getting the most out of your underwater experience · * descriptions taken from reef fish...
TRANSCRIPT
Getting the Most Out of Your Underwater Experience:
An introduction to identifying the fish, creatures, and coral of the Virgin Islands
Part II: Creatures and Coral
Brian Naess, Research AssociateInstitute for the Environment, UNC-Chapel Hill
Credits• All photos taken by ENST 259 instructors: Brian Naess,
Liz Naess, Andrew George, Kolya Lachinsky• All identifications for class photos based on the 3 book
series by Paul Humann and Ned Deloach: Reef Fish Identification, Reef Creature Identification, and Reef Coral Identification of Florida, Caribbean, and Bahamas published by New World Publications, Inc.
• Disclaimer: Visual identification of many creatures like sponges and tunicates is at best an educated guess!
3 Main Divisions
• Fish – sharks, eels, rays• Creatures – crabs, shrimp, clams, starfish,
anemones, lobsters, squid, octopus, worms, cucumbers, tunicates, sponges, urchins, turtles
• Coral – hard and soft varieties, marine plants and algae
Creatures
* Images scanned from Reef Creature Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas by Paul Humann and Ned DeLoach
We’ll Focus On• Cnidarians: Hydroids, Anemones, Zoanthids,
and Corallimorphs• Segmented Worms: Fireworms, Feather duster
worms, Calcareous tube worms• Crustaceans: Shrimp, Lobsters, and Crabs• Mollusks: Snails, Bivalves, Squid, and
Octopuses• Echinoderms: Sea stars, Urchins, and
Cucumbers• Tunicates and Sponges• Sea Turtles: Green and Hawksbill turtles
What to Look For
0) What Kind of Creature Is It?1a) Shape1b) Distinctive Traits2) Color3) Behavior4) Location5) Size
Cnidarians: Hydroids, Anemones, Zoanthids, and Corallimorphs
• Hydroids– Usually colonial; branched skeleton
resembling feathers or ferns– Arrangement of stalk, branches, and
polyps key to identification• Anemones
– Solitary polyps attached to bottom– Tentacles vary in length, shape, color,
and number• Zoanthids
– Usually smaller than anemones– Oral disc has no tentacles except two
rings of tentacles around outer edge• Corallimorphs
– Tentacles radiate out from center and form concentric circles
– Protruding mouth
* Descriptions taken from Reef Creature Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas by Paul Humann and Ned DeLoach. Page 62-66
Where to LookHydroids – All areas of reefAnemones – All areas of reef. Bodies often hidden in recesses.Zoanthids - Many live on sponges. Others found on all areas of reef.Corallimorphs – Most attach to solid structure, often in protected areas.
Cnidarians: Hydroids, Anemones, Zoanthids, and Corallimorphs
Christmas tree hydroid Giant Anemone
Giant Anemone
Mat Zoanthid
Warty CorallimorphFeather plume hydroid
Segmented Worms• Fireworms
– Bundles of sharp, white bristles that will penetrate the skin and break off
• Feather Duster Worms– Bodies hidden inside
parchment-like tubes attached to reef
– Feather-like radioles that extend from tube act as gills and capture plankton
• Calcareous Tube Worms– Tubes often hidden in rock or coral– Colorful radioles form spirals and
whorls
* Descriptions taken from Reef Creature Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas by Paul Humann and Ned DeLoach. Page 140-1
Where to LookFireworms – Can be found crawling all over, especially on gorgonians and fire coralFeather duster worms – All reef and near-reef areas. Often shy and retract in tubeCalcareous tube worms – All areas of reef. Tubes often encased in live coral.
Segmented Worms
Christmas tree worm
Bearded fireworm
Star horseshoe worm
Crustaceans: Shrimp, Lobsters, and Crabs
• Shrimp– Long, hair-like antennae
• Lobsters– Bottom-dwellers, clawless– Spiny lobsters have long, conical
antennae– Slipper lobsters have plate-like
antennae
• Crabs– Claws, three to four pairs of legs– Usually secretive, hiding in recesses
and in association with anemones and urchins
* Descriptions taken from Reef Creature Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas by Paul Humann and Ned DeLoach. Page 164-6
Where to LookShrimp – Under overhangs, recesses and in association with anemones. Usually more than one.Lobsters – Caves, recesses. Look for antennae. Often more than one.Crabs – Caves, recesses, behind urchins. If you see long-spined urchin next to wall, look behind urchin for nimble spray crab.
Crustaceans: Shrimp, Lobsters, and Crabs
Pederson cleaner shrimp
Banded coral shrimpPeppermint shrimp
Spotted cleaner shrimp
Crustaceans: Shrimp, Lobsters, and Crabs
Spanish lobster
Spotted spiny lobster
Caribbean spiny lobster
Crustaceans: Shrimp, Lobsters, and Crabs
Nimble spray crabYellowline arrow crab
Blotched swimming crab
Mollusks: Snails, Bivalves, Squid, and Octopuses
• Snails/Gastropods– Identified by shell shape, sculpturing,
color pattern, etc.– Snail’s body normally hidden, but you
may see tube-like mouth and/or two tentacles with eyes
• Bivalves– Two shells hinged together by a
ligament• Squid
– Eight arms with two longer tentacles. Stabilizing swim fins along the sides. Usually in groups of 3 or more.
• Octopuses– Eight arms of equal length,
globular/bag-like body– Incredible ability to camouflage
* Descriptions taken from Reef Creature Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas by Paul Humann and Ned DeLoach. Page 256-8
Where to LookSnails – Sea grass, sand, shallow reef areas. Some attach/feed on gorgoniansBivalves – Cracks, recesses, attached to structure like pilings, sometimes attached to gorgoniansSquid – Usually shallow, reef/near-reef areas.Octopuses – Hard to spot unless moving. Can be in recesses. Look for piles of shells.
Mollusks: Snails, Bivalves, Squid, and Octopuses
Crown conch Rough fileclam
Atlantic wing-oyster
Mollusks: Snails, Bivalves, Squid, and Octopuses
Caribbean reef squid Common octopus
Echinoderms: Sea stars, Urchins, and Cucumbers
• Sea stars– Central disc with typically five
triangular arms– Incredible regenerative abilities
• Brittle stars– Long, thin arms with flattened central
disc
• Sea urchins– Spherical bodies with long, protective
spines
• Sea cucumbers– Sausage shaped bodies crawling
across reef or sand
* Descriptions taken from Reef Creature Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas by Paul Humann and Ned DeLoach. Page 350-3
Where to LookSea stars – Sea grass, sandy areasBrittle stars – Sponges, fire coral, under rocksSea urchins – Everywhere, particularly in shallow reef/near reef areas.Sea cucumbers – Sandy areas, sea grass beds, and reef rubble areas.
Echinoderms: Sea stars, Urchins, and Cucumbers
Cushion sea star
Common comet star
Banded arm brittle star
Sponge brittle star
Echinoderms: Sea stars, Urchins, and Cucumbers
West Indian sea egg
Long-spined urchin
Rock-boring urchin
Donkey dung sea cucumber
Tunicates and Sponges• Tunicates
– Attached to substrate on one end, two siphons at the other end for food and oxygen
– Can close their siphons quickly when disturbed
– Highly evolved with nervous system and complex muscles
• Sponges– Water passes through numerous
small pores where food and oxygen are filtered out, then exits out one or more large excurrent openings
– Many different sizes, colors, and shapes (barrel, ball, tube, rope, encrusting, etc.)
– Simplest multicellular animal
* Descriptions taken from Reef Creature Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas by Paul Humann and Ned DeLoach. Pgs 14,400
Where to LookTunicates– Reef areas, sometimes attached to gorgonians. Often bodies are hidden in crevices.Sponges – Usually near/on reefs, reef walls, overhangs, sometimes attached to substrate like gorgonians, mangrove roots, etc.
TunicatesBlue bell tunicates
Painted tunicates
Overgrowing mat tunicates
Strawberry tunicates
SpongesBlack ball sponge
Branching tubesponge
Brown bowl sponge
Orangeicing sponge
Red-orange encrusting sponge
Scattered pore ropesponge
Sea Turtles• Marine reptiles that only come
ashore to lay eggs• All species of turtles are
endangered• We’ll see hawksbill and green
turtles
* Descriptions taken from Reef Fish Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas by Paul Humann and Ned DeLoach. Pg 481
Where to LookSea turtles will most often be found in sea grass areas, feeding on turtle grass. You may find them swimming over deeper water, and you may spot them surfacing for air from the beach.
• Hawksbill turtles have generally brown shells with mottled markings, overlapping plates on their shells, and an overhanging upper beak• Hawksbill turtles have two pairs of plates between the eyes• Green turtles have brown to dark brown shells that are generally unmarked, though they can have mottled markings like the hawksbill or wave-like/brush-stroke patterns• Green turtles have only two plates between the eyes.
Sea Turtles
Green turtle Hawksbill turtle
Quiz
Banded tube-dwelling anemone*
Visual ID: Translucent brown-and-white banded outer tentacles, whitish oral disc and central tentacles.
Habitat and Behavior: Inhabit areas of sand and coral rubble. Nocturnal, solitary polyps extend from parchment-like tube buried in sand.
* Description taken from Reef Creature Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas by Paul Humann and Ned DeLoach. Pg 118
Quiz
Reticulated brittle star*
Visual ID: Reticulated network of fine dark lines on bone white to bluish disc. Arms whitish to pale yellow with brownish bands and short spines.
Habitat and Behavior: Inhabit sandy areas around reefs. Hide under slabs of coral and rubble.
* Description taken from Reef Creature Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas by Paul Humann and Ned DeLoach. Pg 370
Quiz
Flamingo tongue*
Visual ID: Cream-white mantle covered with orangish, often somewhat rectangular spots with black outlines. Shell is lustrous cream to white.
Habitat and Behavior: Attach to and feed on gorgonians in all types of habitats.
* Description taken from Reef Creature Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas by Paul Humann and Ned DeLoach. Pg 282
3 Main Divisions
• Fish – sharks, eels, rays• Creatures – crabs, shrimp, clams, starfish,
anemones, lobsters, squid, octopus, worms, cucumbers, tunicates, sponges, urchins, turtles
• Coral – hard and soft varieties, marine plants and algae
Coral
* Images scanned from Reef Coral Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas by Paul Humann and Ned DeLoach
We’ll Focus On
• Hydrocorals: Fire coral• Gorgonians: Sea rods, Sea plumes, and
Sea fans• Stony corals: Branching & pillar corals,
Finger corals, Star corals, Brain corals, and Cup corals
• Marine plants and Algae
Hydrocorals• Fire Coral
– Actually member of hydroid family
– Two types of polyps: sensory/stinging encircling stout feeding polyps
– Sting caused by nematocysts on tentacles
– 3 different flavors: blade, branching, and box
– Look for “mustard” color with white ends; white hairs
Gorgonians
• Polyps have 8 tentacles• Stems and branches all have central
“trunk”• Entire coral colony attached at a single
point• Pay special attention to arrangement of
polyps, as it can be helpful in identification
Gorgonians
• Sea Rods
Knobby sea rod
Porous sea rod
Gorgonians
• Sea Plumes
Rough sea plume
Sea plume forest
Gorgonians
• Sea Fans
Wide mesh sea fan
Common sea fan
Stony Corals
• Hermatypic – “reef-building”• Colonies increase size by asexual budding• Tentacles in multiples of six
Stony Corals
• Branching and pillar corals
Staghorn coral
Elkhorn coral
Pillar coral
Stony Corals
Branched finger coral Clubtip finger coral
• Finger corals
Stony Corals
Blushing star coral
Boulder star coral
• Star corals
Elliptical star coral
Lobed star coral
Stony Corals
Boulder brain coral Symmetrical brain coral
• Brain corals
Grooved brain coral
Stony Corals
• Cup corals
Orange cup coral
Marine Plants and Algae
• Photosynthetic• Marine plants have roots, stems, leaves,
and flowers– Example: Sea grasses
• Algae attach to substrate using rhizoids, have stalks rather than stems, and blades instead of leaves– Examples: Brown, green, and red algae
* Descriptions taken from Reef Coral Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas by Paul Humann and Ned DeLoach. Pgs188-9
Marine Plants and Algae
• Sea grassTurtle grass
Marine Plants and Algae
• Brown algae
White scroll algaandY Branched alga
Marine Plants and Algae
• Green algae
Green grape alga
Green feather alga
Bristle ball brush
Marine Plants and Algae
• Red algae
Y-Twig alga
Fuzz ball alga
Quiz
Black-ball sponge, elliptical star coral, etc.
Quiz
Bluestriped grunt (juv.), erect rope sponge, smooth star coral, etc.
Quiz
Clubtip finger coral, elkhorn coral, turtle grass, watercress alga
Quiz
Common octopus, orange ball sponge, some type of vase sponge, long-spined urchin, etc.
Tips for Productive Snorkeling
• Good fitting mask• Take your time• Reefs are 3D – swim down and explore• Don’t use fins in shallow water• Stay horizontal in water less than 20’ deep• Look for overhangs, openings, caves• Focus on one thing at a time• Spend some time in the shallows• Little fish are just as cool as big fish!