala

149 Chp. 2.3.3.2

Load bearing element Elément porteur Tragendes Element Bæreelement Nosilni element Elemento portante

150 Chp. 2.3.3.2

Box girder bridge Pont à poutre caisson Hohlkastenbrücke Kassebru Most s škatlastim nosilcem

Puente con sección cajón

151 Chp. 2.3.3.2

Steel Box bridge Pont à caisson métallique

Stahlhohlkastenbrücke Stålkassebru Most z jeklenim škatlastim nosilcem

Puente metálico con sección cajón

152 Chp. 2.3.3.2

Box girder Poutre caisson Hohlkastenträger Kasse Škatlasti nosilec Viga cajón



153 Chp. 2.3.3.2

Concrete Box girder Poutre caisson en béton

Betonhohlkasten Betongkassebru Betonski škatlasti nosilec Viga cajón de hormigón

154 Chp. 2.3.3.2

Box girder structures Structures à poutres caisson

Hohlkasten-tragwerke Kassekonstruksjoner Škatlaste konstrukcije Estructuras con sección cajón

155 Chp. 2.3.3.2

Hollow Box-like girder Poutre creuse en forme de caisson

Hohlkasten-ähnliche Träger Hul kasse-bjelke Votli škatlasti nosilec Viga cajón hueco

156 Chp. 2.3.3.2

Plate girder bridge Pont à poutres principales planes

Vollwandträgerbrücke Platebærerbru Most s plošcnatim nosilcem

Puente de vigas de alma llena

157 Chp. 2.3.3.2

Plate girder Poutre principale plane

Vollwandträger Platebærer Plošcnati nosilec Viga de alma llena

158 Chp. 2.3.3.2

Welded and riveted constructions

Constructions soudées et rivetées

Geschweisste und genietete Konstruktionen

Sveist og naglet konstruksjoner

Varjene in kovicene konstrukcije

Soldadas y roblonadas

159 Chp. 2.3.4 Applied loads Charges appliquées Angewandte Lasten Anvendt belastning Delujoce sile Cargas aplicadas 160 Chp.

2.3.4.1 Arch bridges Ponts en arc Bogenbrücke Buebruer Locni mostovi Puentes arco

161 Chp. 2.3.4.1

Open spandrel arch bridge

Pont en arc sans tympan

Bogenbrücke mit aufgeständerter Fahrbahnplatte

Åpen buebru Locni most z odprtim celnim zidom

Puente arco con tímpanos aligerados

162 Chp. 2.3.4.1

Closed spandrel arch bridge

Pont en arc avec tympans

Bogenbrücke mit Bogenscheiben Buebru med langsgående bærevegger

Locnii most z zaprtim celnim zidom

Puente arco con tímpanos macizos

163 Chp. 2.3.4.1

Earth filled arch bridge Pont en arc avec tympans rempli par de la terre

Bogenbrücke mit Füllung (zwischn Bogen und Platte)

Buebru med hel overmur

Locni most z zasipom Puente arco relleno de tierra

164 Chp. 2.3.4.1

Arch ribs Arcs Bogenaussteifung Buer Locni nosilci Arcos

165 Chp. 2.3.4.1

Column Colonne Pfeiler, Stütze Søyle Steber Pilares, péndolas

166 Chp. 2.3.4.1

Ribs of the bowstring type Arc de type bowstring

Zugband Buer Locni nosilec z natezno vezjo

Arco bowstring

167 Chp. 2.3.4.1

Cross bracing Contreventement Queraussteifung, Kreuzverband Tveravstivning Precna povezava Arriostramiento transversal

168 Chp. 2.3.4.1

Lateral stability Stabilité latérale Querstabilität Sidevis stabilitet Bocna stabilnost Estabilidad lateral

169 Chp. 2.3.4.2

Vault bridges Ponts-voûtes Gewölbebrücke Hvelvbruer Obokani mostovi Puentes bóveda

170 Chp. 2.3.4.2

Vault Voûte Gewölbe Hvelv Obok Bóveda



171 Chp. 2.3.4.3

Overall capacity of a structure

Capacité globale d'une structure

Gesamttragfähigkeit des Bauwerks Bæreevnen til en konstruksjon

Celokupna nosilnost konstrukcije

Capacidad total de una estructura

172 Chp. 2.3.4.3

Frame bridges Portiques (Ponts-) Rahmenbrücke Rammebruer Okvirni mostovi Puentes pórtico

173 Chp. 2.3.4.4

Strut frame bridge also known as Portal frame bridge

Pont à béquilles Schrägstielrahmenbrücke; Sprengwerk

Sprengverksbru Most s poševnimi stebri Puentes pórtico con jabalcones

174 Chp. 2.3.4.4

Strut Béquille Sprengstrebe, Druckglied Sprengverk Poševni steber, podpiralo Jabalcones

175 Chp. 2.3.4.4

Interaction behaviour Comportement interactif

Wechselwirkung Vekselvirkning Medsebojno sodelovanje Interacción

176 Chp. 2.3.4.4

Rigid connection Connexion rigide Steife Verbindung Stiv forbindelse Toga povezava Conexión rígida

177 Chp. 2.3.5 Truss bridges Pont à treillis Fachwerkbrücken Fagverksbruer Palicni mostovi Puentes de celosía 178 Chp. 2.3.5 Bottom chord Membrure inférieure Untergurt Undergurt Spodnja pasnica Cordón inferior 179 Chp. 2.3.5 Top or bottom flange Semelle supérieure et

inférieure Ober- oder Untergurt Topp- eller bunnflens Zgornja ali spodnja

pasnica Ala superior o inferior

180 Chp. 2.3.5 Web Ame Netz Steg Stojina Alma 181 Chp.

2.3.5.1 Through truss bridge Ponts à poutres

latérales en treillis contreventées

Fachwerkbrücke mit Queraussteifung und untenliegender Fahrbahn

See 20 Palicni most s podgradnjo Puente celosía con doble arriostramiento

182 Chp. 2.3.5.1

Half-through truss bridge Ponts à poutres latérales en treillis

Fachwerkbrücke mit untenliegender Fahrbahn ohne Queraussteifung

Paralellfagverk u/overliggende vindavstivning

Palicni most s spušcenim vozišcem

Puente celosía con simple arriostramiento

183 Chp. 2.3.5.1

Truss walls Poutre en treillis Das Fachwerk Fagverksvegger Palicni nosilec Vigas en celosía

184 Chp. 2.3.5.1

Top bracing Contreventement supérieur

Obenliegende Queraussteifung Vindavstivning (øvre)

Zgornje zavetrovanje Arriostramiento superior

185 Chp. 2.3.5.2

Arch truss bridge Bowstring Fachwerkbogenbrücke, Fachwerkbrücke mit bogenförmigem Obergurt

Buet fagverksbru Locni palicni most Puentes arco de celosía

186 Chp. 2.3.5.2

Bowed top or bottom boom

Membrure supérieure en arc ou tirant inférieur

Bogenförmiger Ober- oder Untergurt

Buet topp eller undergurt

Lok zgoraj ali spodaj Cordón superior o inferior en arco

187 Chp. 2.3.5.3

Deck truss bridge Pont à poutres treillis sous chaussée

Fachwerkbrücke mit obenliegender Fahrbahn

Fagverksbru med overliggende dekke

Palicna vozišcna konstrukcija

Puente de celosía de tablero superior



188 Chp. 2.3.6 Cable bridges Ponts à câbles Kabel-/Seilbrücke Kalelbruer Mostovi na nosilnih kablih

Puentes de cables

189 Chp. 2.3.6.1

Suspension bridge Pont suspendu Hängebrücke Hengebru Viseci most Puentes colgantes

190 Chp. 2.3.6.1

Tensile forces Forces de traction Zugkräfte Strekkraft Natezne sile Tracción

191 Chp. 2.3.6.1

Anchoring Ancrage Verankerung Forankring Sidranje Anclaje

192 Chp. 2.3.6.1

Stiffening structure Poutre de rigidité Aussteifungselement Avstivningskonstruksjon

Ojacitvena greda Estructura rígida

193 Chp. 2.3.6.1

Viaduct Viaduc Viadukt, Vorlandbrücke Viadukt Viadukt Viaducto

194 Chp. 2.3.6.1

Main span Travée principale Hauptspannweite Hovedspenn Glavni razpon Vano principal

195 Chp. 2.3.6.2

Cable stayed bridges Ponts à haubans Schrägseilbrücken Skråkabelbruer Most s poševnimi zategami

Puentes atirantados

196 Chp. 2.3.7 Moveable bridges Ponts mobiles Bewegliche Brücken Bevegelig bruer Premicni mostovi Puente móvil 197 Chp. 2.3.7 Navigable traffic Trafic de navigation Schiffverkehr Sjøtrafikk Plovni promet Tráfico fluvial, marítimo 198 Chp.

2.3.7.1 Bascule bridge Pont basculant Zugbrücke Klaffebru Dvižni most Puentes basculantes

199 Chp. 2.3.7.1

Trunnion - See 57 Tourillon ou axe Kolbenbolzenlager Svingtapp Tecaj

200 Chp. 2.3.7.1

Fixed Trunnion Bascule bridge

Pont à axe de basculement fixe

- - - Klaffebru m/motvekt - - - Puente levadizo

201 Chp. 2.3.7.1

Nose-lock Dispositif de blocage de l'about

- - - Neselås Blokada celnega stika Cerrojos

202 Chp. 2.3.7.1

Rolling lift Bascule bridge

Pont basculant à poutres circulaires

- - - Rulle - klaffebru Valjcni dvižni mostovi Puente levadizo rodante

203 Chp. 2.3.7.1

Rollers Rouleaux Rollen Ruller/valser Valjcki Rodillo

204 Chp. 2.3.7.1

Draw bar Barres de traction Drehstange Strekkstag Dvižne palice Barras izadoras

205 Chp. 2.3.7.1

Hydraulic jack Vérin hydraulique Hydraulische Presse Hydraulisk jekk Hidravlicni bat Gato hidráulico

206 Chp. 2.3.7.1

Tail end Extrémités de la contre-volée

- - - Klaffeende Konec Extremos



207 Chp. 2.3.7.1

Bascule draw bridge Pont-levis Hubbrücke Klaffebru m/løftearm Dvižni most Puente basculante de balancín superior

208 Chp. 2.3.7.2

Swing bridge Pont tournant Drehbrücke Svinge bru Vrtljiv most Puente giratorio

209 Chp. 2.3.7.2

Pivot Pivot Angel, Zapfen Dreiekrans Os vrtljive konstrukcije Pivote

210 Chp. 2.3.7.2

Balanced Swing Bridge Pont tournant à deux volées symétriques ou non

- - - Svingbru - likearmet Uravnoteženi konzolni rotirajoci most

Puente giratorios compensados

211 Chp. 2.3.7.2

Bobtail Swing Bridge Pont tournant à volée unique

- - - Svingbru - ulikearmet Konzolni rotirajoci most z repom

Puente giratorio con vano de compensación

212 Chp. 2.3.7.2

Tail span Contre-volée Nebenfeld Endespenn Dolžina repa Vano extremo

213 Chp. 2.3.7.2

To be bridged être franchi Überbrückt sein Skal krysses Premostiti

214 Chp. 2.3.7.2

Centre of gravity Centre de gravité Schwerpunkt Tyngdepunkt Težišce Centro de gravedad

215 Chp. 2.3.7.2

Centre of rotation Centre de rotation Drehpunkt Omdreiningspunkt Središce rotacije Centro de rotación

216 Chp. 2.3.7.3

Rolling bridge Pont rétractable Rollbrücke Rullebru Most na valjckih Puente rodante

217 Chp. 2.3.7.4

Single -leaf Bascule bridge

Pont basculant à volée unique

Einflügelige Hubbrücke Klaffebru - enarmet Enojni dvižni most Puente levadizo de una hoja

218 Chp. 2.3.7.4

Double-leaf Bascule bridge

Pont basculant à double volée

Zweiflügelige Hubbrücke Klaffebru - toarmet Dvojni dvižni most Puente levadizo de doble hoja

219 Chp. 2.3.7.4

Fixed Trunnion Bascule bridge

Pont à axe de basculement fixe

- - - Klaffebru m/motvekt - - - Puente levadizo

220 Chp. 2.3.7.4

Ferry quay Quai pour ferry Fähranleger Ferjekai Trajektni pomol Muelle de ferry

221 Chp. 2.4.1 Surface treatment Traitement de surface

Oberflächenbehandlung Overflatebehandling Površinska obdelava Tratamiento superficial

222 Chp. 2.4.1 Protection facilities Elements de protection

Schutzeinrichtung Beskyttelseselementer Varnostne naprave Medidas de protección

223 Chp. 2.4.1 Gravity abutment Culée-poids Schwergewichtswiderlager Massivt landkar Težnostni opornik Estribo de gravedad 224 Chp. 2.4.1 Cantilever abutment Culée remblayée Auskragendes Widerlager Kasse-/vinkel-

/skivelandkar Konzolni opornik Estribo en voladizo

225 Chp. 2.4.1 A-tower Pylône en forme de A A-förmiger Turm A-tårn A-pilon Pilonos en a



226 Chp. 2.4.1 H-tower Pylône en forme de H H-förmiger Turm H-tårn H-pilon Pilonos en h 227 Chp. 2.4.2 Retaining wall Mur de soutènement Stützwand Støttemur Podporni zid Muros de contención 228 Chp. 2.4.2 Element codes Codes des éléments Elementverschlüsselung Elementkoder Šifrant elementov Código del elemento 229 Chp.

2.4.2.1 River course Rivière Flusslauf See 35 Recno korito Cauce

230 Chp. 2.4.2.1

River bed Lit de la rivière Flussbett Elveleie Dno recnega korita Lecho

231 Chp. 2.4.2.1

River bank Berge de la rivère Flussufer Elvebredd Brežine recnega korita Margen del río

232 Chp. 2.4.2.1

Scouring Affouillement Abrieb Erosjon under vann/undergraving

Spodjedanje Socavación

233 Chp. 2.4.2.1

Erosion Erosion Erosion Erosjon Erozija Erosión

234 Chp. 2.4.2.1

Gabions Gabions Gabionen Gabioner Zašcitne zgradbe Gavión

235 Chp. 2.4.2.1

Gabion boxes Gabion (en forme de cages)

Gabionenkästen Gabionkasser Zašcitni bloki Jaula de gaviones

236 Chp. 2.4.2.1

Gabion mattresses Matelas de gabions Gabionenplatten Gabionmatter Zašcitne žimnice Muro de gaviones

237 Chp. 2.4.2.1

Apron Protection contre l’affouillement

Frontschürze Innløps-/utløpsplate/erosjonsbeskyttelse

Zašcitna obloga Protección

238 Chp. 2.4.2.1

Riprap Enrochement Steinpackung Erosjonsbeskyttelse av stein

Kamnomet Escollera

239 Chp. 2.4.2.1

Stone pitching Perré Steinschüttung Steinlegging Kamniti tlak Mampostería

240 Chp. 2.4.2.1

Piled walls Rideau de palpieux Pfahlwand Spuntvegg Zagatnice Tablestacas

241 Chp. 2.4.2.1

Check dams Digue Überwachungsdam Reguleringsterskel i elveløp

Prag Diques de retención

242 Chp. 2.4.2.2

Under-scouring Affouillement Unterspülung Undergraving Spodjedanje Socavación inferior

243 Chp. 2.4.2.2

Subsoil Sol de fondation Baugrund Undergrunn, dypere jordlag

Nosilna plast zemljine Subsuelo

244 Fig 2.4.3.2a Ballast wall Mur garde-grève Kammerwand Bakmur Stena za ležišcno polico Murete de contención 245 Fig 2.4.3.2a Bearing shelf Sommier Auflagerbank Lageropplegg Ležišcna polica Superficie de apoyo



246 Fig 2.4.3.2a Abutment wall Mur de culée Widerlagerwand Frontmur Stena krajnega opornika, krajni opornik

Muro del estribo

247 Fig 2.4.3.2a Weep holes Barbacanes Entwässerungsöffnungen Dreneringshull Barbakane (luknje za odvodnjavanje iza opornikov)

Orificios de drenaje

248 Fig 2.4.3.2a Abutment foundation Fondation de la culée Widerlagergründung Landkarfundament Temelji krajnega opornika

Cimentación del estribo

249 Chp. 2.4.3.2

Approach slab (Run-on slab)

Dalle de transition - - - Last fordelingsplate Prehodna plošca Losa de transición

250 Chp. 2.4.3.2

Solid masonry Maçonnerie pleine Massives Mauerwerk Massivt murverk Zidana zgradba Fábrica

251 Chp. 2.4.3.2

Hewn stones Pierres de taille Naturwerkstein Huggen stein Rezani kamni Piedra labrada

252 Chp. 2.4.3.2

Mass concrete Béton de masse Massenbeton Uarmert betong Masivni beton Hormigón en masa

253 Chp. 2.4.3.2

Spread foundation or footing

Semelle de fondation Flach- oder Flächengründung Sålefundamerting Pasovni temelji Zapata corrida

254 Chp. 2.4.3.2

Pile Pieu Pfeiler, Pfahl Pel Pilot Pilote

255 Chp. 2.4.3.2

Caissons Caissons Senkkasten Senkekasse Keson Cajón

256 Chp. 2.4.3.2

Pile cap Chevêtre sur pieux Pfalkopf(-platte) Pelehode Pilotna kapa Encepado

257 Chp. 2.4.3.2

End wall Mur de tête Abschlusswand Endevegg Celni zid Murete

258 Chp. 2.4.3.3

Single column pier Pile à colonne unique Eingliederiger Pfeiler Enkelsøyle pilar Samostojni steber Pila de un fuste

259 Chp. 2.4.3.3

Multi column pier Pile à colonnes multiples

mehrfach Flersøyle pillar Vec Pila de multiples fustes

260 Chp. 2.4.3.3

Wall pier Pile mur Wandpfeiler Skivepilar Stenasti podpornik Pila tabique

261 Chp. 2.4.3.3

Gravity pier Pile massive Schwergewichtspfeiler Gravitasjonspilar Težnostni podpornik Pila de gravedad

262 Chp. 2.4.3.3

Pier cap (Pier head) Chevêtre de pile Pfahlkopf Pilarhode Precka nad podpornikom Cabeza de pila

263 Chp. 2.4.3.3

Pier column Pile colonne Pfahl Pilarsøyle Steber Fuste



264 Chp. 2.4.3.3

Pier wall Voile de l’appui Pfahlwand See 260 Stena Tabique

265 Chp. 2.4.3.3

Pier foundation Fondation de l’appui Pfahlgründung Pilarfundament Temelji podpornika Cimentación de la pila

266 Chp. 2.4.3.4

Top cross beam Entretoise supérieure Oberer Querbalken; -träger Tverrbærer i toppen Zgornji precni nosilec Travesaño superior

267 Chp. 2.4.3.4

Cable saddle Selle Kabelsattel Sadel/lager bærekabel Sedlo Silla del cable

268 Chp. 2.4.3.4

Tower leg Jambes du pylône Turmstützen Tårnbein Noga pilona Fuste de pilono

269 Chp. 2.4.3.4

Deck cross beam Entretoise support du tablier

Fahrbahnquerbalken, -träger Tverrbærer ved dekke Precni nosilec vozišcne plošce

Travesaño inferior

270 Chp. 2.4.3.4

Friction pile Pieu flottant Reibungspfahl Svevende pel Trenjski pilot Pilotes flotantes

271 Chp. 2.4.3.4

Head bearing pile Pieu encastré Bodenpressungspfahl Spissbærende pel Stojeci pilot Pilotes apoyados en punta

272 Chp. 2.4.3.6

The haunch Gousset Gewölbevoute Voute Vuta Cartela

273 Chp. 2.4.3.6

Curved slab Dalle incurvée Gekrümmte Platte Buet plate Plošca v vertikalni zaokrožitvi

Losa curva

274 Chp. 2.4.3.7

Interior walls Parois intérieures Innenwände Innvendige vegger Notranje stene Muros interiores

275 Chp. 2.4.3.7

Coating Revêtement Beschichtung Belegg Premaz Revestimiento

276 Chp. 2.4.3.7

Impregnation Imprégnation Imprägnierung Impregnering Impregnacija Impregnación

277 Chp. 2.4.4.2

Pre-stressed concrete Béton précontraint Vorgespannter Beton, Spannbeton Spennbetong Prednapeti beton Hormigón pretensado

278 Fig 2.4.4.2b Flange angle Cornière Flanschwinkel Flensvinkel Kotnik ob spodnji pasnici Angular del ala 279 Fig 2.4.4.2b Riveted or welded beams Poutres rivetées ou

soudées Genietete oder geschweißte Balken Naglet eller sveiste

bjelker Koviceni ali varjeni nosilci

Vigas roblonadas o soldadas

280 Fig 2.4.4.2d Single concrete T-beam Poutre en T en béton Einfacher Plattenbalken aus Beton Enkel T-bjelke i betong

Enojni betonski T-nosilec Viga de hormigón en t

281 Fig 2.4.4.2e Double concrete T-beam Poutre en T à talon, en béton

Doppel-T-Träger aus Beton Dobbel T-bjelke i betong

Betonski T-nosilec Viga de hormigón en doble t



282 Fig 2.4.4.2e Bulb concrete T-beam Poutre en I en béton - - - Dobbel T-bjelke i bet. m/skrånende underflens

Betonski T-nosilec (širokopasnicni T nosilec)

Viga de hormigón en doble t

283 Fig 2.4.4.2g Single or Multi-cell Box beams

Poutre-caisson uni- ou multi-cellulaire

Einzellige oder mehrzellige Hohlkastenträger

Kassebru med en eller flere kasser

Eno ali veccelicni škatlasti nosilec

Vigas cajón mono o multicelular

284 Fig 2.4.4.2h Spread Box beam Poutres multi-caissons

Mehrteilige Hohlkastenträger Hul firkantbjelke Celicni škatlasti nosilci Tablero de vigas cajón

285 Fig 2.4.4.2h Channel Box beam Poutre-caisson constituée de profilés en U

U-förmige räger Rektangulær gitterbjelke

Ponvasti nosilec (p-nosilec)

Viga artesa

286 Fig 2.4.4.2h Lacing Box beam Poutre-caisson à hourdis inférieur constitué de plaques

Gitterträger Avstivere Mrežasti škatlasti nosilec Viga cajón empresillada

287 Fig 2.4.4.2h Angle Box beam Poutre-caisson constituée de cornieres

Aus Winkeln zusammengesetzter Kastenträger

Vinkel Mrežasti škatlasti nosilec Viga cajón con angulares

288 Fig. 2.4.4.2i Channel beam Poutre en Π U-förmiger Träger Omvendt U-bjelkel Ponvasti nosilec (p-nosilec)

Viga artesa

289 Fig. 2.4.4.2j Rectangular beams Poutre à section rectangulaire

Träger mit Rechteckquerschnitt Rektangulære bjelker Pravokotni nosilci Vigas sección rectangular

290 Fig. 2.4.4.2j Glued laminated beam Poutre en lamellé collé

Verleimter Brettschichtträger Limtrebjelke Lamelni lepljeni nosilci Vigas laminada encolada

291 Fig. 2.4.4.2j Sawn solid beam Poutre en bois sciée Gesägter Vollholzträger Massiv trebjelke Nosilec iz žaganega lesa Viga maciza 292 Fig 2.4.4.2k Circular beams Poutre en bois de

section circulaire Träger mit kreisförmigem Querschnitt

Sirkulær bjelker Okrogli nosilci Vigas sección circular (de madera)

293 Fig 2.4.4.2k Log beam Rondin Rundholzträger Rundømmerbjelker Hlod Viga tronco 294 Fig 2.4.4.2k Shear connectors Connecteurs de

cisaillement Schubverbinder Skjærkopling Mozniki Conectadores de rasante

295 Chp. 2.4.4.3

Plate girders Poutres reconstituées en tôles d’acier soudées

Vollwandträger See 157 Jekleni nosilci iz plocevine

Viga metálica laminada

296 Chp. 2.4.4.3

Steel angle brackets Cornières Winkelkonsolen aus Stahl Stålvinkelbraketter Jekleni kotniki Angulares de acero

297 Fig 2.4.4.3a Stiffener Raidisseur Aussteifung Avstiver Ojacitev Rigidizador 298 Chp.

2.4.4.3 V-girders Poutres en V V-förmiger Träger V-bjelker Sovprežni nosilec Vigas en v



299 Chp. 2.4.4.4

Bridge deck Tablier Brückenfahrbahnplatte Brudekke Vozišcna plošca Tablero de punete

300 Chp. 2.4.4.4

In-situ and pre-cast bridge deck

tablier coulé en place ou préfabriqué

Vor Ort gefertigte und vorgefertigte Fahrbahnplatte

Plasstøpt og prefabrikkert brudekke

Na mestu betonirana in prefabricirana vozišcna plošca

Tablero construido in situ o prefabricado

301 Chp. 2.4.4.4

Thin-plate deck Platelage métallique Dünne Fahrbahnplatte Tynnplatedekke Tanke vozišcne plošce Tablero de chapas metálicas

302 Chp. 2.4.4.4

Plank deck Platelage en bois Fahrbahnplatte mit Bohlen Plankedekke Lesena vozišcna plošca Tablero de planchas de madera

303 Chp. 2.4.4.4

Lattice deck Platelage métallique léger

Fahrbahnrost Gitterristdekke Mrežasta vozišcna plošca Tablero de celosía

304 Fig 2.4.4.4b Timber running strips Planches de roulement en bois

Holzstreifen Slitelag av tre Podnice Tarima

305 Chp. 2.4.4.4

Grout Coulis Verguss Mørtel Omet Lechada de cemento

306 Chp. 2.4.4.4

Water repellent membrane

membrane hydrophobe

Wasser abweisende Membran Hydrofoberende membran

Vododbojna membrana (vodoodbojni premaz)

Lámina de impermeabilización

307 Chp. 2.4.4.4

Vacuum pressure timber Bois injecté sous vide Druckimprägniertes Holz Trykkimpregnert trevirke

Vakumiziran les Vacío

308 Chp. 2.4.4.5

Arch structure with intermediate deck

Arc à tablier intermédiaire

Bogenbrücke mit mittiger Fahrbahnplatte

Buekonstruksjon med mellomliggende dekke

Locna konstrukcija s spušcenim vozišcem

Estructura arco con tablero intermedio

309 Chp. 2.4.4.5

Arch structure with underlying deck

Arc à tablier inférieur

Bogenbrücke mit abgehängter Fahrbahn

Buekonstruksjon med underliggende dekke

Locna konstrukcija z zatego

Arco con tablero inferior

310 Chp. 2.4.4.5

Arch structure with deck on top

Arc à tablier supérieur

Bogenbrücke mit aufgeständerter Fahrbahnplatte

Buekonstruksjon med overliggende dekke

Locna konstrukcija z vozišcem nad lokom

Arco con tablero superior

311 Chp. 2.4.4.5

Open or closed spandrel arches

arc avec/sans tympans

Bogen mit offenen oder geschlossenen Zwickeln

Hvelvbru med åpen eller hel overmur

Odprti ali zaprti bocni polnilni zid

Arco con tímpanos aligerados o macizos

312 Chp. 2.4.4.5

Spandrel column colonne Ständer Buesøyle Celni podporni steber Columnas

313 Chp. 2.4.4.5

Spandrel column cap Pièce de pont Aussteifungsverband Buesøylehode Glava celnega podpornega stebra

Dintel entre columnas

314 Chp. 2.4.4.5

Suspenders Suspentes Hänger Hengestag Obese, vešalke Péndolas

315 Chp. 2.4.4.7

Top boom Membrure supérieure Obergurt Overgurt Zgornja pasnica Cordón superior



316 Chp. 2.4.4.7

Bottom boom Membrure inférieure Untergurt Undergurt Spodnja pasnica Cordón inferior

317 Chp. 2.4.4.7

End struts Montants d’extrémité Endstreben Ende-diagonal Krajni poševni steber Diagonal extrema

318 Chp. 2.4.4.7

Diagonal or vertical struts Diagonales ou montants

Streben oder Stiele Diagonal- eller vertikalavstiver

Diagonale ali vertikale Diagonal o montante

319 Chp. 2.4.4.7

Top wind bracing Contreventement Oberer Windverband Vindavstivning (øvre)

Zgornje zavetrovanje Arriostramiento transversal superior

320 Chp. 2.4.4.7

Longitudinal girder or stringer

Poutres longitudinales ou longerons

Längsträger Langbærer Vzdolžni nosilci Largueros

321 Chp. 2.4.4.7

Sway or bottom brace Contreventement inférieur

Querverband oder untere Aussteifung

Tverravstivere (nedre)

Spodnje zavetrovanje Arriostramiento transversal inferior

322 Chp. 2.4.4.7

Galvanised Galvanisé galvanisiert Galvanisert Galvanizirano Galvanizado

323 Chp. 2.4.5 Cable bridges ponts a cables Seilbrücken See 188 Mostovi na nosilnih kablih

Puente de cables

324 Chp. 2.4.5 Main cable Câble principal Haupttragseil Hovedkabel Nosilni kabel Cable principal (portante) 325 Chp. 2.4.5 Suspender cables

(Hangers) Suspentes Hänger Hengestenger/-stag Obese, vešalke Péndolas

326 Chp. 2.4.5 Longitudinal stiffening girder

Poutres de rigidité longitudinales

Ausgesteifter Längsträger Langsgående avstivningsbærer

Vzdolžni togi nosilci Vigas rigidizadoras longitudinales

327 Chp. 2.4.6.2

Rim bearing Appareil d’appui à chemin de roulement circulaire

Endauflager Kranslager Vrtljivo ležišce Aparato de apoyo circunferencial

328 Chp. 2.4.7.1

Sliding plate bearing Appareil d’appui glissant à plaques métalliques

Gleitlager Glidelager Drsno ležišce Aparato de apoyo deslizante

329 Chp. 2.4.7.1

Roller bearing Appareil d’appui à rouleaux

Rollenlager Rullelager Valjcno ležišce Aparato de apoyo de rodillos

330 Chp. 2.4.7.1

Pin and link bearing Appareil d’appui à bielle

Bolzengelenk Pendellager Jekleno clenkasto pomicno ležišce

Aparato de apoyo de péndolo

331 Chp. 2.4.7.1

Hinged bearing Appareil d'appui à articulation

Linienkipplager Rotasjonslager Clenkasto ležišce Aparato de apoyo articulado

332 Chp. 2.4.7.1

Pot bearing Appareil d’appui à pot

Topflager Potlager Loncno ležišce Aparato de apoyo de neopreno confinado(tipo pot)



333 Chp. 2.4.7.1

Elastomeric bearing Appareil d’appui en caoutchouc

Elastomerlager Neoprenlager Elastomerno ležišce Aparato de apoyo de elastómero

334 Chp. 2.4.7.1

Restraining bearing Appareil d’appui anti-soulèvement

Festes Lager Motholdslager Pridrževalno ležišce Aparato de apoyo anclado

335 Chp. 2.4.7.1

Rocker bearing Appareil d’appui à balancier

Kalottenlager Rullelager Tockovno drsno ležišce Aparato de apoyo de oscilación

336 Chp. 2.4.7.2

Open joint Joint non étanche Offene Fuge, Fahrbahnübergang, wasserdurchlässige Fahrbahnübergangskonstruktion

Åpen fuge Odprta dilatacija Junta abierta

337 Chp. 2.4.7.2

Closed joint Joint étanche Geschlossene Fuge, Fahrbahnübergang

Lukket fuge Vodotesna dilatacija Junta cerrrada

338 Chp. 2.4.7.2

Formed joint Joint à hiatus - - - See 336 Profiliran Junta abierta de guardacantos

339 Chp. 2.4.7.2

Finger plate Joint à peigne Fingerkonstruktion Stålplatefuge - fingerkonstruksjon

Glavnikasta plošca (glavnikasta dilatacija)

Junta de peines metálicos

340 Chp. 2.4.7.2

Pour joint seal Joint à revêtement amélioré

Asphaltübergang Asfaltfuge Asfaltna dilatacija Junta sellada

341 Chp. 2.4.7.2

Compression seal joint Joint à élément de dilatation en caoutchouc

Fahrbahnübergang mit Dichtprofil Gummifuge, ACME e.l.

Kompresijski tesnilni trak Junta de sellante comprimido

342 Chp. 2.4.7.2

Sliding plate joint Joint à plaque de glissement

Schleppblechdachkonstruktion Stålplatefuge - riffelstål

Drsna jeklena dilatacija Junta de placas deslizantes

343 Chp. 2.4.7.2

Elastomeric seal joint Joint à pont en bande Elastomeres Dichtprofil Gummifuge, armert Elastomerna blazinasta dilatacija

Junta de perfil de elastómero

344 Chp. 2.4.7.3

Bridge deck surfacing Chaussée Brückenbelag Slitelag brudekke Vozišcna površina Firme

345 Chp. 2.4.7.3

Pavement Chaussée Fahrbahn Brubelegning, vegdekke

Tlak, Površinska obloga cestišca

Pavimento

346 Chp. 2.4.7.3

Spread course Couche de protection de la chape

Tragschicht Opprettingslag Zašcitna plast Base

347 Chp. 2.4.7.3

Dispersing layer couche de répartition Lastverteilungsschicht Avrettingslag Nosilni sloj Capa de reparto

348 Chp. 2.4.7.3

Waterproofing layer Chape d’étanchéité Abdichtung, Dichtungsschicht Fuktisolering Vodotesni sloj Capa impermeabilizante

349 Chp. 2.4.7.3

Wearing course Couche de roulement Verschleißschicht Slitelag Obrabna plast Capa de rodadura



350 Chp. 2.4.7.3

Watertight barrier Barrière étanche Wasserdichte Absperrung Fuktisoleringssperre Vodotesna membrana Barrera impermeable

351 Chp. 2.4.7.3

Waterproofing mats Feuilles d’étanchéité Abdichtungsmatten Prefabrikert membran Hidroizolacijski trakovi Capas impermeables

352 Chp. 2.4.7.3

Bituminous surfacing Chaussée bitumineuse

Bituminöser Belag Asfaltlag Asfaltno vozišce Firme bituminoso

353 Chp. 2.4.7.3

Concrete surfacing Chaussée en béton Betonbelag Betong slitelag Betonsko vozišce Firme de hormigón

354 Chp. 2.4.7.3

Timber surfacing Chaussée en bois Holzbelag Treslitelag Leseno vozišce Firme de madera

355 Chp. 2.4.7.3

Gravel surfacing Chaussée en gravillons

Kiesbelag Grusdekke Gramozno vozišce Firme de capas granulares

356 Fig. 2.4.7.3 Joint sealer Joint d’étanchéité Fugenmasse Fugemasse Tesnilni kit Sellante de junta 357 Chp.

2.4.7.4 Drainage from deck Drainage du tablier Entwässerung der Fahrbahnplatte Dekkedrenering Odvodnjavanje z vozišca Drenaje del tablero

358 Chp. 2.4.7.4

Drainage from abutments Drainage des culées Entwässerung des Widerlagers Drenering av landkar Odvodnjavanje izza krajnih opornikov

Drenaje de los estribos

359 Chp. 2.4.7.4

Drainage from joints Drainage des joints Fugenentwässerung Fugedrenering Odvodnjavanje izpod dilatacij

Drenaje de las juntas

360 Chp. 2.4.7.4

Drainage from embankment

Drainage des remblais

Straßendammentwässerung Drenering fra fylling Odvodnjavanje z nasipov Drenaje del terraplén

361 Chp. 2.4.7.4

Drain pipe Drain, gargouille Fallrohr Dreneringsrør Odtok Tubería de desagüe

362 Chp. 2.4.7.5

Parapet Parapet, dispositifs de sécurité

Brüstung See 59 Ograja Pretil

363 Chp. 2.4.7.5

Rail post supports de glissières Geländerpfosten Rekkverksstolpe Stebricek Postes de barandilla

364 Chp. 2.4.7.5

Railing glissières Geländer Rekkverk Varovanje Barandilla

365 Chp. 2.4.7.5

Parapet post Support de dispositif de sécurité

Brüstungspfosten Rekkverksstolpe Ograjni stebricek Postes del pretil

366 Chp. 2.4.7.5

Edge beam Poutre de rive Randträger Kantdrager Robni venec Viga de borde

367 Chp. 2.4.7.5

Guard rail Glissière de sécurité Geländer Føringsskinne Varovalna ograja Barrera flexible

368 Chp. 2.4.7.5

barrier Barrière de sécurité Absperrung Barriere Odbojna ograja Barrera rígida



369 Chp. 2.4.7.5

Bar railing Garde-corps Holmgeländer Sprosserekkverk Zašcitna ograja Barandilla de barrotes

370 Chp. 2.4.7.5

Pipe railing Lisses Rohrgeländer Rørrekkverk Oprijemni profil Barandilla de tubos

371 Chp. 2.4.7.5

Wire fence Garde-corps constitué de cables

Drahtzaun Wirerekkverk Žicna ograja Alambrada

372 Chp. 2.4.7.5

Expanded metal railing Garde-corps en métal déployé

Streckmetallgeländer Gitterrekkverk - Barandilla de “metal deployé”

373 Chp. 2.4.7.5

Concrete parapet Parapet en béton Betonbrüstung Betongrekkverk Betonski parapet Barrera de hormigón

374 Chp. 2.4.7.6

Pedestrian walkway Trottoir Fußgängerweg Fortau Hodnik za pešce Acera para peatones

375 Chp. 2.4.7.6

Separated walkway Trottoirs séparés de la chaussée

Abgetrennter Gehweg Adskilt gangbane Loceni hodnik Acera separada

376 Chp. 2.4.7.6

Raised walkway (Sidewalks)

Trottoir Gehweg Opphøyet gangbane Dvignjeni hodnik Acera elevada

377 Chp. 2.4.7.6

Hung-on walkway trottoir en encorbellement

Angehängter Gehweg Påhengt gangbane Pritrjeni hodnik Acera en voladizo

378 Chp. 2.4.7.7

Edge beams Longrine Randträger Kantdrager Robni venec Vigas de borde

379 Chp. 2.4.7.7

Edge beam above deck cast in-situ

Longrine coulée en place sur le tablier

Randträger über der Fahrbahnplatte, vor Ort hergestellt (Kappe)

Overliggende kantdrager – plasstøpt

Robni venec Viga de borde por encima del tablero construida in situ

380 Chp. 2.4.7.7

Edge beam above and below deck cast in-situ

poutre de rive au-dessus et en dessous du tablier coulée en place(contre-corniche)

Randträger über und unter der Fahrbahnplatte, vor Ort hergestellt (Kappe)

Over-/ underliggende kantdrager - plasstøpt

Robni venec Viga de borde por encima y por debajo del tablero construida in situ

381 Chp. 2.4.8.1

Highway lighting Eclairage Straßenbeleuchtung Vegbelysning Avtocestna razsvetljava Iluminación de autopista

382 Chp. 2.4.8.1

Navigation lights Feux de navigation Navigationslichter Seilingslys Navigacijska (plovna) razsvetljava

Luces de navegación

383 Chp. 2.4.8.1

Aerial obstruction lights Feux de signalisation pour les avions

Flugsicherungsbeleuchtung Lys for lufttrafikk Signalne luci za zracni promet

Luces de balizamiento

384 Chp. 2.4.8.1

Traffic control lights Feux de signalisation pour le trafic

Verkehrsbeeinflussungsanlage Trafikklys Semafor Luces de control de tráfico



385 Chp. 2.4.8.2

Access equipment Equipements d’accès Zugangsmöglichkeiten Tilkomstutstyr Dostopne naprave Equipamiento de acceso

386 Chp. 2.4.8.2

Steps Escaliers Treppen Trapper Stopnice Escalones

387 Chp. 2.4.8.2

Ladders Echelles Leitern Stiger Lestve Escalera de mano

388 Chp. 2.4.8.2

Catwalk Passerelle ou chemin d’accès

Catwalk Gangbane på f.eks.overgurten av fagverk, bjelker etc.

Dostopna varovana pot Pasadizo

389 Chp. 2.4.8.3

Weight limit sign Signalisation de limite en tonnage

Gewichtsbeschränkende Beschilderung

Vektgrenseskilt Znaki za omejitev nosilnosti

Señales de limitación de peso

390 Chp. 2.4.8.3

Vertical clearance sign Signalisation de gabarit en hauteur

Höhenbeschränkende Beschilderung

Høydegrenseskilt Znaki za omejitev višine Señales de gálibo vertical

391 Chp. 2.4.8.3

Lateral clearance sign Signalisation de gabarit en largeur

Breitenbeschränkende Beschilderung

Breddegrenseskilt Znaki za omejitev širine Señales de ancho máximo

392 Chp. 2.4.8.3

Obstacle sign Signalisation d’obstacles

Warnschilder Hindermarkeringsskilt

Znak za oviro Señales de obstáculo

393 Chp. 2.4.8.4

Water pipe Canalisations d’eau Wasserrohre Vannrør Vodovod Tubería de agua

394 Chp. 2.4.8.4

Sewage pipe Canalisations d’assainissement

Kanalisationsrohre Kloakkrør Kanalizacija Tubería de saneamiento

395 Chp. 2.4.8.4

Electric cables Câbles électriques Leitungen für Elektrizität Elektriske kabler Elektricne napeljave Cables eléctricos

glossary & terms in bridge engineering

Documents

vor ort hergestellt

brime bridge

longer span

cable stayed

bridge engineering

short span

bascule draw

small span