LIN HIP HI KHOA HC K THUT VIT NAM VIN O TO CNG NGH V QUN L QUC T------------------------

BI GING MN HC

LP RP V BO TR MY VI TNH

Bin Son : NGUYN NG HU

H NI 2/2003

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MC LC TM TT BI GINGMC LC TM TT BI GING..................................................................................2 Bi 1 (2 tit): Nhp mn lp rp v sa cha my vi tnh.........................................3 1.1 Cu hnh mt my vi tnh..................................................................................................................3 1.2 Phn cng phn mm v phn nho.................................................................................................3 1.3 Ni dung gio trnh...........................................................................................................................4 1.4 K thut An ton khi lp rp sa cha my vi tnh..........................................................................4 Bi 2 (3 tit) Quy trnh ci t my vi tnh...............................................................4 2.1 Quy trnh ci t my vi tnh............................................................................................................4 2.2 Khi to a cng qua FDISK, FORMAT........................................................................................5 2.3 Ci h iu hnh ..............................................................................................................................6 2.4 Ci chng trnh ng dng..............................................................................................................8 2.5 Lu v hi phc d liu...................................................................................................................8 Bi 3 (5 tit): Cc cu kin my vi tnh.....................................................................8 3-1 V my v ngun..............................................................................................................................8 3-2 Mainboard v microprocessor.........................................................................................................9 3-3 B nh ROM BIOS v RAM...........................................................................................................14 3-4 H thng BUS ca my vi tnh......................................................................................................18 Bi 4 (3 tit): Cc card m rng trong my vi tnh ................................................20 4.1 Monitor v card mn hnh..............................................................................................................20 4.2 Card m thanh................................................................................................................................23 4.3 Modem............................................................................................................................................24 4.4 Card mng......................................................................................................................................24 4.5 Bn phm v chut..........................................................................................................................25 Bi 5 (5 tit): Cc a cng, a mm v CD........................................................25 5.1 Khi nim v cc a....................................................................................................................25 5.2 a mm..........................................................................................................................................26 5.3 a cng.........................................................................................................................................27 5.4 a CD ...........................................................................................................................................29 Bi 6 (2 tit) Quy trnh lp rp v sa cha cc thit b tin hc..............................30 6.1 Quy trnh lp rp my vi tnh.........................................................................................................30 6.2 Phng php kim tra v khc phc h hng................................................................................31 6.3 Mt s h hng thng gp............................................................................................................31 6.4 Back up d liu trc khi khi to li a cng.............................................................................31 6.5 Cc tin ch phc kim tra, pht hin h hng v khc phc.........................................................32 Bi 1 TH (5 tit): Khi to a cng bng FDISK, FORMAT.......................................33 Bi 2 TH (5 tit): Ci h iu hnh Win98SE v Office97, Vietkey2000 v crack, Pascal, T in Lc Vit..........................................................................................38 Bi 3 TH (5 tit): Ci H iu hnh Win2000/Xp (khi to HDD theo phng n khng dng DOS, Office2000/Xp............................................................................38 Bi 4 TH (5 tit):Thc hnh sa cha, lp rp v nng cp my tnh. Thc hnh chy chng trnh BIOS setup................................................................................38 Bi 5 TH (5 tit): Cng c tin ch phc v chun on, sa cha v nng cp my vi tnh v cc thit b tin hc..................................................................................47

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BI GING LP RP SA CHA MY VI TNH Bi 1 (2 tit): Nhp mn lp rp v sa cha my vi tnh1.1 Cu hnh mt my vi tnh

My vi tnh u tin ra i vo 1981 do IBM a ra. N nhanh chng chim c th trng. My vi tnh bao gm cc phn sau: CPU, thit b vo, thit b ra, b nh trong v b nh ngoi. Xt theo gc lp rp, cc b phn trn c lp ni thnh khi x l trung tm v khi cc thit b ngoi vi ca mt dn my vi tnh. (hnh v minh ho)Cc b phn nm trong khi x l trung tm Cc thit b ngoi vi

1. Bo mch ch (mainboard) gm: CPU, RAM, b nh cache, ROM c cha chng trnh BIOS, cc chip sets l cc b iu khin, cc cng ni I/O, bus, v cc slot m rng 2. Cc loi a: a mm, a cng, CD, DVD 3. Cc mch m rng: video card, network card, card m thanh, card modem ... 4. Ngun v v my1.2 Phn cng phn mm v phn nho

Bn phm Chut My in My qut Loa a cm ngoi Joy stick Modem My v ...

Trong my vi tnh c th chia gm 3 phn: Phn cng l ch phn thit b vt l m ta c th s m c. Phn mm l ch phn chng trnh chy trong my, thng gm hai phn: phn mm h thng ch h iu hnh DOS, Windows; phn mm ng dng ch cc chng trnh Word, Excel, Vietkey. Phn nho l phn chng trnh BIOS dng iu khin qu trnh khi ng my, thit lp cu hnh my, kim tra my v thc hin cc lnh vo ra c bn nht. Phn nho thng gn cht vi phn cng. Phn mm h thng v ng dng khng ph thuc vo phn cng c th. Khi lp rp hoc sa cha my vi tnh ta phi tm hiu cc b phn phn cng, ci t h thng qua BIOS (phn nho) v ci t my: ci h iu hnh v cc ng dng.

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1.3 Ni dung gio trnh

Gio trnh ny cung cp cho hc vin nhng kin thc c bn v cc cu kin lp my vi tnh, cch lp ni, hiu chnh v ci t my my hot ng c. T hc vin c th ci t, sa cha v lp rp my vi tnh.1.4 K thut An ton khi lp rp sa cha my vi tnh

Khi lp rp v sa cha my vi tnh phi tun th mt s nguyn tc an ton v in trnh b in git, gy chp hoc chy n. Phi c dng c thch hp khi lp v sa my Khi tho lp my phi tt ngun, rt ngun in ra khi my Khi bt my kim tra, phi dng dy tip t v ngun switching thng gy git Khi lp ni cc b phn, cp phi thc hin theo ng ch dn, lp ng u, khng lp ngc cp gy chp in Khng cc vt kim loi nh c vt ri vo my, khi lp vt trnh gy chp mch

Bi 2 (3 tit) Quy trnh ci t my vi tnh2.1 Quy trnh ci t my vi tnh

My vi tnh sau khi lp rp hoc sa cha phi ci t my. Mt khc, a s cc trng hp hng hc l do hng phn mm, nn phi nm chc quy trnh ci t mt my vi tnh khc phc. Quy trnh ci t mt my vi tnh gm 5 bc c bn sau: - B1: Lu (Back_up) s liu hin c trn my. i vi my lp mi th b qua bc ny. i vi my sa cha th phi back_up cc s liu trc khi ci t li my. Cc lu s liu c th chp ln a mm, chp sang a cng khc, chp ln a ghi CD (nu c ghi CD), chp sang my khc qua mng (LAN), chp qua cp Laplink - B2: Khi to a cng gm hai phn. Phn u quy hoch s dng a: chia a cng ra lm nhiu thng qua (FDISK). Bc sau l nh dng cc (FORMAT) kim tra dung lng, cht lng ca cc a trc khi ghi chp s liu vo. C th s dng cc tin ch thc hin vic quy hoch. - B3: Ci h iu hnh. Tin hnh la chn h iu hnh thch hp ci vo my. C th ci nhiu h iu hnh nu cn. y l bc quan 4

trng ci phn mm h thng vo cho my lm vic. Nu ci HH Win2000 hoc WinXp th B2 nm ngay trong qu trnh ci HH. - B4: Ci cc chng trnh ng dng vo my. Mt s chng trnh thng dng phi ci l: Microsoft Office, B g ting vit Vietkey, t in Lc Vit, chng trnh chng virus v cc chng trnh ng dng khc tu theo trng hp c th - B5: Tin hnh hi phc cc d liu (restore) my lm vic bnh thng Tu theo tng trng hp c th c th b qua mt s bc. V d nh c th khng quy hoch a m ch nh dng li a. Khi khng nht thit phi nh dng (format) cc m ch format chng trnh l C: cn D: cha d liu khng cn phi nh dng. Vi my mi th b qua bc backup v restore d liu. Sau y ta xt c th cc bc2.2 Khi to a cng qua FDISK, FORMAT

Khi to a gm 2 giai on: quy hoach s dng a v nh dng . C th thc hin qua hai chng trnh FDISK, FORMAT. i vi h iu hnh mi nh Windows 2000/NT/XP th vic quy hoch s dng a v nh ng tch hp ngay trong qu trnh ci h iu hnh m khng cn phi thng qua mi trng DOS, do khng cn dng FDISK v FORMAT. a> Quy hoch s dng a (FDISK) l phn chia cc a cng ra cc a khc nhau C, D, E, ...Vic chia thng ph thuc vo cc mc ch s dng khc nhau. Thng thng ngi ta chia HDD thnh 2: C:\ ci t chng trnh, D:\ cha d liu. Ngi ta thng quy hoch s dng a trong cc trng hp: my mi ci ln u, mun quy hoch li, my b virus nng. C mt s tin ch cho php khi to a cng nhanh hn nh Disk Manager cho Seagate, Partition Magic. Mt a cng, khi quy hoch di mi trng DOS, c chia thnh cc partitions. Partition u c tn l PRI.DOS l C. Partition 2 c tn l EXT.DOS. Cc a D, E u thuc EXT.DOS partition gi l cc logic. V d, ta chia u a cng ra thnh 2 khi C chim ton b partition 1 v D chim ton b partition 2. Khi quy hoch a phi lm 3 bc sau: 1. To partition 1 (PRI.DOS partition), cng l C 2. To partition 2 (EXT.DOS partition), l khu vc dnh cho cc logic cn li 3. To cc logic D, E trn khu vc partition 2 4. Lm cho C l khi ng 5

Trc khi quy hoch a, phi xo quy hoch c trn i. Vic xo quy hoch c phi theo trnh t ngc li vi khi to quy hoch, tc l 1. Xo logic trc 2. Xo EXT.DOS partition 3. Xo PRI.DOS partition. b> nh dng a (FORMAT) l kim tra ton b b mt a c phn chia loi b cc Bad sector, t tn v copy cc file h thng vo khi ng. Vi khi ng ta dng lnh sau FORMAT C: /s, trong tham s s ch vic copy cc file h thng vo C n c th khi ng c. Vi cc cn li ta ch vic dng FORMAT D: ...2.3 Ci h iu hnh

a> Ci h iu hnh Win98SE: H iu hnh Win98SE l h iu hnh chun, n nh c ci ph bin trong cc my PC i c. C th ci h iu hnh t mi trng DOS, hoc t trong mi trng Windows. Khi ci t u, sau khi khi to a cng th thng ci t mi trng DOS. - Gi chng trnh setup t a CD: a a c h iu hnh Win98SE vo CD. Sau nh vo my lnh sau: A>E:\ WIN98SE\setup my thc hin chy chng trnh setup. ci nhanh, c th dng NC copy h iu hnh t CD sang a cng trc khi ci t. - My s scan cc a trc khi chy setup. Nu a tt my s bt u qu trnh setup gm 5 bc: 1. Chun b chy setup; 2. Thu thp thng tin ca ngi s dng; 3. Copy cc chng trnh windows vo th mc ci t; 4. Khi ng li my v 5. Xc nh cc cu kin trong my v ci t cc chng trnh driver cho n. - Vn kh nht trong ci Windows l ci cc driver l cc chng trnh iu khin cc thit b. Windows c sn mt th vin cc driver. Nu khng tm ng driver, HH s hi xem c a driver ring cho thit b. Nu khng c th HH s chn ci gn ng nht. Do vy phi gi cc a km theo my, khi khng c driver phi bit ti t internet v. b> Ci h iu hnh WinXP i vi mt s HH mi, Win2000/NT/XP khng s dng mi trng DOS th qu trnh khi to a cng c tch hp ngay trong qu trnh ci HH. Khi vic ci t my tnh n gin hn. Cu hnh ti thiu ca Windows XP nh sau: CPU- 233 Mhz, RAM: 64 MB, Card mn hnh (video card): Super-VGA vi phn gii ti thiu

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800 x 600, a cng (Hard drive): 1,5 GB cha s dng, CD hoc DVD, Chut v bn phm. Vi cu hnh ti thiu, h iu hnh s chy rt chm. h iu hnh ny chy mc chp nhn c th cu hnh ca my ti thiu: CPU: >= 500 Mhz, RAM: >=128MB, Video: h tr 3D vi 8 MB video RAM (VRAM) tr ln, Hard drive: ATA-66 hoc nhanh hn vi khong 10 GB trng, cng cng nn c b nh m (buffer memory) 512 K tr ln, CD hoc DVD vi chun ATAPI, CD nn c tc t 8x tr ln, Chut v bn phm theo chun PS/2. Tng t nh Windows 2000, Windows XP h tr c hai loi partition ca a cng l FAT32 v NTFS. NTFS c nhng im sau y u vit hn FAT: 1. Chp nhn li ca a: NTFS cho php h iu hnh bit v khng ghi thng tin ln phn a b hng (nu c) m bo tnh ton vn ca thng tin. 2. Bo mt: NTFS h tr cc mc bo mt khc nhau cho n tng file c th. Ngoi ra NTFS h tr EFS to iu kin cho ngi dng tng tnh nng bo mt bng cch m ho file v th mc. 3. NTFS cho php nn thng tin li tit kin a. iu ny c th thc hin d dng trn ton a, hay mc th mc hoc file. 4. Qun l v hn ch ti nguyn: cho php hn ch mc , dung lng a m mt ngi dng c th c th s dng. Nhn chung, ch NTFS mi cho php s dng ht cc tnh nng v qun l ti nguyn ca Windows XP (c bit l i vi bn Pro). V DOS v Windows 9x/ME khng nhn dng, c/ghi c NTFS, nn khi ci Windows XP vn dng nh dng FAT32 trong cc trng hp: 1. Nu mun s dng h iu hnh Windows 98/95 hoc ME trn cng mt my vi Windows XP. 2. Nu mun c th khi ng my vo DOS sa cha hoc thay i khi h thng b trc trc. Cch ci t Windows XP. a a WinXP vo my. Khi ng my PC, n phm bt k my khi ng t CD. My s hin ln mn hnh 1 setup, v bt u ti cc chng trnh phc v qu trnh setup. Khi ti xong, my hin ln mn hnh 2 cho ta cc la chn: 1) n enter ci XP 2) n R sa li 3) F3 exit. Nu n enter my bt u ci WinXP. My xut hin mn hnh 3 v bn quyn. n F8 my s chuyn sang mn hnh 4 cho php thc hin qu trnh xo partition hay to cc partition loi NTFS hoc FAT32.

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Sau my s bt u copy cc files vo th mc ci t v qu trnh ci t s tng t nh win98. Chi tit hng dn trong phn thc hnh.2.4 Ci chng trnh ng dng

C nhiu chng trnh ng dng khc nhau tu theo nhu cu s dng m ci t. Tuy nhin mt s chng trnh thng dng phi ci l: B Microsoft Office, b g Vitkey, T in Lc-Vit. Cch ci chng trnh ng dng nh sau: a a vo hoc trc copy n vo th mc setup D:\ . Start -> Run -> Browse -> ch n th mc chng trnh ci t -> chn setup (hoc install) -> open -> OK. Khi bt u qu trnh ci t. Khi ci phi bit trc s CD-Key ca chng trnh thng c ghi ngay trong th mc ci t c tn Serial.txt. i vi mt s chng trnh phi bit ph kho (crack) nh Vietkey, LVTD, games. Sau khi ci xong nu my yu cu th phi khi ng li my. Ch thch: Chng trnh ci t nu mun xo i phi xo bng chng trnh ca Winows ch khng ch xo th mc. Cch lm nh sau: Start -> Control pannel -> Add/remove -> Chn chng trnh cn xo ->Remove2.5 Lu v hi phc d liu

Sau khi ci t xong, phi bit hi phc (restore) d liu trc . Tuy theo cch back_up m ta c cch restore khc nhau.

Bi 3 (5 tit): Cc cu kin my vi tnh3-1 V my v ngun

a> V my (case) V my dng g lp cc cu kin my tnh, bo v my v lm mt my. V my c dng ng (tower) v nm (desktop). Ngi ta phn bit hai case chnh: AT v ATX da theo ngun lp trong n. Hin nay ch yu s dng loi v ATX. Case thng c ngun km theo n phi ph hp vi yu cu ca mainboard, t ngun in n kch thc. Case c dng v cng nghip thch hp. Pha trc v my gm: phm bt ngun Power on, phm Reset, n power v n HDD. Cc khoang lp a mm, a cng, CD Pha sau case l cm ngun, qut gi, cc connector song song, ni tip, USB, cc khe cm card m rng, cm keyboard, chut. Pha trong gm

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khoang rng g mainboard, cc khoang trn-sau g ngun, cc khoang trn-trc g cc a. b> Ngun Ngun cung cp cho my vi tnh l hp kim loi, u vo l in 220V hoc 110V. u ra l cc ngun khc nhau cung cp cho MB v cc a. Trong ngun c lp qut lm mt my. Ngun my PC hot ng theo nguyn tc switching nn gn, nh. C hai loi ngun AT v ATX. Ngun AT khng iu khin tt c, khng c in +3.3V cung cp cho CPU. Ngun ATX c th tt c bng phn mm v c ngun +3.3V cung cp trc tip cho CPU. Ngun ATX tiu chun c cng sut 300W. Ngun AT c 2 cp ni vo MB l F8&F9. Ngun ATX c mt cp ni gm 20 pin nh hnh v bn. Cp ni vi cc a l cp gm 4 pin nh hnh v.

3-2 Mainboard v microprocessor

a> Bo mch ch (mainboard) Bo mch ch (MB) l cu kin quan trng ca my vi tnh. N thc hin chc nng t chc h thng tnh ton, iu khin h thng, lm cu ni cc lung thng tin, h tr cc thit b ngoi vi. MB l mt nhn t quyt nh cht lng my vi tnh. MB c hai dng ch yu l AT v ATX. Hin nay ch yu l dng ATX. ATX c u im: - a s cc connector LPT1, COM, USB, PS2 c hn trc tip t MB nn lp rp d dng, nhanh. - Ngun ci tin: c ngun +3.3V cung cp cho CPU hin i, v c th tt m theo chng trnh. Nh tnh nng ny, BIOS trn MB c th lin tc kim tra nhit ca CPU, nu qu nhit th s iu khin tt my, bo v CPU.

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MB l tm mch in nhiu lp trn tch hp nhiu thnh phn quan trng ca my vi tnh: socket cm CPU, socket cm b nh, b nh cache, slot loi ISA, slots PCI cm cc card m rng nh card mng, modem, slot AGP cm card mn hnh AGP. MB c cc cng I/O ni vi thit b ngoi vi: LPT1, COM1, COM2, USB. MB c cc u cm ngun, cc tn hiu cho phm ngun, n LED a s cc mch iu khin trn MB nm trong con chip c tn l Chip sets. N l vi mch iu khin cc lung thng tin bn trong my vi tnh. Chip sets s quyt nh MB h tr c loi CPU no, loi b nh no, loi BUS no m MB c th c. Khi mun b xung cng ngh mi th phi thit k loi Chip sets mi cho MB. V d nh s dng tc bus cao hn, nhiu bus hn, s dng loi RAM mi, ci tin IDE phi s dng chip sets mi trn MB. Mt s nh cung cp cc loi chip sets ni ting: Intel, SiS, ViA, Ali. Intel l nh cung cp chip sets hng u cho MB loi Pentium. V d mt s chip sets: 82420TX, SiS630, 82440LX, i810, i820, i825, i845D. Bng sau so snh mt s chip set cho Pentium 4.Intel 850E North Bridge Processor bus Processor interface i82850E Intel 845E Intel 845G i82645E i82645G VIA P4X333 VT8754 SiS645DX SiS645DX

400MHz/533MHz Quad Pumped Bus (4.3GB/sec / 3.2GB/sec) Socket478 PC2100 PC2700 PC2700 Dual-channel PC2100 PC1600 DDR PC2100 PC2100 PC800 PC1600 DDR SDRAM PC1600 DDR PC1600 DDR RDRAM SDRAM PC133 SDRAM SDRAM SDRAM Dual-channel PC1066 RDRAM 2.1GB/sec PC2700 DDR SDRAM 2.1GB/sec (2.7GB/sec) 2.7GB/sec DDR400 SDRAM 2.7GB/sec (3.2GB/sec)

Memory type

Unofficially supported memory type

Max. memory 3.2GB/sec bus bandwidth (4.3GB/sec) Max. size memory

2GB 2GB 4GB 3GB 2GB 2 DDR DIMM 2 DDR DIMM 4 DDR DIMM 3 DDR DIMM 4 RIMM slots slots slots slots slots + +/+ +/+/+ + +/+ +/-

ECC support AGP 4x/8x Integrated graphics core Inter-Bridge bus South Bridge

Hub Link 1.0 Hub Link 1.5 Hub Link 1.5 V-Link 8x MuTIOL (266MB/sec) (266MB/sec) (266MB/sec) (533MB/sec) (533MB/sec) i82801BA i82801DB i82801DB VT8235 SiS691B

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Max. number of PCI Master ATA-100/ATA133 support AC'97 CNR/ACR/AMR support 10/100Mbit LAN USB 1.1 ports USB 2.0 ports IEEE1394 ports

5 +/+ +/-/+ + 4 -

6 +/+ +/-/+ + 6 + -

6 +/+ +/-/+ + 6 + -

5 +/+ + +/+/+ + 6 + -

6 +/+ + +/+/+ + 6 -

S b tr ca MB nh hnh v sau:

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b> B vi x l (microprocessor) B vi x l (CPU) l thnh phn quan trng nht trong my vi tnh. N l mt chip c cha hng triu transistor. CPU gi vai tr nh b no ca my vi tnh. CPU c ci tin vi tc pht trin rt nhanh, ngi ta tnh rng c sau 18 thng cht lng li t gp i. Lch s pht trin CPU gn cht vi s pht trin ca Intel. CPU u tin ca Intel c tn 4004, phi sau 7 nm mi ra i my vi tnh u tin. My vi tnh c thit k xung quanh CPU. Bng sau cho thy cc th h ca CPUPC 1st. Generation 2nd. Generation 3rd. Generation 4th. Generation 5th. Generation 80286 80386DX and 80386SX 80486SX, 80486DX, 80486DX2 and 80486DX4 Pentium CPUs 8086 and 8088 Year 1978-81 1984 1987-88 1990-92 1993-95 Number of transistors 29,000 134,000 275,000 1,200,000 3,100,000

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Cyrix 6X86 AMD K5 IDT WinChip C6 Improved 5th. Generation 6th. Generation Pentium MMX IBM/Cyrix 6x86MX IDT WinChip2 3D Pentium Pro AMD K6 Pentium II AMD K6-2 Mobile Pentium II Mobile Celeron Pentium III AMD K6-3 Pentium III CuMine AMD original Athlon AMD Athlon Thunderbird Pentium 4

1996 1996 1997 1997 1997 1998 1995 1997 1997 1998 1999

--3,500,000 4,500,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 5,500,000 8,800,000 7,500,000 9,300,000 27,400,000 18,900,000 9,300,000 ? 28,000,000 22,000,000 37,000,000 42,000,000

Improved 6th. Generation

7th. Generation

1999 2000 2001

Ta hy xem xt thay i ca CPU qua cc th h. My PC u tin dng 8088 l CPU 16 bit bn trong nhng ra ngoi BUS ch dng 8 bit. Vi 80286, my vi tnh PC-AT ra i v chy vi tc 8, 10, 12MHz. 80386 l CPU 32 bit u tin, tc 25MHz, 33MHz. y l CPU u tin chy cho Windows 3.1. 80486 l CPU 32 bit nhng tch hp b x l du phy ng ngay trong CPU. CPU Pentium hot ng nh 2 CPU 486 ng thi. CPU MMX c cc thanh ghi 64 bit, c b lnh x l multimedia. Pentium Pro l CPU x l 32 bit hon ho, c b nh cache L2 512K tch hp bn trong. C b d on lnh x l tip theo, c 4 pipeline thc hin x l lnh mt lc. CPU pentium II tip tc tng b nh cache L2 ln 512KB, L1 l 32KB. Tng vn tc cc b t 233MHz ln 300MHz. Cng xut tiu th gim 50%. CPU Pentium III c thm 70 lnh x l ho x l 3D, tc tng n trn 450MHz. C thm cc thanh ghi 128 bit. CPU Pentium 4 chy vi tc trn 1.5GHz, C 20 pipeline gp i PIII. S liu x l l 64 bit. C thm 144 lnh mi cho php x l song hnh. Hin nay Intel cho ra loi CPU c cu trc 64 bit thc s Itatium. CPU Pentium 4 ra i vi tc khi im 1.3 GHz v hn 1 nm sau khi t ti ci ngng 2 GHz, ngy 14-11-2002, Intel chinh phc c mt cao im mi : vt qua ci ngng 3 GHz. Con 3.06 GHz khng ch l CPU Pentium 4 tc cao nht hin nay, m cn l CPU bn u tin c cng ngh siu phn lung (Hyper-Threading Technology HT).

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HT cho CPU Pentium 4 mi chy vi tc xung cc cao. Theo tnh ton, HT cho php CPU chy nhanh hn 30% so vi khng c n. Chc nng HT c cc chipset i845E, 845G, 850E h tr (nhng cho ti nay Intel vn cha cung cp patch upgrade BIOS m chc nng ny). Cc chipset sp ti ca Intel (nh 845GV, 845GE v 845PE) mc nhin h tr HT. Ngoi ra, ch c hai h iu hnh Windows 2000 v XP h tr cng ngh siu phn lung ny. P4 3.06 GHz vn s dng cng ngh sn xut 0.13-micron, dng Northwood vi 512 KB L2 Cache, giao din Socket 478, bus h thng FSB 533 MHz.3-3 B nh ROM BIOS v RAM

a> B nh ROM BIOS B nh ROM BIOS l mt chip nh cha cc chng trnh khi ng my thc hin cc chc nng sau: 1. POST: Khi bt my, my s tin hnh kim tra CPU, RAM cc cu kin lp vo MB. Nu hot ng tt th s to ra mt ting bip!. Nu c trc trc th my s to ra nhiu ting bip!, hoc ting bp ko di. C loi ROM BIOS li a ra thng bo nhn trn mn hnh. 2. BIOS: sao cc chng trnh vo ra c s BIOS ca MB v ca Adapter vo RAM cho h iu hnh s dung. Cc chng trnh BIOS ph thuc vo tng phn cng. HH s s dng cc lnh vo ra ny m khng phi quan tm t m n phn cng. 3. Chng trnh khi ng Booting l mt chng trnh nh, c chc nng tm c Boot Sector ca a bt u c h iu hnh xung. b> RAM CMOS B nh RAM CMOS c ch to theo cng ngh CMOS nn tiu tn rt t nng lng. N c nui bi mt pin kh trn MB. Mc d dung lng nh nhng n gi thng tin quan trng v cu hnh h thng cn thit cho qu trnh POST v BIOS. Cc thng tin gm: chng loi FDD v

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HDD s dng trong my; bn phm; loi CPU, b nh cache, cc gi tr khi ng chipset, RAM, thi gian, trnh t khi ng my cung cp thng tin cho RAM CMOS ta phi chy chng trnh BIOS Setup. gi chng trnh Setup ta phi n phm Del ngay sau khi bt my PC. Khi ra khi Setup ta n Esc v n Y nu mun thay i cu hnh ghi trong RAM CMOS. Ni chung khng nn thay i nu khng tht cn thit. Mt s thay i hay s dng l: Password, loi HDD, trnh t khi ng Cc nh sn xut MB thng thit lp mt gi tr chun cho RAM CMOS nn khi cn c th quay v im xut pht bng cch thit lp ch mc nh (default). Chi tit hng dn chy chng trnh trong RAM CMOS m t chi tit trong phn thc hnh. c> B nh RAM RAM l b nh lm vic ca my vi tnh. Mi s liu m my vi tnh x l u lu tr trong RAM. Mc d s liu u lu trong a cng nhng trc khi x l n phi c ti vo trong b nh RAM. Cc loi RAM, c hai loi RAM ng v RAM tnh. RAM ng dng trn nguyn l t in nn phi lm ti n thng xuyn, trong khi RAM tnh l mt kho tt m. RAM tnh nhanh hn RAM ng nhng dung lng thng nh hn. C 4 loi DRAM (RAM ng) khc nhau: FPM, EDO, SDRAM, DDRAM, RDRAM. RAM trong my vi tnh c lp thnh cc thanh nh SIMM hoc DIMM. FPM RAM (Fast Page Mode DRAM) l loi RAM truyn thng. Tc ti a ca n l 70ns. EDO (Extended Data Out DRAM) l loi ci tin ca FPM, tc ca n 60, 50ns. Sau EDO c thay th bi SDRAM. SDRAM (synchronous DRAM) l DRAM ng b, thng tin s c truy cp hay cp nht mi khi clock chuyn t 0 sang 1 m khng cn ch khong interval ny kt thc hon ton ri mi cp nht thng tin, m thng tin s c bt u cp nht ngay trong khong interval. y l loi RAM thng dng trn th trng vi tc 66100-133Mhz. SDRAM c ch to cho module 64bit. SDRAM c chn cm c ct thnh ba mng (20, 60 v 88 chn). DDR (Double Data Rate) DRAM l phng n gp i xung ng b, n ang

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thay th SRAM. Vi cng ngh ny, tuy cng mt xung ng h (bus) nh SDRAM, DDR c bng thng gp i. Chng hn, PC100 SDRAM (bus 100 MHz) c bng thng 800 MB/s, th PC1600 DDR cng vi bus 100 MHz li c bng thng 1.600 MB/s. DDRAM c ct thnh 2 mng (80 v 104 chn)

DRDRAM (Direct Rambus DRAM) l mt bc ngoc mi trong lnh vc ch to b nh. H thng Rambus (cng l tn ca mt hng ch to n) c nguyn l v cu trc ch to hon ton khc loi SDRAM truyn thng. Memory s c vn hnh bi mt h thng ph gi l Direct Rambus Channel c rng 16 bit v mt clock 400MHz/800MHz iu khin. Theo l thuyt th cu trc mi ny s c th trao i thng tin vi tc 800MHz x 16bit = 800MHz x 2 bytes = 1.6GB/giy. H thng Rambus DRAM cn mt serial presence detect (SPD) chip trao i vi motherboard. K thut mi ny dng 16bits interface, khc hn vi cch ch to truyn thng l dng 64bit cho b nh nn thanh nh Rambus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) khc so vi SIMM hoc DIMM. RDRAM hin nay ch c h tr bi CPU Intel Pentum IV, kh t, tc vo khong 400-800Mhz. RDRAM ch c h tr bi CPU Intel Pentum IV. N t, c tc vo khong 400-800Mhz. RAM c lp thnh cc thanh nh: SIMM, DIMM v RIMM. SIMM (Single Inline Memory Modules) l loi ra i sm v c hai loi hoc l 30 pins hoc l 72 pins. Ngi ta hay gi r l 30-pin SIMM hoc 72-pin SIMM. Vi CPU 16 bit cn 2 thanh SIMM 8 bit 16 MB + 16 MB 32 MB goi l mt bank nh. Vi 16 MB + 16 MB 32 MB + 32 MB 96 MB CPU486 th cn 4 thanh SIMM 8 bt cho mt 32 MB + 32 MB 32 Mb + 32 MB 128 MB bank cho 32 bit. Vi Pentium c di BUS l 64 bit, cc thanh SIMM 32 bit c lp thnh cp to thnh bank nh 72 chn. T hp cc bank nh cho ta kt qu nh bng trn. Bank 1 Bank 2 Total RAM

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DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Modules) l loi thanh nh c s dng thnh hnh hin nay. Ging nh loi SIMM nhng c s pins l 72 hoc 168. c im phn bit DIMM vi SIMM l DIMM c ci t thng ng (n ming RAM thng ng vo memory slot) trong khi SIMM th n vo nghing khong 45 . DIMM 30 pins c data 16bit. DIMM 72 pins c data 32bits, DIMM 168 pins c data 64bits. Thng thng ngi ta s dung 2-4 sockets trn mainboard. RIMM (Rambus In-line Memory Modules) l technology ca hng Rambus, c 184 pins (RIMM) v truyn data mi ln 16bit. Tuy nhin do chy vi tc cao, RIMM memory rt nng nn c hai thanh gii nhit kp hai bn gi l heat speader. Khi lp RAM, cn phi xem MB h tr loi RAM no, tc bao nhiu. Do CPU ngy cng lm vic vi tc cao nn cng ngh RAM phi nng cao tc ca mnh. Intel a ra chun PC100 cho RAM cng ngh SDRAM 8ns lm vic vi Bus 100MHz. SDRAM cho mt phng n PC133 lm vic vi Bus 133MHz. nng cao na tc RAM, cc nh ch to i theo hai hng: pht trin cng ngh DDR RAM Double Data Rate v cng ngh RDRAM (Rambus Direct RAM). Cng ngh nh mi DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) cho php d liu c truyn gp i trong mt xung nhp ng h so vi cc loi RAM c, n chy vi bus 200/266MHz. Tc truyn d liu ca DDR SDRAM t ti a 2.1GB/giy, nhanh gp 2 ln so vi SDRAM (1.06 GB/giy). Mt khc gi thnh cng khng t hn bao nhiu so vi SDRAM, cn i vi RDRAM chy vi bus 400 MHz tc ng truyn nhanh hn t ti a 3.2GB/giy, nhng gi thnh cn cao. Khi mua RAM ta c thanh RAM PC66, PC100, PC133 th hiu l RAM chy c vi tc ca h thng chipset ca motherboard. Nhng PC1600, PC2100, PC2400 th khng phi nh vy. Cc MB dng loi DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM), n chy gp i loi RAM bnh thng v n dng c sn ln v xung ca xung ng b. Cho nn PC100 bnh thng s thnh PC200 v nhn ln 8 bytes chiu rng ca DDR SDRAM: PC200 * 8 = PC1600. Tng t PC133 s l PC133 * 2 * 8bytes = PC2100 v PC150 s l PC150 * 2 * 8 = PC2400. RAM type SDRAM 100 MHz Theoretical max. bandwidth 100 MHz X 64 bit= 800 MB/sec

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SDRAM 133 MHz

133 MHz X 64 bit= 1064 MB/sec

DDRAM 200 MHz (PC1600) 2 x 100 MHz x 64 bit= 1600 MB/sec DDRAM 266 MHz (PC2100) 2 x 133 MHz x64 bit= 2128 MB/sec DDRAM 333 MHz (PC2600) 2 x 166 MHz x 64 bit= 2656 MB/sec DDRAM 366 MHz (PC2700) DDRAM 400MHz (PC3200) DDRAM 433MHz (PC3500) RDRAM 533MHz (PC1066) RDRAM 800MHz (PC800) Samsung Electronics sn xut sn phm PC1066 RDRAM RIMMs. PC1066Mb/giy (533MHz) RDRAM RIMMs gm c dung lng 128Mb, 256Mb v 512Mb.3-4 H thng BUS ca my vi tnh

My vi tnh gi v nhn s liu qua h thng cc bus ca my. Ngi ta chia h thng bus ra lm hai loi: Bus h thng ni CPU vi RAM v Bus I/O ni CPU vi cc cu kin khc (xem hnh v) thng qua mt ci cu. Cu nm trong chip sets. Cc Bus I/O dng ni vi cc thit b ngoi vi CPU v RAM. Trong my Pentium hin nay, thng c hai hay ba loi bus I/O khc nhau: 1> Bus ISA l loi bus c nht, n gin v chm nht; 2> Bus PCI hin l bus nhanh nht v mnh nht; 3> Bus USB hin l bus mi nht, lu di c th thay bus ISA. 4> Bus AGP ch dng cho card ho

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a> Bus h thng Older CPUs 8088 80286-12 80386DX-25 80486DX-33 Pentium II Pentium III System System bus bus width speed 8 bit 16 bit 32 bit 32 bit 64 bit 64 bit 4.77 MHz 8/10/12 MHz 25 MHz 33 MHz 66 MHz 66 MHz 100/133MHz Bus h thng ni CPU vi RAM, c th thng qua b nh cache. N l bus trung tm, cc bus I/O ch l r nhnh ca n. Bus h thng nm trn MB, n c thit k ph hp vi CPU. Nu Bus nhanh, th cc thnh phn khc phi nhanh. Cng ngh CPU s quyt nh n kch c ca Bus.

80486DX2-66 32 bit

Bng trn ch cho ta Pentium 4 64 bit 400/533MHz s khc nhau gia CPU v Bus ca n. Bus 66MHz tn ti kh lu, n 1998 vi s xut SDRAM c vn tc 100MHz, v RDRAM cho kh nng t vn tc bus cao hn 100MHz. Chip sets i820, i825 v mt s chip set VIA cho kh nng t vn tc bus 133MHz. Khi s dng bus 100MHZ, MB phi thit k li vi ngun cung cp cht lng cao hn. Bng sau cho ta mi quan h gia CPU mi, chip set v tc bus.Processor Pentium II Pentium II Xeon Pentium III Pentium 4 Chip set 82440BX , 82440GX 82450NX I815, i820 1845 System bus speed 100 MHz 100 MHz 133 MHz 533MHz CPU speed 350, 400, 450 MHz 450, 500 MHz 600, 667 MHz and up 1.5GHz and up

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b> Bus I/O Cc Bus I/O ni vi Bus h thng thng qua mt cu ni. N c chia thnh cc loi: ISA, PCI, AGP, USB. Bus ISA l bus 16 bt, dng trong my PC c, Bus PCI l bus vo ra tc nhanh, a nng v ang thnh hnh. Bus AGP ch phc v ho. Bus USB l bus tc thp loi mi c th s thay ISA. Cc bus trn c ni vi cc thit b khc nh m t trong hnh v .

Bi 4 (3 tit): Cc card m rng trong my vi tnh4.1 Monitor v card mn hnh

H thng video l mt trong 4 cu kin quan trong quyt nh cht lng my vi tnh. Mt h thng video trong my tnh gm card mn hnh, monitor v chng trnh driver ci cho my. 20

a> Monitor Tt c cc my vi tnh phi ni vi mn hnh gi l monitor hin th cc thng tin. C nhiu loi monitor khc nhau t 12 n 21. Monitor s dng ng tia in t. Chng c th ch to theo cc cng ngh khc nhau nh Invar v Trinitron. Cc my vi tnh notebook thng dng mn hnh tinh th lng (Liquid Crystal Display), trong cng ngh ch to TFT l loi cng ngh t nht. Hin nay mn LCD phng khng ch dng cho my xch tay m c my bn, kch c 17. Vi mn hnh ln hn 40 th ngi ta dng my chiu cng ngh Plasma. C cc chun mn hnh khc nhau. Bng sau cho ta mi quan h gia cc chun mn hnh, phn gii v kch c mn hnh.Tiu chun VGA SVGA SVGA Vesa 1280 phn gii S im Loi mn hnh CRT 14" 15", 17" 17", 19" 19", 21" Loi mn tinh th lng n/a 10.4", 12" 13.3" - 15" 17.3", 18.3" Tn s mnh Hz 60/72 75/85 75/85 75/85 Tn s dng KHz 31.5/ 37.8 46.8/53.7 60.0/68.8 80/91.2

640 x 480 800 x 600 1024 x 768 1280 x 1024

307,200 480,000 786,432 1,310,720

Cc monitor tu theo phn gii c th lm vic vi tn s qut ngang v dc khc nhau. Khi thay i tn s qut c th lm thay i kch c ca mn hnh. Cc monitor hin i c ch iu khin s cho php monitor t iu tn s qut theo tn hiu t mn cc i. Mn hnh c trng lp pht quang. trnh b chy hoc hnh nh vn lu li sau khi tt monitor, ngi ta cho thc hin ch bo v mn hnh. iu ny trnh monitor phi hin mt hnh nh c nh khi ngi s dng khng lm vic. Do vy m cht lng monitor c nng cao hn nhiu. Mn hnh c bc x tuy khng gy bnh nhng c nh hng n sc kho. Ngi ta xc nh tiu chun cng nghip cho php mc bc x ca monitor TCO-92, 95

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Vi cc monitor LCD va tiu tn t nng lng va khng gy bc x v to kiu dng cng nghip p nn s c s dng nhiu trong tng lai. Nhng nhc im ln nht ca mn hnh LCD l qu t tin. Mt cng ngh mi c tn l OLED (Organic Light Emissing Diode), dng diode hu c pht quang khi c dng in nh chy qua to ra loi ny. Mn hnh OLED c sng gp 5 n 60 ln mn hnh LCD; mn hnh c din tch ln v mng (dy cha n 1mm). N c th dn vo tng hay em cng trong khung nh mn chiu phim xi n cng c. Cu to ca mn hnh OLED gm nhiu lp polyester mng dn li vi nhau nn rt mm v c th cun li c. Gi c r hn LCD rt nhiu, nn n l i th cnh tranh ng gm ca cc mn hnh phng hin nay. b> Card mn hnh Card mn hnh thc hin chc nng a hin ln trn mn hnh thng tin di dng k t hoc hnh nh c mu sc. N c th l mt card cm ri hay tch hp ngay trong MB. N gm cc b phn sau: - Mt chip set chuyn dng cho video v d nh ATI, S3, Matrox, Intel. Chip video ny to cc tn hiu cn thit monitor nhn c v hin nh ln c. - B nh RAM ca mn hnh. N s dng mt s cng ngh RAM nh EDO, SGRAM, VRAM. B nh ny dng lu ton b hnh nh ang hin ca monitor. Nu s dng card onboard, card mn hnh c th s dng ngay b nh RAM trong MB lm b nh mn hnh. - Mt chip c tn l RAMDAC chuyn thc hin bin i s/tng t v ngc li. Vi mn hnh LCD phng th khng cn RAMDAC. i vi card mn hnh, dung lng b nh mn hnh s quyt nh cht lng hnh nh. Cht lng hnh nh ph thuc vo hai yu t: phn gii v s lng mu. Card mn hnh thng thng hin nay l 4MB, 8MB, 16MB. Nu phi dng trong ng dng chuyn nghip x l nh th b nh mn hnh phi cao hn. Nu phn gii mn hnh l 1024x768 v c su mu l 256 mu, tc l mi im nh trn mn hnh c th biu din c ti a 256 mu

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(hay 8 bit/ pixel), th khi lng RAM cn thit ca card video phi l: 1024 x 768 x 8 (bit/pixel) = 6.291.456 (bit) ta c th lm trn l 1MB. V th i vi cc card mn hnh 4MB b nh ta c th d sc th hin c 24 bit mu cho phn gii 1024x768 ca mn hnh. Do dung lng thng tin ln nn phi dng nhiu k thut ci tin: b bus ISA chuyn sang PCI, s dng bus AGP tng tc, s dng chip tng tc gii phng CPU khi tnh ton x l mn hnh. Vic la chn monitor v card mn hnh l rt quan trng. Tu thuc vo ngn sch, vo mc ch s dng m quyt nh la chn thch hp. Vit Nam loi monitor ph bin l Samsung, Samtron, Multisync, LG. Card mn hnh l S3 AGP 4-8MB.4.2 Card m thanh

Card m thanh c 4 nhim v: tng hp m thanh, giao din MIDI, thc hin bin i tng t -> s khi ghi m v bin i s ->tng t khi nghe li. Card m thanh c th bus ISA, PCI hoc c th hay tch hp ngay trong MB. Nu s dng thng thng th card m thanh tch hp ngay trn MB l c. Hng Creative u trong ch to ra cc card m thanh c tn

Sound Blaster. Card ph thng hn l Yahama. u ra ca card m thanh thng thng c: line out ni vo loa, line in a tn hiu vo t thit b khc v micro a ting vo my. Mt connector DB15 dng cm vo MIDI hoc Joystick. Card m thanh c th to ra m thanh 3D tc l to ra hiu ng dolby o. Hiu ng ny tr nn r hn nu s dng h thng 4 loa. Hin nay h thng m thanh c th s dng USB t cht lng m thanh cao hn. S liu s qua cng USB s i thng vo h thng loa.

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MP3 - Mt trong nhng ng dng ca card sound l MP3. Mt a nhc CD c tc c 1.4Mbit/s. Nh vy trong mt pht CD phi c 10MB d liu. S dng k thut nn MP3 ch cn c 1MB d liu/ pht. MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface ) l mt chun d liu cho php cc chng trnh c th chi nhc qua card m thanh. Cc file MIDI l mt chui thng tin m t nhc c chi nh th no v khi no. V d MIDI s m t nhc c no, nt no, mnh ca phm nhc, di nt nhc ...T card m thanh s tng hp ra ting nhc.4.3 Modem

Modem l thit b cho php bin i tn hiu s thnh tn hiu tng t truyn i trn ng in thoi. Modem hin nay c s dng ph bin truyn s liu, kt ni internet. C bn loi sn phm Modem s dng trong my vi tnh. Modem ngoi ni vo my tnh qua cng ni tip COM1, hoc COM2, modem USB ni qua cng USB, modem trong l card modem c cm vo slot trn MB, modem tch hp trong MB. i vi modem cm trong, ngi ta thng phn bit hai loi modem: modem hardware dng chip Rockwell, Creative, 3Com; v modem software dng chip Motorola, Lucent, Conexant. Hardware Modem l modem trong cc chc nng ca modem s do mt con chip trn modem m nhim. N ging nh Modem ngoi. Software Modem (HSF), l loi modem trong CPU phi m nhim c x l tn hiu ch vi chc nng kim sot v truyn d liu. V vy mun modem hot ng th cc hng sn xut phi vit driver v phn mm h tr modem lm vic nh mt modem hardware. Gi software modem thp. La chn Modem ch yu da trn tc , kh nng sa sai, chng st v tin cy. Tc hin nay Modem t c l 56KB. Loi Modem tt l modem creative USB, 3Com US Robotics, GVC. Modem hin i c gn thm kh nng truyn Fax. Loi modem voice c kh nng hot ng nh my tr li hay dng voicemail.4.4 Card mng

My vi tnh thng hay c ni vi nhau thnh mng c th chia x ti nguyn v thng tin. ni mng, mi my tnh cn mt card mng NIC (Network Interface Card). Card mng trong my vi tnh c th l card

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cm trn bus PCI. Mt s MB c card mng tch hp ngay trn mng. a s card NIC s dng l loi card 10Base-T/100Base-TX, u ni RJ-45, bus PCI. Loi card mng ni ting l ca hng 3COM. V d nh cc card mng sau: 3C905C-TX, 3Com 3CR990-TX-97. Trn th trng c nhiu card mng khc ca i Loan gi r hn nhng thwng ci t kh hn. Khi mua card mng s la chn da trn tn hng sn xut, tc truyn s liu, cc chun m card mng chp nhn, u cp ni l cp xon UTP hay cp ng trc, gi c v thi hn bo hnh.4.5 Bn phm v chut

a> Bn phm Cu to bn phm thng c 101 hoc 102 phm gm cc nhm phm: phm ch v s, cc phm iu khin, cc nhm phm s. C mt s phm phc v thao tc cho h iu hnh. Bn phm mt s nc c b xung thm cc t hp phm trn c s bn phm chun. Bn phm ni vi my tnh qua cng bn phm (loi PC c), PS2 hoc qua cng USB. Nguyn tc lm vic ca bn phm l a vo s th t ca cc phm, sau BIOS s gii ra cc m tng ng. b> Chut Chut l thit b hot ng theo nguyn tc c hc. Khi di chut s c i lng dx, dx to ra do hn bi ln. Thng s ny s c a vo my qua cng COM hoc PS2 hoc USB vo my tnh. Chut quang thay s dng c kh s dng nh sng khi di chuyn s cm nhn s thay i di chuyn to dx v dy.

Bi 5 (5 tit): Cc a cng, a mm v CD5.1 Khi nim v cc a

Trong my vi tnh c cc a mm, a cng v CD-ROM. Cc a ny thng c BIOS v h iu hnh nhn bit v gn cho n mt k t nh bng tri. Cc a ni vi my vi tnh thng qua mt giao din nh bng phi. V d a cng ni qua giao din IDE hay SCSI ni vo PCI. A Floppy disks Hard disk CDROM/DVD Network drive RAM disk K T A: B: C: D: E: F: M: O: Giao Din IDE and EIDE SCSI ISA (internal) a Hard disks (currently up to 40 GB) CD-ROM Hard disks (all sizes) and CD-ROM Floppy drives, CDROM connected through parallel port

25

5.2 a mm

a mm c s dng trong my vi tnh di dng 5 (1981) v 1987(3.5). N l mt a nha c ph lp t bn ngoi, mm v mng nn c tn l Floppy. a mm c t vo trong a mm trong c u c v ghi. Khi chy, u t bm vo mt a ging nh my ghi m. a quay vi tc khong 300 vng/pht v mt a c chia thnh cc rnh (track) t 48-96 track. Cng ngh ch to a mm nng dn dung lng b nh nh bng sau:Kch thc a 5.25" Single side 5.25" Double side 5.25" Double side High Density 3.5" DD 3.5" HD Tn SD8 DD9 DQ15 DQ9 DQ18 S rnh trn 1 mt 40 40 80 80 80 S sector trn mt rnh 8 9 15 9 18 Dung lng a 40 X 8 X 512 bytes = 160 KB 2 X 40 X 9 X 512 bytes = 360 KB 2 X 80 X 15 X 512 bytes = 1.2 MB 2 X 80 X 9 X 512 bytes = 720 KB 2 X 80 X 18 X 512 bytes = 1.44 MB

Tt c cc a mm c iu khin bi con vi mch NEC PD765. Hin nay con vi mch ny c a vo trong chip set. Thng tin c t a mm di dng ni tip, sau s liu c a vo di dng 16 bit theo knh DMA. a mm c nhc im dung lng nh nh, kh bo qun nn thng tin lu trn a d b mt. Hin nay ang c xu hng loi b a mm i v n khng thch hp vi ni dung thng tin cn lu, trao i ngy cng ln so vi dung lng ca a mm.

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5.3 a cng

- Track, Cylinder, Side c nh s th t t 0. - Sector bt u bng 1 (ch khng phi 0) v Sector 0 trn mi Track c dnh cho mc ch nhn din ch khng phi ghi tr d liu. - S mt (Side) = s u c / ghi (Head) - Dung lng a = s bytes / sector x s sectors / track x s cylinders x s u c / ghi (Head). a cng l mt hoc nhiu a nhm hoc thu tinh c ph t trn hai mt, c t trong mt hp kn. Do vy tc quay ca a rt cao. N c s dng gi chng trnh v s liu cho my vi tnh. Cc u t khi ghi c c lt trn b mt ca a nhng khng ng vo b mt a nh nm khng kh to thnh khi a quay nhanh. a cng c IBM s dng trong my tnh t 1957. Nhng trong 10 nm qua n c s pht trin tt bc v cng ngh nn nng cao c dung lng v gim mnh gi thnh. Cng ngh ci tin a cng c pht trin theo cc hng: s dng vt liu t mi, k thut ghi c mi tng mt ghi c ln; cho a quay nhanh hn; s dng b nh cache tng tc ghi c; ci tin phn giao din tng tc trao i d liu. Nm 1997 dng giao din Ultra DMA. Nm 2000 a vo giao din ATA/100. Cc hng ch to HDD ni ting l Seagate, Quantum, Maxtor a cng bao gm nhiu mt (Side), trn mt mt c nhiu vng trn ng tm gi l rnh t (Track), trn mt rnh t ta chia nh ra nhiu on gi l cung t (Sector). Tp hp tt c cc Track 0 to thnh Cylinder 0, cc Track 1 to thnh Cylinder 1 xem hnh v trn. Cc giao din ni a cng vi MB cng c ci tin thng xuyn. Bng sau lit k cc loi giao din s dng trong thc t.

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Giao dinIDE (Intergrated Drive Electronics)

M TThng c tn l ATA - 1 (AT Attachement). c pht trin t 1986. c im ca IDE l b iu khin a tch hp trn a. Vic ni vo my tnh ch thng qua cp IDE 40 chn n gin, tin cy. Bn im hn ch chnh ca chun IDE l: Mt partition a cng ln nht khng qu 528 MB. Tc truyn d liu b gii hn trong khong 3MB/Giy. E-IDE ci tin cc hn ch ca chun IDE trc y bng cch h tr cc a cng dung lng ln hn, qun l ti 4 thit b, h tr CD-ROM v c tc truyn nhanh hn. E-IDE hon ton tng thch vi chun IDE trc . ATA-2 (tc EIDE ca Western Digital) c tc truyn ti d liu 16 MB/s. Nm 1999 c chun UltraATA, bt u l UltraATA/33 (c tc truyn ti 33 MB/s). Tc ATA tip tc c y ln ATA/66 (66 MB/s) ri ph bin hin nay l ATA/100 (100 MB/s) v ATA/133 (133 MB/s. Chun giao tip mi SerialATA s l mt s thay th mang tnh cch mng cho giao din lu tr vt l Parallel ATA. Tc truyn ti khi im ca SerialATA s l 150 MB/s. SerialATA c mt i th chun USB 2.0 vi tc truyn ti d liu ln ti 480 MB/s. SCSI ( Small Computer Systems Interface) l mt chun giao tip gia mt h thng con gm cc thit b ngoi vi v bus h thng. SCSI l mt dng bus. Bus ny l mt h thng khp kn, n c th cha t 7 n 15 thit b tu thuc vo chun SCSI c dng. Cng ngh SCSI c u im hn so vi cc cng ngh khc l cc thit b ca chng c th trao i thng tin qua li c vi nhau thng qua card iu hp ch m khng cn thng qua CPU ca h thng. SCSI c hng lot cc u im nh: C th qun l c nhiu nht 7 thit b trn mt card; C th iu khin c a CDROM/ Loi SCSI mi nht c tn Fast Wide SCSI-2 c kh nng chuyn d liu vi tc 20 MB/giy bng cch s dng mt cache c sn trong card. Mc d c rt nhiu u im nh nu trn, SCSI t tin v card iu khin ln thit b tun theo chun u t hn so vi cc card v thit b IDE. An ordinary SCSI controller can run 7 hard disks each of 45 GB or more. The latest IBM Ultrastar 72ZX holds 72 GB and a cache of 16 MB.

EIDE

SCSI( Small Computer Systems Interface)

a cng hin nay t dung lng ph bin l 30GB-40GB, kch c 3.5. Khi s dng a ngi ta thng chia HDD ra lm hai hay nhiu . Qu trnh khi to a xt chng trc.

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Vit Nam dng ph bin loi a ca Seagate, Quantum v Maxtor. Khi mua a thng ch n tn hng sn xut, dung lng, tc vng quay v giao din ni vi Mainboard. a cng Barracuda IV ca Seagate (ting Anh l con c nhng) l HDD chy rt nhanh, rt n nh v m ru. Barracuda s dng cng ngh nn mt d liu trn mt a (ch cn 1 mt a cha 40 GB d liu). N c giao din tip xc E-IDE vi tc truyn ti UltraATA/100 v tc vng quay 7.200 RPM cng b nh m 2048 KB. Chc nng 3D Defense System (H thng bo v 3D) gm Drive Defense (bo v a), Data Defense (bo v d liu) v Diagnostic Defense (bo v bng chn on) gip bo v d liu v tng tnh n nh. Vi cng ngh G-Force Protection, Barracuda IV c kh nng chu ng va chm ln ti 350 Gs. Ngoi ra, HDD cn c che ch bi lp v SeaShield ngn nga s c sc tnh in v cc va chm (thm ch l tay ri). Barracuda IV chy cc m nh cng ngh SBT (cng ngh cn m) v cng ngh ng c FDB (Fluid Dynamic Bearing) c trc thy ng lc thay v dng cc vng bi kim loi. Barracuda IV c cc dung lng 20, 40, 60 v 80 GB.5.4 a CD

CD/DVD khc hn vi HDD l da trn nguyn l c quang. a CD hoc DVD c c bng chm tia laser mnh v chnh xc. N c u im l lu c dung lng ln, n nh v thi gian lu s liu lu hn. Hin nay CD ngy cng c ph bin v tr thnh b phn khng th thiu c trong my vi tnh hin nay. Trc khi s dng trong my vi tnh, a CD c s dng lu bn nhc vi tn l Compact Disk. CD-ROM l a compact dng lu d liu ta nh a compact,s khc nhau ch l cch t chc lu tr. Trong CD-ROM s liu c lu di dang sector nh trong HDD. Mt a CDROM c th lu c khong 600-700MB s liu. Hin nay c 3 loi CD v DVD ang s dng nh bng sau:Loi a CD-ROM CD-ROM multiread CD-R CD-RW Tn Compact Disk Read Only Memory --''-Compact Disk Recordable Compact Disk ReWritable a c th: c CD-ROM v CD-R c CD-ROM, CD-R v CD-E c CD-ROM v CD-R. Ghi mt ln ln a c bit c tn CD R c CD-ROMs v CD-R. Ghi v ghi li ln a c bit (CD-RW).

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Thng tin trn a t l cc ng trn ng tm, trong khi thng tin ghi trn CD-ROM l mt rnh di i t trong ra ngoi. S liu c t CDROM phi vn tc khng i. C hai phng php c s liu trong CDROM: phng php vn tc tuyn tnh khng i (Constant Linear Velocity) do vy phi thay i vn tc quay theo v tr ca u t, phng php ny hay dng trong CD i u; phng php vn tc gc khng i (Constant Angular Velocity), tc quay khng i m tc truyn s liu thay i t cao (pha ngoi a) xung thp (pha trong a). V d CD40X c s vng quay 8900v/ph th tc c s liu pha ngoi l 6MB/s v pha trong l 2.6MB/s. Trung bnh l 4.5MB/s. nng cao tc c thay cho vic dng mt tia laser, ngi ta s dng chm tia laser c s liu, bng cch s m bo tc c s liu phn trong v phn ngoi a khng i.Loi CD-ROM 1X 2X 4X 8X 40X CAV 40X40 multibeam Tc c 150 KB/sec 300 KB/sec 600 KB/sec 1.2 MB/sec 2.6 - 6 MB/sec 6 MB/sec S vng quay/ pht rnh pha ngoi-pha trong 200 - 530 400-1060 800 - 2,120 1,600 - 4,240 8,900 (constant) 1,400 (constant)

DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) l mt loi thit b ngoi vi cho my tnh, tng t nh CD-ROM. a DVD ging nh a CD: c cng ng knh 120 mm v dy 1,2 mm. Hai loi a cng c ch to bng mt loi cht do nh nhau, c hai u c ph mt lp phn x mng trn b mt v mt lp bo v ngoi cng. Cc pit c c bng mt tia laser phn x t mt a. Mi a DVD c th cha t nht 4,7 gigabyte trn mt mt, gp khong by ln sc cha ca CD-ROM. Loi a hai mt cha c 9,4 gigabyte. c t ca DVD c xc nh loi a hai lp, cha c n 8,5 gigabyte mi lp, nn dung lng tng cng mi a l 17 gigabyte.

Bi 6 (2 tit) Quy trnh lp rp v sa cha cc thit b tin hc6.1 Quy trnh lp rp my vi tnh

Lp mt my vi tnh bao gm hai giai on: lp phn cng v ci t phn mm. Sau y l cc bc ca quy trnh lp rp: B1: Chun b cc cu kin lp my B2: Lp Mainboard vo v my B3: Lp CPU, cnh to nhit, qut cho CPU B4: Lp cc thanh RAM

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B5: Lp card m rng vo cc slots B6: Lp cp FDD, cp IDE, cp ngun vo mainboard B7: Lp a cng, a mm, CD-ROM B8: Lp cc dy ni n Led, phm Reset, Power on B9: Lp mn hnh, bn phm, chut, my in, loa, modem nu c B10: Chy chng trnh BIOS setup kim tra vic lp ni v thit lp cu hnh ph hp B11: Tin hnh ci t my theo quy trnh chng 16.2 Phng php kim tra v khc phc h hng

Th no l mt my tt, cc du hiu Phng php khoanh vng khu vc hng hc Phng php thay th sa cha Phng php s dng cc tin ch kim tra my T chc kim tra nh k my6.3 Mt s h hng thng gp

a> Ngun b> Mainboard, CPU, RAM c> Mn hnh, card video d> HDD, FDD, CD-ROM e> Bn phm, chut, Modem, my in6.4 Back up d liu trc khi khi to li a cng

a> Ghi s liu vo a CD hoc DVD b> Chp s liu back_up sang a cng ph Ch Master-Slave Ch Master-Master c> Chp s liu sang my khc qua mng LAN d> Chp s liu sang my notebook qua cp Laplink v USB

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Khi dng cp Laplink ni qua cng LPT1, phi dng cp my in v thay u ni vo my in bng mt u cp DB25 male. S ni dy nh sau:Chn ca u 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - 25 Chn ca u 2 15 13 12 10 11 B

6.5 Cc tin ch phc kim tra, pht hin h hng v khc phc

a> Tin ch khi to a cng Partition Magic b> Tin ch phc v kim tra my WCPUID nhn dng CPU PCDoctorServiceCenter2000 TestScreen c> Tin ch phc v bo dng nh k my d> Cc phng php phng chng virus

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PHN THC HNH

Bi 1 TH (5 tit): Khi to a cng bng FDISK, FORMATMc ch yu cu: Nm vng cc t chc cc partition trong a cng Bit khi no cn phi quy hoch a Bit s dng FDISK v FORMAT khi to a cng a> Hng dn thc hnh chia a bng chng trnh FDISK M my, a a ci t vo CD, ch cho n khi trn mn hnh hin A> nh vo my A>FDISK, Xut hin menu nh sau:Microsoft Windows 98 Fixed Disk Setup Program (C)Copyright Microsoft Corp. 1983 - 1998

FDISK OptionsCurrent fixed disk drive: 1 Choose one of the following: 1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive 2. Set active partition 3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive 4. Display partition information Enter choice: [1] Press Esc to exit FDISK

Xem thng tin cc Partition c trn HDD ta g s 4, my s hin m hnh sau Display Partition InformationCurrent fixed disk drive: Partition Status Type C: 1 A PRI DOS D: 2 PRI DOS E: 3 PRI DOS 1 Volume Label Mbytes System IITM 6817 FAT32 DATA1 6817 FAT32 DATA2 5836 FAT32 Usage 35% 35% 30%

Total disk space is 19469 Mbytes (1 Mbyte = 1048576 bytes) Press Esc to continue

Nu c partition Dos m rng th mn hnh nh trn s xut hin thm hay dng sau trc dng "Press Esc to continue":The Extended DOS Partition contains Logical DOS Drives. Do you want to display the logical drive information (Y/N).......?[Y] Partition: Ghi k t biu din v nh s cho tng partition a. Status: Hin th ch A (Active) k bn partition hot ng. Type: Cho bit partition no l partition DOS s cp, partition no l partition DOS m rng hoc khng phi DOS. Volume Label: Cho bit nhn ca cc partition, vng ny c th trng. Mbytes: Cho bit kch thc ca tng partition tnh theo Megabytes. (1Mbyte=1,048,576bytes(= 1024 x 1024))

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System: Cho bit loi FAT (12, 16 hay 32) Usage: Cho bit partition chim bao nhiu phn trm a cng.

Nhn Enter xem thng tin cc a logic trong partition DOS m rng, nu c.Display Logical DOS Drive Information Drv Volume Label Mbytes System Usage E: DEATH17 1428 FAT32 100% Total Extended DOS Partition size is 1428 Mbytes (1 Mbyte = 1048576 bytes) Press Esc to continue Drv: Hin th tn cc a logic trong partition DOS m rng. Volume Label: Cho bit nhn ca tng a logic (c th trng). Mbytes: Cho bit kch thc ca tng a logic tnh bng Megabytes. System: Cho bit loi FAT (12, 16, hay 32) Usage: Cho bit a logic chim bao nhiu phn trm partition m rng. Total Extended DOS Partition size... cho bit kch thc ca partition DOS m rng. trong trng hp ny l 1428 Mbytes.

xa partition DOS hay a logic t menu chnh, g s 3 Enter :Delete DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive Current fixed disk drive: 1 Choose one of the following: 1. Delete Primary DOS Partition 2. Delete Extended DOS Partition 3. Delete Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition 4. Delete Non-DOS Partition Enter choice: [ ] Press Esc to return to FDISK Options

- G 4 Enter xa cc partition khc DOS - G 3 Enter. Nhp tn a logic mun xa v nhn Enter. Nhp nhn a, nu c. Ngc li, nhn Enter. Xut hin thng bo yu cu xc nhn ln cui c mun xa a logic hay khng. Nhn Y, Enter xa. Nhn Esc hy b (khng xa), tr li menu chnh. - G 2 Enter. Xut hin thng bo hi bn ln cui c mun xa partition DOS m rng hay khng? Nu mun, nhn Y Enter xa. Tt c d liu trn partition DOS m rng s b xa sch (bn phi xa tt c cc a logic trong partition DOS m rng, ri mi xa partition m rng). Nhn Esc tr li menu chnh To partition DOS hoc a logic t menu chnh, g 1 Enter.Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive Current fixed disk drive: 1 Choose one of the following: 1. Create Primary DOS Partition 2. Create Extended DOS Partition 3. Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition Enter choice: [1] Press Esc to return to FDISK Options

- to partition DOS s cp g 1 Enter. Xut hin thng bo:Do you wish to use the maximum availble size for a Primary DOS Partition (Y/N).........? [Y]

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(Bn mun dnh ton b a cho partition DOS s cp hay khng? (Yes/No)

Nu mun dnh ton b a cho partition DOS s cp, nhn Enter. Nu khng g N nhn Enter.Create Primary DOS Partition Current fixed disk drive: 2 Total disk space is 810 Mbytes (1 Mbyte = 1048576 bytes) Maximum space available for partition is 810 Mbytes (100%) Enter partition size in Mbytes or percent of disk space (%) to create a Primary DOS partition............: [ 810] Press Esc to return to FDISK Options

Hy nhp kch thc mong mun v nhn Enter. V d: [ 405] hoc [ 50%] To partition DOS m rng, t menu chnh, g 1 Enter, sau g tip 2 Enter.Create Extended DOS Partition Current Extended DOS Parition Current fixed disk drive: 2 Partition Status Type Volume Label Mbytes System Usage D: 1 A PRI DOS MOTHER 406 FAT16 50% Total disk space is 810 Mbytes (1 Mbyte = 1048576 bytes) Maximum space available for partition is 405 Mbytes ( 50% ) Enter partition size in Mbytes or percent of disk space (%) to create an Extended DOS PArtition............: [ 405] Press Esc to return to FDISK Options

Kch thc mc nh ca partition DOS m rng l ton b phn cn li ca a cng sau khi b partition s cp chim ch (trong trng hp ny 405 Mbytes). G Enter ly kch thc mc nh. Nu khng, g con s tnh bng megabytes hay phn trm nh dng lm phn m rng DOS trn a ri nhn Enter. Nhn Esc tip tc.Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition No logical drives defined Total Extended DOS Partition size is 105 Mbytes (1 Mbyte = 104576 bytes) Maximum space available for logical drive is 405 Mbytes (100% ) Enter logical drive size in Mbytes or percent of disk space (%)...[ 405] Press Esc to return to FDISK Options

Xc nh a logic. Kch thc mc nh cho a ny l ton b partition DOS m rng. G Enter ly kch thc mc nh. Nu khng, g con s tnh bng megabytes hay phn trm cho a logic th nht trn partition DOS m rng. Nhn Enter. V d: [ 50%] Tip tc to a logic th hai, th ba... cho n khi ton b partition m rng c gn ht cho cc a logic.

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Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition Drv Volume Label Mbytes System Usage F: BROTHER 203 UNKNOWN 50% G: SISTER 202 UNKNOWN 50% All available space in the Extended DOS Partition is assigned to logical drives. Press Esc to continue.

Thit lp partition tch cc: Partition tch cc l partition cha h iu hnh dng np vo my mi khi bn khi ng hay thit lp li (reset) h thng. Nu trn ton b a cng ch c mt partition DOS s cp th bn khng cn quan tm vic to partition hot ng, cn trn a cng c nhiu partition th bn phi thit lp partition hot ng. - T menu chnh, g s 2 Enter. trn mn hnh xut hin cc trng thi ca mi partition. Partition hot ng c ch nh bng ch A.Set Active Partition Current fixed disk drive: 1 Partition Status Type C: 1 A PRI DOS D: 2 PRI DOS E: 3 PRI DOS Volume Label Mbytes System IITM 6817 FAT32 DATA1 6817 FAT32 DATA2 5836 FAT32 Usage 35% 35% 30%

Total disk space is 19469 Mbytes (1 Mbyte = 1048576 bytes) Enter the number of the partition you want to make active...........: [ ] Invalid entry, please enter 1-3. Press Esc to return to FDISK Options

-

G vo con s ca partition bn mun to thnh partition hot ng. Tr mc nh l con s ca partition hot ng hin hnh. Nhn Esc tr v menu chnh. Bn ch c th lm cho partition DOS s cp hot ng c m thi. Nu bn c lm cho partition DOS m rng hot ng th FDISK s hin th thng bo:

Partition is not starable, active partition not changed b> nh Dng a Cng: FORMAT

Sau khi dng lnh FDISK bn phi dung 2 lnh Format to dng (nh dng) cho partition va to hay sa i. Nu bn khng to dng a, Ms-Dos s xut hin thng bo sau khi bn s dng a cng: Invaid media type Nu bn to dng partition DOS s cp khi ng a cng th hy dng lnh format [drive] /s hoc lnh sys chuyn cc tp tin h thng t a mm h thng vo partition s cp. Khi to dng a cng th bn phi to dng cho cc partition ring bit. V d: nu bn to partition s cp (a C) v partition m rng (a D, a E) th bn phi dng lnh format 3 ln:

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format C: /s format D: format E: Lnh format u tin to dng v chuyn cc tp tin h thng t a mm cho C. Hai lnh sau to dng cho hai a logic D v E. Nu trong lnh format bn dng thm /u th s khng lu li thng tin rn a (khng th dng Unformat phc hi a b format nhm). Lu : Khi bn ch sa i mt vi ch khng phi ton b cc partition v cc a th phi cn thn khi to dng, v lnh FDISK c th gn tn khc cho a, sau khi bn thay i partition a hay a logic, khin bn c th v tnh to dng nhm a c cha d liu.

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Bi 2 TH (5 tit): Ci h iu hnh Win98SE v Office97, Vietkey2000 v crack, Pascal, T in Lc Vit1. Ci h iu hnh Win98SE t a CD 2. Ci Office97 t a CD 3. Ci chng trnh Vietkey2000 v crack 4. Ci t in Lc Vit v crack 5. Ci Pascal for Win 6. Ci Tourbo C++ 3.0

Bi 3 TH (5 tit): Ci H iu hnh Win2000/Xp (khi to HDD theo phng n khng dng DOS, Office2000/Xp1. Ci H iu Hnh Windows XP 2. Khi to a cng trong qu trnh ci Windows Xp 3. Nu khi to a cng ri th b qua v qu trnh ci tng t nh ci Win 98

Bi 4 TH (5 tit):Thc hnh sa cha, lp rp v nng cp my tnh. Thc hnh chy chng trnh BIOS setupKhi khi ng my, my tnh s chy chng trnh trong ROM BIOS thc hin POST kim tra, copy cc chng trnh BIOS sang RAM v chy chng trnh BOOTING tm Boot Sector ca a trao iu khin cho h iu hnh. Trong qu trnh khi ng ny, n cn d liu v cu hnh my trong RAM CMOS (mt chip b nh c bit lun hot ng nh 1 cc pin nh). Thng tin trong RAM CMOS c thit lp thng qua chng trnh Setup BIOS. BIOS c th khc nhau theo tng hng ch to (Award, Ami, Pheonix...) nhng v cn bn chng vn ging nhau. Mn hnh BIOS Setup c th l mn hnh chy ch TEXT, c th nh Loi BIOSWin (Ami) l mn hnh kiu ca s ging tng t Windows v s dng c Mouse. Cch gi chng trnh BIOS Setup: Bm phm Del khi mi khi ng my i vi my i Loan. i vi cc my M, thng l bn phi thng qua chng trnh qun l my ring ca tng hng nu mun thay i cc thng s ca BIOS. * BIOS thng: Di chuyn vt sng la chn mc bng cc phm mi tn. Thay i gi tr ca mc ang Set bng 2 phm Page Up v Page Dn. Sau nhn phm Esc thot khi mc (gi tr mi s c lu tr). Nhn F10 thot Setup BIOS nu mun lu cc thay i, khi hp thoi hin ra, bm Y lu, N khng lu. Nhn Esc nu mun thot m khng lu thay i, khi hp thoi hin ra, bm Y khng lu, N tr li mn hnh Setup BIOS. * BIOS Win: Mn hnh Setup xut hin di dng ha gm nhiu ca s, s dng c mouse nu bn c mouse loi: PS/2 mouse, Microsoft mouse, Serial mouse, Logitect C mouse. Dng mouse

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bm kp vo ca s m mt thnh phn, bm vo mc cn thay i, mt ca s lit k gi tr xut hin, bm vo gi tr mun chn ri thot bng cch bm vo nh gc trn bn tri. Nu khng c mouse, dng cc phm mi tn di chuyn, n mc cn thay i bm Enter, xut hin hp lit k, chn gi tr mi, bm Enter, cui cng bm Esc. 1. Setup cc thnh phn cn bn (Standard CMOS Setup): y l cc thnh phn c bn m BIOS trn tt c cc loi my PC phi bit qun l v iu khin chng. * Ngy, gi (Date/Day/Time): Khai bo ngy thng nm. Thng tin ny c th sa cha trc tip ngoi Dos bng 2 lnh Date v Time, hay bng Control Panel ca Windows m khng cn vo BIOS Setup. * a mm (Drive A/B): Khai bo loi a cho A v B, bn cn c vo vic ni dy cho a xc nh. a ni vi u ni ngoi cng ca dy ni l A, kia l B. c kch thc ln l 1.2M 5.25 inch, nh l 1.44M 3.5 inch. Nu khng c th chn Not Installed. Nu bn khai bo sai, a s khng hot ng ch khng h hng g, bn ch cn khai bo li. Trong cc Mainboard s dng BIOS i mi, khai bo sai loi da 1.2Mb thnh 1.4Mb hay ngc li, da vn hot ng bnh thng nhng ku rt ln lc mi bt u c a, v lu di c th h a. Cc BIOS v cc card I/O i mi cho php bn tro i 2 a mm m khng cn tro i dy (swap floppy drive), tc l A thnh B v ngc li khi s dng. Khi tro i bng cch Set jumper trn card I/O, bn nh khai bo li trong BIOS Setup (Khi tro bng lnh Swap trong BIOS th khng cn khai bo li), nhng c ng dng khng chu ci t khi Swap a mm, nht l cc ng dng c bo v chng sao chp. * a cng (Drive C/D) loi IDE: Phn khai bo a cng rc ri hn, bt buc bn phi khai bo chi tit cc thng s, bn khai bo sai khng nhng cng khng hot ng m i khi cn lm h cng nu bn khai bo qu dung lng tht s ca cng v cho tin hnh FDISK, FORMAT theo dung lng sai ny. May mn l cc BIOS sau ny u c phn d tm thng s cng IDE t ng (IDE HDD auto detection) nn cc bn khi mc cng nh khi s dng a cng loi IDE. Bn cho chy Auto detect, BIOS s t ng in cc thng s ny dm bn. Vic khai bo cng C v D i hi phi ng vi vic Set cc jumper trn 2 cng. Bn xc lp cng khng phi qua u ni dy m bng cc jumper trn mch iu khin cng. Cc cng i mi ch c mt jumper 3 v tr: duy nht, Master ( C), Slave ( D) v c ghi r cch Set trn nhn. Cc a cng i c nhiu jumper hn nn nu khng c ti liu hng dn l rc ri, phi m mm rt lu.

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* a cng (Drive E/F) loi IDE: Cc BIOS v cc card I/O i mi cho php gn 4 da cng, v hin nay cc da CDROM cng s dng u ni cng hot ng, gi l CDROM Interface IDE (giao din a IDE) n gin vic lp t. Ch : Khai bo l NONE trong BIOS Setup cho a CD-ROM. * Mn hnh (Video) - Primary Display: EGA/VGA: loi mn hnh s dng card mu EGA hay VGA, Super VGA. CGA 40/CGA 80: loi mn hnh s dng card mu CGA 40 hay CGA 80 ct. Mono: mn hnh s dng card trng en, k c card VGA khi dng mn hnh trng en. * Treo my nu pht hin li khi khi ng (Error Halt): Tt c li (All error): Treo my khi pht hin bt c li no trong qu trnh kim tra my, bn khng nn chn mc ny v BIOS s treo my khi gp li u tin nn bn khng th bit cc li khc, nu c. B qua li tr Keyboard (All, But Keyboard): Tt c cc li ngoi tr li ca bn phm. B qua li a (All, But Diskette): Tt c cc li ngoi tr li ca a. B qua li a v bn phm (All, But Disk/Key): Tt c cc li ngoi tr li ca a v bn phm. Khng treo my khi c li (No error): Tin hnh qu trnh kim tra my cho n khi hon tt d pht hin bt c li g. Bn nn chn mc ny bit my b trc trc b phn no m c phng hng gii quyt. * Keyboard: Install: Cho kim tra bn phm trong qu trnh khi ng, thng bo trn mn hnh nu bn phm c li. Not Install: Khng kim tra bn phm khi khi ng. Ch : chn mc ny khng c ngha l v hiu ho bn phm v nu vy lm sao iu khin my. N ch c tc dng cho BIOS khi mt cng kim tra bn phm nhm rt ngn thi gian khi ng. 2. Setup cc thnh phn nng cao (Advanced Setup): * Virut Warning: Nu Enabled, BIOS s bo ng v treo my khi c hnh ng vit vo Boot sector hay Partition ca a cng. Nu bn cn chy chng trnh c thao tc vo 2 ni nh: Fdisk, Format... bn cn phi Disable mc ny. * Internal cache: Cho hiu lc (enable) hay v hiu ho (disable) Cache (L1) ni trong CPU 486 tr ln. * External cache:

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Cho hiu lc (enable) hay v hiu ho (disable) cache trn mainboard, cn gi l Cache mc 2 (L2). * Quick Power On Self Test: Nu enable BIOS s rt ngn v b qua vi mc khng quan trng trong qu trnh khi ng, gim thi gian khi ng ti a. * About 1 MB Memory Test: Nu Enable BIOS s kim tra tt c b nh. Nu Disable BIOS ch kim tra 1 Mb b nh u tin. * Memory Test Tick Sound: Cho pht m thanh (enable) hay khng (disable) trong thi gian test b nh. * Extended BIOS Ram Area: Khai bo mc ny nu mun dng 1 Kb trn nh ca b nh quy c, tc Kb bt u t a ch 639K hay 0:300 ca vng BIOS h thng trong b nh quy c lu cc thng tin v a cng. Xc lp c th l 1K hay 0:300. * Swap Floppy Drive: Tro i tn 2 a mm, khi chn mc ny bn khng cn khai bo li loi a nh khi tro bng cch Set jumper trn card I/O. * Boot Sequence: Chn a cho BIOS tm h iu hnh khi khi ng. C th l C ri n A hay A ri n C hay ch c C. Bn nn chn C,A hay ch c C, phng trng hp v tnh khi ng bng a mm c Virus. Hin nay trn cc Mainboard Pentium. BIOS cho php bn ch nh khi ng t 1 trong 2 mm hay trong 4 cng IDE hay bng cng SCSI thm ch bng CD Rom cng c. * Boot Up Floppy Seek: Nu Enable BIOS s d tm kiu ca a mm l 80 track hay 40 track. Nu Disable BIOS s b qua. Chn enable lm chm thi gian khi ng v BIOS lun lun phi c a mm trc khi c a cng, mc d bn chn ch khi ng bng C. * Boot Up Numlock Status: Nu ON l cho phm Numlock m (n Numlock sng) sau khi khi ng, nhm phm bn tay phi bn phm dng nh s. Nu OFF l cho phm Numlock tt (n Numlock ti), nhm phm bn tay phi dng di chuyn con tr. * Boot Up System Speed: Quy nh tc ca CPU trong thi gian khi ng l High (cao) hay Low (thp). * Memory Parity Check: Kim tra chn l b nh. Chn theo mainboard v c loi cho php mc ny enable, c loi bt bn phi disable mi chu chy. u tin bn chn enable, nu my treo bn chn li l disable. Mc ny khng nh hng n h thng, ch c tc dng kim tra Ram.

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* IDE HDD Block Mode: Nu a cng ca bn h tr kiu vn chuyn d liu theo tng khi (cc a i mi c dung lng cao). Bn cho enable tng tc cho a. Nu a i c bn cho disable mc ny. * Pri. Master/Slave LBA (Logic Block Addressing) Mode: Nu 2 a cng c ni vo u ni Primary ca card I/O c dung lng ln hn 528Mb, bn cho enable mc ny. * Sec. IDE Ctrl Drives Install: Mc ny khai bo my bn c a cng ni vo u ni Secondary ca card I/O. Cc ch nh c th l Master, Mst/Slv v disable. * Sec Master/Slave LBA Mode: Xc lp LBA cho u ni th 2. Ch : Cc mc h tr cho a cng c dung lng ln v cc card I/O i mi gip bn s dng a c dung lng trn 528Mb. Trong trng hp bn cho enable cc mc ny ri mi tin hnh Fdisk v Format a, nu sau bn li disable cc mc ny hay em gn qua my khc cng chn disable, bn s khng th s dng c da cng. Khi dng CDROM c u ni IDE, bn nn gn vo u ni Secondary khi nh hng n da cng (gn vo u ni Pri) khi cn chy 32BitDiskAccess trong Windows. * Typematic Rate Setting: Nu enable l bn cho 2 mc di y c hiu lc. 2 mc ny thay th lnh Mode ca DOS, quy nh tc v thi gian tr ca bn phm. * Typematic Rate (Chars/Sec): Bn la chn s k t/giy tu theo tc nh phm nhanh hay chm ca bn. Nu bn Set thp hn tc nh th my s pht ting Bip khi n chy theo khng kp. * Typematic Delay (Msec): Ch nh thi gian lp li k t khi bn bm v gi lun phm, tnh bng mili giy. * Security Option: Mc ny dng gii hn vic s dng h thng v BIOS Setup. Setup: Gii hn vic thay i BIOS Setup, mi khi mun vo BIOS Setup bn phi nh ng mt khu quy nh trc. System hay Always: Gii hn vic s dng my. Mi khi m my, BIOS lun lun hi mt khu, nu khng bit mt khu BIOS s khng cho php s dng my. Ch : Trong trng hp bn cha ch nh mt khu, Disable (v hiu ho) mc ny, bn chn Password Setting, bn ng nh g vo cc nhp mt khu m ch cn bm ENTER. Trong trng hp bn c ch nh mt khu nay li mun b i. Bn chn Password Setting, bn nh mt khu c vo nhp mt khu c (Old Password) cn trong nhp mt khu mi (New Password) bn ng

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nh g c m ch cn bm ENTER. C mainboard thit k thm 1 jumper xo ring mt khu ngoi jumper xo ton b thng tin trong CMOS. Tt hn ht l bn ng s dng mc ny v bn thn chng ti chng kin rt nhiu trng hp d khc d ci do mc ny gy ra. Li t m hi nhiu. Ch nhng my tnh cng cng mi phi s dng ti mc ny thi. * System BIOS Shadow, Video BIOS Shadow: Nu enable l cho copy cc d liu v System v Video trong BIOS (c tc chm) vo Ram (tc nhanh) rt ngn thi gian khi cn truy nhp vo cc d liu ny. * Wait for if Any Error: Cho hin thng bo ch n phm F1 khi c li. 3. Setup thnh phn c lin quan n vn hnh h thng (Chipset Setup): * Auto Configuration: Nu enable, BIOS s t ng xc lp cc thnh phn v DRAM, Cache...mi khi khi ng ty theo CPU Type (kiu CPU) v System Clock (tc h thng). Nu Disable l cho bn t ch nh. * AT Clock Option: Nu Async (khng ng b) l ly dao ng chun ca b dao ng thch anh chia i lm tc hot ng cho AT Bus (bus 8 - 16Bit). Thng l 14.318MHz/2 tc 7.159MHz. C BIOS cn cho chn tc ca mc ny l 14.318MHz. Nu Sync (ng b) l dng System Clock (do bn ch nh bng cch Set jumper trn mainboard) lm tc chun. * Synchronous AT Clock/AT Bus Clock Selector: Ch nh tc hot ng cho AT Bus bng cch ly tc chun (system clock) chia nh cn li khong 8MHz cho ph hp vi card 16Bit. Cc la chn nh sau: CLKI/3 khi system clock l 20 - 25MHz. CLKI/4 khi system clock l 33MHz. CLKI/5 khi system clock l 40MHz. CLKI/6 khi system clock l 50MHz. Tc ny cng ln (s chia cng nh), my chy cng nhanh do tng tc vn chuyn d liu. Tuy nhin ln n u l cn ty thuc vo mainboard v card cm trn cc Slot (quan trng nht l card I/O). Cc bn phi th nghim gim s chia tng nc v ch my c khi ng hay c a bnh thng khng, nu pht sinh trc trc th gim xung 1 nc. Thng th bn c th tng c 2 nc, th d: System clock l 40MHz, bn chn CLKI/3. Card ISA 8 v 16 Bit c th chy tt trong khong t 8MHz n 14MHz. Nu nhanh qu, thng card I/O gp trc trc trc (khng c c a cng). * AT Cycle Wait States/Extra AT Cycle WS:

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enable hay disable vic chn thm 1 thi gian ch vo thi gian chun ca AT Bus. Nu system clock di 33MHz chn disable. Nu trn 33MHz chn enable. * Fast AT Cycle: Khi enable s rt ngn thi gian chun ca AT Bus. * DRAM Read Wait States/DRAM Brust Cycle: Di 33MHz l: 3 - 2 - 2 - 2 hay 2 - 1 - 1 - 1 T 33 - 45MHz l: 4 - 3 - 3 - 3 hay 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 50MHz l: 5 - 4 - 4 - 4 hay 3 - 2 - 2 - 2 Chn mc ny nh hng ln n tc CPU. * DRAM/Memory Write Wait States: Chn 1WS khi h thng nhanh hay DRAM chm (tc 40MHz tr ln). Chn 0WS khi h thng v DRAM c th tng thch (33MHz tr xung). * Hidden Refresh Option: Khi enable, CPU s lm vic nhanh hn do khng phi ch mi khi DRAM c lm ti. * Slow Refresh Enable: Mc ny nhm bo m an ton d liu trn DRAM, thi gian lm ti s ko di hn bnh thng. Bn ch c enable mc ny khi b nh ca my h tr vic cho php lm ti chm. * L1 Cache Mode: La chn gia Write-Through v Write-Back cho Cache ni trong CPU 486 tr ln. Xc lp Write-Through my s chy chm hn Write-Back nhng vic lc chn cn tu thuc vo loi CPU. * L2 Cache Mode: Xc lp cho cache trn mainboard. * IDE HDD Auto Detection/IDE SETUP: Khi chn mc ny s xut hin mt ca s cho bn ch nh a cn d tm thng s (2 hay 4 a tu theo BIOS). Sau bn bm OK hay YES BIOS in vo phn Standard dm cho bn. Trong BIOS i mi, Auto detect c th a ra vi loi a. Tu theo cch s dng da (normal, LBA,...) m bn chn loi thch hp. * Power Management Setup: i vi CPU 486: Phn ny l cc ch nh cho chng trnh tit kim nng lng sn cha trong cc BIOS i mi. Chng trnh ny dng c cho c 2 loi CPU: Loi thng v loi CPU kiu S. CPU kiu S hay CPU c 2 k t cui SL l mt loi CPU c ch to c bit, c thm b phn qun l nng lng trong CPU. Do trong phn ny c 2 loi ch nh dnh cho 2 loi CPU. i vi Pentium: Dng chung cho mi loi Pentium hay cc chp ca cc hng khc cng i vi Pentium.

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* Power Management/Power Saving Mode: Disable: Khng s dng chng trnh ny. Enable/User Define: Cho chng trnh ny c hiu lc. Min Saving: Dng cc gi tr thi gian di nht cho cc la chn (tit kim nng lng t nht). Max Saving: Dng cc gi tr thi gian ngn nht cho cc la chn (tit kim nhiu nht). * Pmi/Smi: Nu chn SMI l my ang gn CPU kiu S ca hng Intel. Nu chn Auto l my ang gn CPU thng. * Doze Timer: Mc ny ch dng cho CPU kiu S. Khi ng thi gian my rnh (khng nhn c tn hiu t cc ngt) theo quy nh, CPU t ng h tc xung cn 8MHz. Bn chn thi gian theo bn (c th t 10 giy n 4 gi) hay disable nu khng mun s dng mc ny. * Sleep Timer/Standby timer: Mc ny ch dng cho CPU kiu S. Ch nh thi gian my rnh trc khi vo ch Sleep (ngng hot ng). Thi gian c th t 10 giy n 4 gi. * Sleep Clock: Mc ny ch dng cho CPU kiu S: Stop CPU h tc xung cn 0MHz (ngng hn). Slow CPU h tc xung cn 8MHz. * HDD Standby Timer/HDD Power Down: Ch nh thi gian ngng motor ca a cng. * CRT Sleep: Nu Enable l mn hnh s tt khi my vo ch Sleep. * Ch nh: Cc ch nh cho chng trnh qun l ngun bit cn kim tra b phn no khi chy. Ch : Do BIOS c sn xut s dng cho nhiu loi my khc nhau nn cc bn lun lun gp phn ny trong cc BIOS. Thc ra chng ch c gi tr cho cc my xch tay (laptop) v xi pin nn vn tit kim nng lng c t ln hng u. Chng ti khuyn cc bn ang s dng my bn (desktop) nn v hiu ho tt c cc mc trong phn ny, trnh cc tnh hung bt ng nh: ang ci chng trnh, t nhin my ngng hot ng, ang chy Defrag t nhin my chm cc k... 4. Phn dnh ring cho Mainboard theo chun giao tip PCI c I/O v IDE On Board (peripheral Setup): * PCI On Board IDE: Cho hiu lc (enabled) hay v hiu (disabled) 2 u ni a cng IDE trn mainboard. Khi s dng Card PCI IDE ri, ta cn chn disabled.

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* PCI On Board Secondary IDE: Cho hiu lc (enabled) hay v hiu (disabled) u ni a cng IDE th 2 trn mainboard. Mc ny b sung cho mc trn v ch c tc dng vi u ni th 2. * PCI On Board Speed Mode: Ch nh kiu vn chuyn d liu (PIO speed mode). C th l Disabled, mode 1, mode 2, mode 3, mode 4, Auto. Trong mode 4 l nhanh nht. * PCI Card Present on: Khai bo c s dng Card PCI IDE ri hay khng v nu c th c cm vo Slot no. Cc mc chn l: Disabled, Auto, Slot 1, Slot 2, Slot 3, Slot 4. * PCI IRQ, PCI Primary IDE IRQ, PCI Secondary IDE IRQ: Ch nh cch xc lp ngt cho Card PCI IDE ri. Ch : Trong mc ny c phn xc lp th t gn ngt cho cc Card b sung. Th d: 1 = 9, 2 = 10, 3 = 11, 4 = 12 c ngha l Card u tin cm vo bt k Slot no s c gn ngt 9, nu c 2 Card th Card cm vo Slot c s th t nh s c gn ngt 9, Slot c s th t ln s c gn ngt 10.v..v... * IDE 32Bit Transfers Mode: Xc lp ny nhm tng cng tc cho a cng trn 528Mb, nhng cng c a khng khi ng c khi enabled mc ny d fdisk v format vn bnh thng. * Host to PCI Post Write W/S, Host to PCI Burst Write, Host to DRAM Burst Write: Cc mc ny xc lp cho PCU Bus, khng nh hng nhiu n tc CPU, c th nguyn xc lp mc nhin. * PCI Bus Park, Post Write Buffer: Khi enabled cc mc ny c th tng cng thm tc h thng. * FDC Control: Cho hiu lc hay khng u ni cp v xc lp a ch cho a mm. * Primary Seral Port: Cho hiu lc hay khng cng COM1 v xc lp a ch cho cng ny. * Secondary Serial Port: Cho hiu lc hay khng cng COM2 v xc lp a ch cho cng ny. Ch : Nu bn s dng Card b sung c xc lp i ch l COM 1 hay COM 2, bn phi disabled cng tng ng trong hai mc trn. * Parallel Port: Cho hiu lc hay khng cng LPT1 v xc lp a ch cho cng ny. 5. Hng dn chy Setup BIOS: Trong cc ti liu i km mainboard, u c hng dn Setup BIOS. Khi mua my hay mua mainboard, cc bn nh i cc ti liu ny v n rt cn cho vic s dng my. Trong cc phn Setup trn, phn Standard, Advanced c nh hng n vic cu hnh my. Phn Chipset nh hng n tc my. Phn PCI nh hng n cc gn ngt, a ch cho cc Slot PCI, cng; cch vn chuyn d liu cho IDE On Board. Nu gp cc thnh phn hon ton mi, trc tin bn hy Set cc thnh phn bit, kim tra vic thay i ca my, cui cng mi Set

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ti cc thnh phn cha bit. Setup BIOS sai khng bao gi lm h my v cc bn s d dng Setup li nh vo chnh BIOS. Trn mainboard lun lun c 1 Jumper dng xa cc thng tin lu trong CMOS bn c th to li cc thng tin ny trong trng hp khng th vo li BIOS Setup khi khi ng my. Khi tin hnh tm hiu Setup BIOS, bn nn theo mt nguyn tc sau: Ch Set tng mc mt ri khi ng my li, chy cc chng trnh kim tra xem tc CPU, a c thay i g khng?. Cch lm ny gp bn pht hin c nh hng ca tng mc vo h thng v bn c th bit chc trc trc pht sinh do mc no sa cha. Khi xy ra trc trc m bn khng bit i ph, bn ch cn vo li BIOS Setup chn Load BIOS Default hay bm F6 trong phn Set m bn mun phc hi sau khi ng my li l xong.

Bi 5 TH (5 tit): Cng c tin ch phc v chun on, sa cha v nng cp my vi tnh v cc thit b tin hcA> Thc hnh tin ch Partition Magic khi to a cng gi chng trnh, a a ci t vo CD, khi ng li my, ch cho n khi mn hnh xut hin A>, nh E:\ (chn CD). Ch CD c th nhn k t thay i tu thuc vo chia HDD. N nhn k t tip theo cc k t gn cho a cng. nh vo my PQMAGIC, my s to ra ca s cho php khi to a xo, chn cn xo, n operation -> delete -> nh OK vo -> OK to mi, operation -> create -> chn kiu partition -> chn loi partition -> chn FAT32 -> chn kch thc - > OK set active, chn C, operation -> advanced -> set active nh dng tng , operation -> format -> FAT32 -> t tn cho ->OK Sau khi thc hin xong, n Apply my thc hin. Sau khi ng li my B> Hng dn s dng Partition Magic PartitionMagic l sn phm ca hng PartitionMagic bn c th:

Power

Quest.

Vi

To thm partition mi, ghp 2 partition thnh 1 partition, thay i kch thc, di chuyn mt partition, chuyn i gia cc kiu FAT16, FAT32, NTFS...m khng lm mt d liu trn cc partition c. Format partition, xo partition, copy partition v thc hin cc chc nng nng cao khc mt cch nhanh chng.

Tt c cc thao tc vi PartitionMargic u c thc hin qua giao din ho trc quan gip bn thao tc thun tin v d dng hn.

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1. Gi chng trnh Partition Magic my s hin ln ca s chng trnh: Trn cng l Menu ca chng trnh, ngay pha di l ToolBar. Tip theo l mt lot cc khi "xanh xanh " biu th cc partition hin c trn a cng hin thi ca bn. Cui cng l bng lit k chi tit v thng s ca cc partition hin c trn a cng. Nt Apply dng thc hin cc chnh sa ca bn vo a (ch khi no bn nhn Apply th cc thng tin mi thc s c ghi vo a). Nt Exit th chc l bn bit ri! Nhn vo Exit s thot khi chng trnh.

2. To partition Chn phn a cng cn trng trong bng lit k. Vo menu Operations ri chn Create... Hoc click phi mouse ln phn a cng cn trng trong bng lit k ri chn Create... trn popup menu.

Trong phn Create as bn chn partition mi s l Primary Partion hay l Logical Partition. Trong phn Partition Type bn chn kiu h thng file (FAT, FAT32...) cho Partition s c to. Partition mi s c t ng format vi kiu h thng file m bn chn. Nu bn chn l Unformatted th ch c Partition mi c to m khng c format. Bn cng c th t "tn" cho Partition mi bng cch nhp tn vo Label. Phn Size l bn chn kch thc cho Partition mi. Ch : nu bn cn h thng file l FAT th kch thc ca Partition ch c th ti a l 2Gb. V cui cng, nu nh bn chn kch thc ca partition mi nh hn kch thc ln nht c th (gi tr ln nht trong Size) th bn c th chn partition mi nm u hoc cui vng a cn trng. Nu bn chn Beginning of freespace th phn a cn trng (sau khi to partition) s nm tip ngay sau Partition

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mi, cn nu bn chn End of free space th phn a cn trng s nm ngay trc Partition mi to. V n y bn ch phi click vo nt OK l hon tt thao tc!

3. Format part.Chn 1 partition trong bng lit k ri vo menu Operations, chn Format... hoc right click ln 1 partition trong bng lit k ri chn Format...Hp thoi Format s xut hin. Bn chn kiu h thng file phn Partition Type,

Nhp vo "tn" cho partition Label (tu chn, c th trng),

G ch OK vo Type OK to confirm parititon format (bt buc),

v nhn OK hon tt thao tc!

Ch : Nu nh kch thc ca partition m bn format ln hn 2Gb th bn s khng c php chn FAT trong phn Parttition Type

4. Xo partitionChn 1 partition trong bng lit k, vo menu Operations ri chn Delete... hoc right click ln 1 partition trong bng lit k ri chn Delete...Hp thoi Delete s xut hin.

G ch OK vo Type OK to confirm parititon deletion (bt buc), v nhn OK hon tt thao tc!

5. Di chuynChn 1 partition trong bng lit k, vo menu Operations ri chn Resize/Move... hoc right click ln 1 partition trong bng lit k ri chn Resize/Move...Mt hp thoi s xut hin.

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Bn c th dng mouse "nm v ko" trc tip phn graph biu th cho partition (trn cng), hoc nhp trc tip cc thng s vo cc Free Space Before, New Size v Free Space After, nhn OK hon tt thao tc!

Ch : Ton b cu trc ca partition c th s phi c iu chnh li nn thi gian thc hin thao tc ny s rt lu nu nh a cng ca bn chm hoc partiton c kch thc ln. Nu c th, bn nn backup ton b data ca partition, xo partition c, to li partition vi kch thc mi ri restore data th s nhanh hn rt nhiu.

6. Copy partitionChn 1 partition trong bng lit k, vo menu Operations ri chn Copy... hoc right click ln 1 partition trong bng lit k ri chn Copy...Mt hp thoi s xut hin. Bn c th copy partition t a cng ny sang a cng khc bng cch chn a cng ch trong mc Disk. Tip theo bn chn partition ch bng cch click vo biu tng ca cc partition hoc chn 1 partition trong danh sch. Trong hnh minh ho ch c 1 partition bn c php chn l 1 partition cha c format, c dung lng l 456.8Mb. Nhn OK bt u qu trnh copy. Ch : c th thc hin c lnh copy, a cng ca bn phi c t nht 1 partition trng c dung lng ln hn hoc bng partition m bn nh copy. Thi gian copy nhanh hay chm tu thuc vo tc ca my bn v dung lng cn copy ln hay b. 7. Merge part.

Chn 1 partition trong bng lit k, vo menu Operations ri chn Merge... hoc right click ln 1 partition trong bng lit k ri chn Merge...Mt hp thoi s xut hin.

Bn c th chn 1 trong cc kiu ghp nh sau: - Partition bn chn s c chuyn thnh 1 th mc nm trn 1 partition cnh n. - Partiton cnh partition bn chn s c chuyn thnh 1 th mc trn partition m bn chn.

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Ta gi partition b chuyn thnh th mc l partition khch; partition cn li l partition ch. Sau khi chn kiu ghp, bn chn tn cho th mc s cha ni dung (phn d liu) ca partition khch trong Folder Name. Chn kiu h thng file cho partition kt qu trong phn File System File. Nhn OK bt u qu trnh ghp. Ch : Bn ch c th ghp 2 partition nn cnh nhau (2 partition nm cnh nhau trong bng lit k). Sau khi ghp, partition mi s c kch thc bng tng kch thc ca 2 partition con. Backup d liu trc khi thc hin qu trnh ghp. Qu trnh ghp c th s c thc hin trong mt thi gian kh di nu nh d liu trong 2 partition ghp v c ghp l ln. 8. Chuyn i

Chn 1 partition trong bng lit k, vo menu Operations ri chn Convert hoc right click ln 1 partition trong bng lit k ri chn Convert. Mt menu con s xut hin. Bn c th chn mt trong cc kiu chuyn i: - T FAT sang FAT32, HPFS hic NTFS; - T FAT32 sanga FAT; - T NTFS sang FAT hoc FAT32. Ngoi ra bn cng c th chuyn 1 partition t Logical thnh Primary v ngc li. Ch : Backup d liu trc khi thc hin qu trnh chuyn i. Thi gian chuyn i kiu h thng file c th s rt lu i vi partition c dung lng ln 9. Nng cao

Chn 1 partition trong bng lit k, vo menu Operations ri chn Advanced hoc right click ln 1 partition trong bng lit k ri chn Advanced. Mt menu con s xut hin.

Bad Sector Retest: kim tra cc sector c nh du l "bad" trn a cng xem th n c cn s dng c na hay khng. Hide Partition: lm "n" partition; partition sau khi lm n th h iu hnh s khng cn nhn ra c na. lm "xut hin" li partition, bn chn lnh Unhide Partition. (nu bn chn Advanced trn 1 partion b n th lnh Hide Partition s c thay bng lnh Unhide Partition). Resize Root: thay i s lng file v th mc con m th mc gc c th lu tr.

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Set Active: lm cho partiton "active". Ti mt thi im ch c th c 1 partion c active, v h iu hnh no ci trn partion active s c chn khi ng lc bt my. Resize Clusters: thay i kch thc ca 1 cluster. Cluster l mt nhm cc sector. Mi ln c/ghi a cng ta u truy xut tng cluster ch khng phi l tng sector; lm nh th s tng tc truy xut a cng. Thay i kch thc cluster chnh l thay i s sector trong mt cluster. S sector trong 1 cluster cng ln th a cng truy xut cng nhanh; nhng cng s gy lng ph dung lng a nhiu hn. Mt s lu chung: Hy backup d liu trc khi thc hin cc thao tc. Cc thao tc ch thc s thi hnh khi bn nhn vo nt Apply (hoc chn lnh Apply Changes menu General, hoc click vo biu tng Apply Changes trn Tool Bar). Mt khi cc thao tc thc s thi hnh, bn hy n t kt thc, khng nn ngt ngang cng vic ca Partition Magic, nu khng bn c th b mt ton b d liu ca a cng.

Cc con s gii hn:

32Mb: H iu hnh DOS cc version trc 3.3 khng truy xut c cc partition c dung lng ln hn 32Mb. 512Mb: y l "mc ngn cch gia" FAT v FAT32. Theo Microsoft khuyn co th nu partion c dung lng t 512Mb tr xung th bn nn dng FAT, nu t 512Mb tr ln th nn dng FAT32. 2Gb: y l gii hn ca FAT, h thng file FAT khng th qun l partition ln hn 2Gb. Mt s h iu hnh gp trc trc vi partition ln hn 2Gb (DOS 6.x, WinNT 4 khng th format c partition ln hn 2Gb). 1024 cylinder/2Gb: mt s BIOS khng th np h iu hnh nm ngoi vng 1024 cylinder u tin hoc 2Gb u tin ca a cng. Hay ni cch khc l mt s h iu hnh ci trn vng partition nm ngoi gii hn 1024 cylinder hoc 2Gb s khng th khi ng. 8.4Gb: cc mainboard c (trc nm 2000) c th khng nhn ra a cng c dung lng ln hn 8.4Gb. WinNT 4 cng khng th qun l c partition ln hn 8.4Gb. 1 active partition: ti mt thi im ch c th c 1 partition c active. 4 primary partition: 1 a cng ch c th c ti a 4 partition, tuy nhin s logical partition l khng gii hn. 2 primary partition: mt s h iu hnh b li (Win98, WinME...) nu nh cng mt lc c 2 primary partition khng

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"n"; gii quyt vn bn ch cn lm "n" 1 trong 2 partition. TI LIU THAM KHO Gio trnh cu trc my tnh - Tng Vn n, NXB Gio Dc 2000 Phn cng my tnh Hong Thanh, Quc Vit, NXB Thng K - 2000 Upgrading and repairing PCs - Scotte Muller, 6th edition QUE An Introduction to PC Hardware - William A. Lloyd, Prince Georges Community College

1. 2.

3.4.

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