global fish stocks presentation
TRANSCRIPT
Global Fish Stocks- a catastrophic and irreversible decline?Ashlee Maywald, Emily Megin,George River Ellis, Maverick Penman,Nompumelelo Mphele, & Patrick Ashton
How Did We Get This Far?A history of fishing and exploitation
Image: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20120920-are-we-running-out-of-fish
The Global Decline• Globally stocks of fish have been rapidly falling since the
1980’s
Worm et al., 2006
Decline in Major Atlantic Fish• Salmon
1950’s: 10 8002010: 2 100 (20%)
• Cod1970’s: 300 0002010: 27 000 (10%)
• Tuna1950’s: 34 0002010: 9 600 (30%)
How Did This Happen?• Industrialisation
With increased technology catch efficiency has increased
• Misleading science• Optimism ☺
Image: http://www.portcastello.com/en/introduction/history/fishing-business-and-industrialisation.htmlImage: http://imgbuddy.com/fish-eggs-in-water.aspImage: http://amac.us/personal-story-optimism/
Where Are The Fish Coming From?● No more fish? Fish somewhere else!EU and USA make deals with poorer nations for the right to fish commercially in their water● Local and artisan
fishers are the usual losers○ They may catch only
⅓ of what they used to.
Image:http://www.marinelink.com/news/detained-fishing-trawler362553.aspx
The Tale of the North Sea
● Shallow, muddy and barren● Evidence of historical abundance of sturgeon, houting,
and bluefin tuna● Evidence of oyster reefs
Image: http://stock-clip.com/video-footage/sea+inhabitants/3
●Bottom trawling●Dynamite fishing of
coral reefs●Top-down environmental
alterations○Example: Norway cod
Habitat Destruction
Reduction of biodiversity
● Reduction of desired phenotypes○ selection on length-at-age○ selection on location
● Miniaturization○ earlier sexual maturity
Destabilization of the food chain
● Predator / prey interaction● Change in age structure
- Large reduction in biomass- Example: tiger flathead
Marine pollution●Anthropogenic●Alters reproductive systems●Disruption to coral reefs●Affects entire food chain
Solutions
Safe Catch Limits
http://qsr2010.ospar.org/en/media/chapter_pdf/QSR_Ch08_EN.pdf
Safe Catch Limitsneeds to be reassessed
regularlyscientifically determinedNOAA Magnuson
Stevens Fishery Conservation & Management Act (2007) http://wildliferesearch.org/category/overfishing/
Reduction of By-catch
http://www.biznews.com/green/2014/05/27/infographic-everything-need-know-bycatch/
http://www.underwaterbaitsetter.com.a u/bait-setter/the-baitsetter/
Gear Modifications
Catch Share Programs●holds fishermen individually responsible●helps in achieving safe catch limits●longer fishing seasonssafer work conditionsbetter management performance
http://www.edf.org/content_images/catch-shares-world-map-hi.jpg
http://www.edf.org/content_images/catch-shares-world-map-hi.jpg
Monitoring & Enforcement Approachenforcive legislationdata collection systemspatrol vesselsNew technology: satellite & infrared trackingsubregional & regional cooperation
http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2014/01/30/shark-tagging-tracking-separating-fact-from-fiction/
http://www.gizmag.com/google-overfishing-global-fishing-watch/34794/
Marine Protected Areas
Success of MPAs in the past
Potential drawbacks of MPAs
Solution-based strategies
What are Marine Protected Areas?Marine protected areas (MPAs) are protected regions of seas, oceans or large
lakes; restrict human activity to protect natural or cultural resources.
MPAs and their restrictions differ substantially between nations:
development
fishing practices and gear
fishing seasons and catch limits,
moorings and bans on removing or disrupting marine life
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority
The Arrabida Marine Park, PortugalTotal Protection
No fishing or recreational activities of any kind, navigation permitted
Partial ProtectionRestricted recreational activity permitted, sport
fishing forbidden, commercial fishing very limited
Complementary ProtectionSport fishing permitted, restricted commercial
fishing
Cunha et al. 2014
Improved catch
Cunha et al. 2014
MPAs implemented in 2005. Mean daily catch measured as kg per auction day. Increases significantly with MPAs.
CPUE for three different protection areas.
Implies a greater abundance of target species in areas of higher protection.
Cunha et al. 2014
Positive effects of MPAs Increase in trophic and functional diversity Increase in top predator abundance, decrease
in herbivore abundanceAbility to target key nursery/migration regions Spillover effects into neighbouring waters
Problems with MPAsLittle to no effect in areas of multiple
stable states (phase shifts)Effectiveness decreases as
migration of species increasesOpposition from local communitiesBureaucracy - planning,
maintenance, enforcement and review. $$$
Limited deterrence of overall fishing pressure in some areas
Worm et al. 2009
MPAs: Part of the solution
Rebuilding of Kenyan small-scale fishery with combination of measures
MPAs + gear restriction + community cooperation led to significant increase in commercial fishing value
Worm et al. 2009
Aquaculture ●How do we continue to meet the increasing
global demand for seafood?●Aquaculture: growing aquatic species under
controlled conditions●Real potential to reduce reliance on global
fish stocks
Forms of Aquaculture● Land Based: 60% fish products
● Brackish: 32% fish products
● Offshore: 8% fish products
(Biotechnology)
(Global fishing)
(fish site)
Inputs
●Food●Infrastructure●Operational energy
FoodFishmeal: - Comprised of processed pelagic fish:
Anchovy, Sardine, Capelin, Herring- Still marine Origins- Key pillar of many marine foodwebs
Outputs- Disease, disease deterrents- Escapees- Nutrients: uneaten foods, faeces
Management Framework- Antibiotic/parasiticide utilisation and
environmental toxicity- Pathogens & wild fish susceptibility - Fish escapees- Nutrient waste: food & faeces- Food sources
Used to maintain standards
Case Study - Offshore●Step 1:Public-Private partnership●Step 2: Construction:
(UNH.edu)
Fishmeal Research and Production Facility
●Explore use of alternatives to current protein sources
●Reduce reliance on pelagic fish species ●Trials: soya, insects, livestock carcases,
microalgae
Research ProjectsLarge scale so a number of small specific researches can be influenced with the $3 million used in different areas.
What is the importance of research and data?•Informs conservation management
•Effective Implementation of projects
•Increases capacity for research
•Clear results and direction from data
•Providing information
What Research projects have achieved•MPA’s and zones.•Safe catch limits.•Reduced bycatch•Reduced illegal fishing•Catch share programs•Effective aquaculture
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=44250#.VVngUPmqqko
Proposed research projects•Satellite and infrared tracking illegal fishing activity
•Fishmeal research to improve Aquaculture
•Gear modification research to reduce bycatch
Satellite and infrared tracking illegal fishing activity
Expected results:Increased number of illegal fishing boats being intercepted
A more effective monitoring and tracking system
Deter illegal fishing
How this could inform management decisions:An improved way of tracking could lead to a broader use
more research enabling more detailed and informative systems
Fishmeal research to improve Aquaculture
Expected resultsFinding alternate fishmeal sources
Finding an environmentally economic and safe resource
How this could inform management decisions:Would not have to enforce as it is a cheaper resourceSustainable farming would benefit all parties involved
Gear modification research to reduce bycatch
Expected ResultsEffective modifications reducing bycatch
Reduced bycatch by up to 30%
How this could inform management decisions:Once proven effective it could then be applied to all fisheries using the same
technologyReduced bycatch makes fishing practices more efficient so would be in all
interests.http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/by_catch/brep_2014_awards.html
Global fish stocks - a catastrophic and irreversible decline?
Fig 1: Worm et al. Average catch above, exploitation below Fig 2: Influence of Aquaculture up to 2005
http://marine.rutgers.edu/~ojensen/Documents/Worm_etal_2009_Science.pdf http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article167.html
References· Clover, Charles (2006) The End of the Line: how overfishing is changing the world and what we eat. University of California Press, California, USACostello, C. et al. (2012) Status and Solutions for the World’s Unassessed Fisheries. Science 338: 517-520· Cunha, A. et al (2014) Biomares, a LIFE project to restore and manage the biodiversity of Prof. Luiz Saldanha Marine Park. J Coast Conserv 18: 643-655· Kurlansky, Mark (2011) World Without Fish: how could we let this happen? Workman Publishing, New York, USA“Dire Future for Fishing.” Reporter Greg Hoy. The 7:30 Report. Australian Broadcast Corporation, 5 May 2010. TV news. Web, 19 April 2015Takashina, N. & Mougi, A. (2014) Effects of marine protected areas on overfished fishing stocks with multiple stable states. Journal of Theoretical Biology 341: 64-70· Villamor, A., Becerro, M. (2012) Species, trophic, and functional diversity in marine protected and non-protected areas. Journal of Sea Research 73: 109-116· Voyer, M., Gladstone, W., & Goodall, H. (2014) Understanding marine park opposition: the relationship between social impacts, environmental knowledge and motivation to fish. Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 24: 441–462· West, C., Dytham, C., Righton, D., Pitchford. J. (2009) Preventing overexploitation of migratory fish stocks: the efficacy of marine protected areas in a stochastic environment. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1919-1930 Worm, B. et al. (2006) Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services. Science 314: 787-790· Worm, B. et al. (2009) Rebuilding Global Fisheries. Science 325: 578-585