Glorious Revolution

Glorious Revolution•When did the Glorious Revolution take place?•1688

•Who was the King of England at the time of the Glorious Revolution?•King James II

•What religion was King James II?•Roman Catholic

Glorious Revolution• Why was King James' religion a problem for the members of

Parliament and the people of England?• They were afraid that he would want to make Catholicism the

official religion.• Before the Glorious Revolution, who did Parliament and the people of

England hope would become the next monarch of England? Why?• They hoped that James II's daughter, Mary would become queen

because she was a Protestant.• How was this hope dashed?• James II's wife gave birth to a son who became heir to the English

throne.

Glorious Revolution•What did Parliament do after the birth of James's son?•Withdrew their support from James II, offered the throne to James's daughter, Mary, and her husband, William.

•What did James II do when William of Orange invaded England?•Fled to France.

Glorious Revolution•What is meant by the term, "bloodless revolution" and how did it apply to the Glorious Revolution?•A bloodless revolution is a transfer of power between rulers/governments without fighting or deaths. The Glorious Revolution saw the transfer of power from James II to William and Mary without any bloodshed.

Glorious Revolution•How did the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and its aftermath ensure that the English monarchy would thereafter be limited in power? •Parliament's support was now essential for the rule of any monarch. Parliament had the power to remove or crown monarchs. The monarch was now subject to rule of law.

Thomas Hobbes• Outline his work in “Leviathan” (1651)• People were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish• Social Contract is an agreement by which they gave up their freedom

for an organized society• Government was an absolute monarchy, which could impose order

and compel obedience

John Locke• Wrote Two Treaties of Government (1690)• Believe Natural Rights or rights that belong to all humans from birth• Right to Life, Liberty, and Property

Voltaire• Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778)• Philosopher who battled inequality, injustice, and superstition• Detested slave trade and deplored religious prejudice

Montesquieu• Charles Louis de Secondat (1689-1755)• Wrote “The Spirit of the Laws” (1748) in which he discussed

governments throughout history• He believed in the three branches of government (legislative, judicial,

and executive), he believed in checks and balances

Jean-Jacques Rousseau• Wrote “The Social Contract” (1762)• Felt society placed too many limitations on people’s behavior• He believed some controls were necessary, but they should be

minimum• Only governments that had been freely elected should impose these

controls.• Woven through his work is a hatred of all forms of political and

economic oppression

Denis Diderot• Help spread the enlightenment ideas• Produce an encyclopedia• French government and church try to ban it• Produced 4,000 copies between 1751 and 1789

Mary Wollstonecraft• Published “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”• Equal education for girls and boys

Physiocrats• French thinkers who focused on economic reforms• Rejected mercantilism which required government regulation of the economy

to achieve a favorable balance of trade.• Urged Laissez Faire- allowing business to operate to little or no government

interference• Supported free trades and opposed tariffs

Adam Smith• Scottish economist• Wealth of Nations (1776)• Urged the free market should be allowed to regulate business

activities• Supported Laissez-Faire; however, he felt that government had a duty

to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works• Ideas help shape productive economies in 1800s and 1900s.

Enlightenment Ideas Spread

Challenge Society• Censorship- Restricting access to ideas and information• Salons- informal social gatherings at which writers, artists,

philosophers, and others exchanged ideas• Montesquieu and Voltaire sometimes disguised their ideas in works of

fiction

Arts and Literature Reflect New Ideas• Went from baroque, which was huge, colorful, full of excitement,

glorified historic battles or the lives of saints to Rococo style• Rococo Style moved away from religion and was lighter, elegant, and

charming• Inspired music and literature

Enlightened Despots• Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and

social change

Frederick II (Frederick the Great)• King of Prussia 1740-1786• Saw himself as the “first servant of the state” with the duty to work

with the common good• Reduce torture and allow free press• Religious tolerance

Catherine II (Catherine the Great)• Became Empress of Russia in 1762• Abolish Torture• Religious Tolerance

Joseph II• Ruled Austria in the 18th Century• Modernized Austria’s Government• Supported religious equality for Protestants and Jews in his Catholic

Empire• Allow Free Press• Attempted to bring Catholic Church under royal control