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War-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military HistoryAuthor(s): George RaudzensSource: The Journal of Military History, Vol. 54, No. 4 (Oct., 1990), pp. 403-434Published by:Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1986064Accessed: 11-03-2016 02:58 UTC
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GEORGERAUDZENS
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404* THEJOURNALOF
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GEORGERAUDZENS
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406* THEJOURNALOF
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GEORGERAUDZENS
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408* THEJOURNALOF
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or f orm d b w pon nd ru h y n r f r d w h h n v f
E uro p n m p r m w f c d b y h c n non 23
22. Peter Padfield, Tide of Empires: Decisive Naval Campaigns in the Rise of
h W 1 48 1 1 65 4 L on do n 1 97 9 1 5 2
23 C p o G un nd S 1 08
MLTARYHSTORY*409
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GEORGERAUDZENS
p y d n mo qu y d c v p r no h r urn ng po n
h c on b w n Tu rk n dE ur op n f or do mn o no f r n
urop nd h M d rr n n A h g r g y b of L pn o n
1 57 1 h E u r op n c r r d 1 8 1 5 gu n o h T ur k h 7 5 0 O h r w
h Tu rk w r qu y for md b A h ou gh h r o o f Eu ro
n r ry h r w n o prom nn off M b r v n yy r
r r h p d o m h or wo hundr d Turk h g y nd w n
g r v c or y24 By h m h ow v r P or u gu n v u pr m cy
h d b n u cc f u y c ou n r d b y A n p ow r w h o h d c qu r d n
q uv nc y n r m m n n d h f r E uro p n ov r m pr
w n n o ow r r 25 Bu u p ro rg un h d d on h r w or k g n
w k r n d f w r A n g un
Th c for chno og c up r or y m c r Y o h r fc or
w r o v ry m po r n n h A n br k n L r g r nu mb r o f gu n
ugg qu n v up r or y r h r h n chno og c d vn g
nd h ro of h n y nonm ry gun p form h A n c
n g h p w p r hp r g r h n h of h c nn on F ur h rm or
B y D ff nd G org W n u n h r m n o f h b g nn ng
o f h P or u gu m p r p r ov d g o od x m p o f u p r or f r p ow r
p c k D u n 1 50 9 n d M c c n 1 51 12 6 bu n v r h
c on c u d h
Th c p u r of M c c rong y ug g h h b r n P or
ugu m ry f hor n A w r du o h up ror
rm m n or c hno ogy h Europ n p o d h n o
u p ro r n c y n d co or dn on A G o h P or ug u
o d r n M c c w r x p r nc d n fgh ng m 27
Th y h dm ry r ng h n o h r h n u chno og c r
n h qu y c c y mc Sp n h conqu of h A c up r or
rm m d o b m or r o n for wh W m Pr c o c d
m r c u ou v c o ry 2 8A m r h n df u o f d v n ur r n d ff r n y
rm d n d q u pp d h rg u d ov r h rw m gh y c v on n u
f w m on h o f b n r g u n d d p om c y 29 A f w h un dr d E ur o
p n f c d h ou n d o f A c w rr or n r p d p c h d b
2 4 P r k r Th M r y R vo u o n 8 7 88 2 4
2 5 b d 1 04 6
2 6 B W D f f n d G D W n u F ou nd o n o f h P o r ug u E mp r
1 4 15 1 5 8 0 Mnn po 1 9 77 2 4 1 2 5 6 5 7
2 7 b d 2 59
2 8 W m H P r c o T h H o ry o f h C o nq u o f M x co C h c g o
1 9 6 6 3 7 3
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10* THEJOURNALOF
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W r W n n n g W p on
n dg n r y wo n n h f n g o f T noc h n n 1 52 1 h y
f ou gh c o n n uo u y f or n n y h r d y T h r n o do ub h h
A c con d h u w h h h gh d gr of r o u on Th r
o no qu on h h r r m w r nf r or b n gw oo d o n
b on n d co o n w h S p n h q u p m n n c u d d m c n no n
rqu bu d rm nd rmor Ev n h c ro bow of h
c on qu d or h d gr d v n g n h ng n d p n r n gp ow r
o v rA c o ng b ow n d g h v n 3 0 n h d c rp o n of h
b p r c p n B rn D d C o g n nd g nc h
f r p ow r o f c nn on r qu b u n d cr o b o w h k y o v c o ry
n h cond d p r b g n h T c n on 5F bru ry
1 519 D xp n h
Th d f n of our r ry m u k r nd bowm n
cro b ow d d much o v u nd w n f c d g r c u
o n h m On h ng o n v d our v h n my
w r o m d n d o n um r ou h v ry h o w rou gh h v oc
mongh m3 1
On h o h r hnd h o r d h v u o f h hor w h
c hr g o f h m qu d ron of h v y r mor d n c r O u mb
y D wh owo n no h r d p r d y 32 An do fc ou r h k n d
c ou r g of h Sp n h wo rd m n c on r n g w h n p A c c
c w who r ng of oh rf c or o p yd h r pr n
h v c o ry T h E u ro p n h d m n y d v n g
Mo h o r n n f c p y d own c hn oog y Pr c o h m f
c on cu d h n r gu n dd p om cy w r h m o m por n f c
o r Th n d n m p r w n m n nr co nq u rd b y nd n 33
J H P r ry p ou o m of h d ou b b ou c hn oog c u p ro r y
T h r m y w h w h ch C or n v d d M x co h d f w c n no n
k n ou o f h h p V r C ru nd c rr d ong w h h
rmy T hy w r h u d f r b y or h n by n d n ux r
n d f n y m ou n d o n bo o n L k T x co co f or h g
of T noc h n T h y mu h v b n v ry m nd p ro b by
no v r y f f c v p c h ou gh no do ub h r n o n d mok
m d g r m pr o n Ap r f ro m h c n no n Cor h d
h r n mu k Hor w r p rh p m or mpor n h n
30 S A b r oM r oS L Arm D L C onqu Bu no A r
1950
31 B r n D T h C on qu o f N w Sp n H r mo nd w or h M d d x
1 9 6 3 1 4 9
3 2 b d 3 03 5
3 3 P r c o C on qu o f M x co 3 74
MLTARYHSTORY*411
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GEORGERAUDZENS
f r r m B rn D on v r occ on r bu d v c ory
u nd r God o h h or b u Co r h d on y x n hor
wh n h nd d n d om o f h w r o on k d n b For
h m o p r h m n f ou gh o n f oo w h w o rd p k n d cr o
bowTheyhadtheadvantageof teeover tonebuttheywere
n o w q u pp d E ur op n r m y f gh n g h or d o f h p
v g 34
Parrysfguresarem seadng Uptothe frstbreakoutfromTenocht-
tan Dazcountedtwenty-sevencavary eghtycrossbowsande ghty
musketeersn aforceof thrteenhundredmen35Nevertheess nstead
of cear assert ons about the mpact of conqustadore weapons advan-
g h r g n m b v n c bou chno og y
Theres asoambva enceaboutweaponsadvantagesthroughout
thesubsequentEuropeannvasonof Amerndanterrtorydurng the
settement of the Amercas None of the Amercan trbes were better
armedthantheAztecsMostsubsequentwhte settershadmore
advanced moreaccurate fastershootnggunsthanthe conqusta-
d o re s Ye t thefr o nt er s n No rthAmer c a fo r examp e a d va nced no tn
response to technoogca and m tary superort es but at the rate of
Europeanm gratonand andoccupaton andatthe speedofrea-
tv ey c o s e a gr cutur a s e t t ementWher e theAmnernd a ns wer eno tn
effectswampedbysuperornumbersofEuropeanm grants theyman-
agedtohod ontoterrtores andcuturesforverymuch ongerthan
h A c o r h nc
Yettherearesomestrk ngexampesof weaponssuperorty n
European-Amerndan confct Amongthebests SamueChampa ns
g htwthther o quo s n 1 6 09 no rd er t o c ement thefur tr ad ng
a a ncew ththeHuro na nd Ag o nqun nd a ns o nwhomthe s urv v a
ofNewFranceseemedtodependChampan twootherFrenchmen
andther threearquebuseso nedther ndanpartnersona warparty
a g a nst the r o quo s v ng ne a rwhatwa s a t er c a ed La keChamp a n
Ontheday ofbatte asthetwobandsof warrorscametogether
Champan advancedtothrty yardsrange "tooka mw thmyarquebus
a nd s ho t s t ra g ht a t o neo fthe thre e chef s a nd wthth s s ho t two fe t o
thegroundandone ofther companonswaswoundedwhod edthere-
o f a t t e a t er ha d p utfo urb ue t s ntomy a rquebus "Whena nother
o ftheFr enchmenfr ed hs p e c e a s o ther o quo s b r oke a nd fed 3 6
34 J H Parry The Age of Reconnassance New York 1964 143-44
35 D C on qu o f N w Sp n 3 05
36 Quoted in Morris Bishop, Champlain The Life of Fortitude Toronto,
1963 128
412* THEJOURNALOF
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W r W n n n g W p on
Ch m p n b o gr p h r Mo rr B h o p co nc u d h T c on
d rog on h gr n hor o fCh mp n k w f r d h f r
m u k h o n w r h w o con n u n f f c f or w o hu nd r d
y r Th w h w r b w n h F r nch nd h roquo o v n
h mp r com p on for Nor h Am r c Th b w won w
r o d w r r u u y wo n by h N w W p on T h n w w p on
w o r n f or mc om p y h w r o f r d m n nd wh nd r d
m n n d r d 3 7 nd d c cor dng o om u h or h ro qu o
c on c n r d o n g n n g h r o w n f r r m u p r o r y b y r d w h
h D u ch n d Eng h w h h d v n g n mu k r y h y b c m
h m o f or m d b w r r o r n r n No r h Am r c d u r ng h
v n n h c n u ry 38
W h Ch m p n m gh y h o c r y c hn oog c r um ph
h ow v r rg h o rc m p c n o on g rw d y c c p d 39 No r
h r d f r r m u p r or y o f h r oq uo u nd p u d h n d
n d o F r nc w r p ro bb y h v y g unn d h r oq uo 4 0
J ud g n g by h c r c y o f c o mm n o n w p o n c hn o og y n h
h o rc r u r o f Eu rop n c onf c w h A m r nd n n h c oo n
p r od 41 n d con d r n g h o h r f c o r n vo v d n h wh
k o v r of N or h A m r c w h v r n f u n c w p on c hn o og y d d
x r m c r y oh v b n mrg n n d d
Bu w h bou h ng up of h B r h R n n d n h
g h n h c n ury ?E uro p n c hn oo gc d v n g m c r
Su p ror f d r r y nd g h y con r o d f n o c km u k ry w d d
b yE ur op n or Eu rop n r n d p oy d om n d n d n b
d f ro mP y n 1 75 7o nw rd T h cr ud r h v y gu n n d
ob o m c h oc k of h n d n n v fo rc w r v ry wh r d f
d 42 Wh gr ng w h h v w W m McN how v r r gu
mor f or n u o n up r or y h n chno og c d vn g w
p c y h d v o pm n o fc o o rd r dr wh ch ow d h u of
v o y f r wh ch n u rn x r c d h m x mu mp o b f r po wr
3 7 b d 1 28
3 8 S f or x m p R c h r d Aq u T h r o qu o R o r o n r oq uo D p o
m c y o n h C o on F ro n r 1 7 01 1 7 54 D r o 1 98 3 3 7
39 S B ru c Tr gg r N v n d N wc om r C n d H r oc Ag
R c o n d r d K n g o n n d M o n r 1 98 5 3 0 7 1 0
4 0 For d c u on of r oq uo g un u pp G o rg H un T h W r o f h
r oq uo A S ud y n n r r b T rd R o n M d o n W c 1 967 16 57 5
4 1 Fo r x m p p ro b b y h b b oo k on A m r c n co o n w r y v r y
on f r r m S D ou g L c h A rm f or Em pr A M r yH or yof h
Br h C o on n N or h A m r c 1 60 7 1 7 63 N w Y or k 1 9 73
4 2 P r k r T h M r y R vo u o n 1 33 3 6
MILITARY HISTORY * 413
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GEORGERAUDZENS
andshockeffectfromthe naccurate sow-oadngsmoothboref nt-
ockmusketVo eyfre wasfrst deveopedbythetwoprncesof Nassau
attheendof thesxteenthcenturyandsubsequentyref ned nto
machne-ke perfectonby Frederck theGreatsPrussan nfantry Ths
wastherea sourceof Europeangoba superortydurng theegh-
teenthcentury43 notherwords twasa soprofessona sm standard-
zaton concentraton andproectonof superorresources anddozens
ofotherthngs besdesweaponssuperorty whch madethedfference
twasnot somuchtheguns butthesystemswhchusedthem andthe
w y h y w r u d
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weaponssuperortystandsout nEng sh anguageh storography
e s pe c a y o ftheAmer c anknd Ths s the trump ho ftheKentucky
ongrf e andthestoryofPatrck Fergusonsbreech-oadngantdote
to t Herewasa caseofnon-Europeansseemngyappyng superor
technoogyn thef rstgreatNewWordrevot aganstEuropean mpe-
r a s m t s s t a na r t c e o ff a thamong p op ua rAmer c a nhs t o r a ns
that the nd g eno us a nd ng eno us Kentucky o rPenns y v ana o ng rfe
p a y ed ama o r r o e nwnn ng nd ep end enceWth tfa rmer s a nd
frontersmencoud pckoff theRedcoatsattwo orthreetmes therange
ofBrt shmusketsTheAmercan rf eswereasaccurateasanyf rearm
nex stenceandmuch moreaccuratethanarmy ssueBrownBess
smoothboresThey wereunque becauseun kes ow-oadngforegn
rfe s they wer ef a st o a d ng TheAmer c a no a d ng s e cre twa s the
g r ea s ed p a t ch ns te a d o ftry ng to amtheb ue t nto ther f ng g r oo v es
o ftheb ar r eb y man fo rc e theAmer c a ns s p p ed ther s ma erb u e t s
d owntheb a r re s moo thy wththe a d o f a p e c e o fg r e a sed co tho r
eather Thethreebggestr fe vctoresof theRevoutonaryWarwere
Sa ra t og a underDa ne M o rg a nn 1 7 77 Kng s M o unt a n n1 7 8 0 a nd
Cowp ens a g a nunderDa ne M o rg a n n1 7 8 1 Sa r at o ga a nd Kng s
Mountanarebothregardeda maorturnngpont nthewar
Butd d ths Amer c a nrfe r e a y w nthewa r ?n thewo rd s o f
hardwareexpertM L Brown"Theromantc nonsensepurveyedover
theyearsbynumeroushstoranshasexaggeratedbeyondcredencethe
r o e o ftheAmer c anr fe ntheWa r o fnd ep end ence " 44 The s up -
posedy nnovatvegreasedpatchwascommonyused nEuropefrom
at eastthe1590s45TheBrt shhadmuzze- oadngJaegerrf esevery
4 3 Mc N P ur u o f Po w r 1 2 8 35
4 4 M L B ro wn F r r m n C o on A m r c 1 49 2 17 92 W h n g o n
1980 335
4 5 b d 2 63
414* THEJOURNALOF
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W r W n n n g W p on
b good P nn y v n r f hough nu mrou mo of h
A m rc n r oop w r q up p d w h m oo h bo r u k h B r h
n d rf m n w r c u o p c b y Br h b yo n c h rg f ro mm u k
r m d r oo p m or o f n h n h y h o u p u ch r o op b y u p r or
on g rn g h oo n g 46 n f c h B r h h d h u p ror r f c h o
o gy n 1 7 76 P r c k F r gu o n o f h S v n h R g m n p ro du c d
wh w prob b y h f r p rc c br c h o d ng r f o n m d
u o r gu r r oop nd h p c un of x p r u d h dv nc d
w pon w h u cc on v r o cc on f r d ccur y bu
mu ch m or q u c k y h n h A m r c n r f B u F r gu o n w k d b y
h r f rm d n m K ng Moun n con b w n w o
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p u o n h ou n d B r h m u k o n h o h r 4 7S up r o r vo u m o f
c c ur f r d d c r r y h d y S up r o r c hn o og y d d n o
Wh v r h d oub bou w pon d c v n o f r nd u r
o n n h n n n h c n ur y pp r d o m k E ur op n rm
m n d v n g o v r o h r cu u r u n qu v oc y o v rw h m n g Th
r m n n g p r o f A n d Af r c w r o v r ru n by m n o f u p r o r
fr pow r D p or of h nd c p rgu D n H d r ck
E ur op n f o rc w r b o c on qu r r g p r o f A n d Af r c
mp r o f r u y N po o n c p ro po r o n n o n h ng y o w c o
W h m d h p o b w h c ru h ng u p r or y o f Eu ro p n f r
p ow r h r u d f ro m h f r r m r v o u o n o f m d c n ur y 4 8
T h r v o u o n b y h 1 8 70 w h p r f c o n of b r c h o d n g m g
n r f nd m ch n g un w h f f c v c cu r r ng ou o fou r
hou n d m r Th r r p n y of x m p of h r d v on
G offr y P rk r who d d g rph r w y nd r on m r o
h b r c h o d r p on o h o ng o ug h Eu rop n c n d nc y
ov r Ch n n dJ p n g n d C n on n 1 84 1 nd K g oh m n
1 86 3 H o n o h R u n v c o ry o v r h T ur k h n v y n 1 85 4
by m n of ron c d m r p d g n wood n ng h p
T h nk b ov o h r m ry u p r or y f ou nd d u pon h m
ry r vo u on of h x n h nd v n n h c n ur h w rn
n on h d m n g d o cr h f r g ob h g mony n h ory 4 9
46 b d nd o Jo D H udd on C oon R f m n n h Am r c n
R vo u o n Yo rk P 1 978 n dJ m B B r gh T h R f n W h n g on
A rm y T h A m r c n R f m n A ug u 1 94 7
4 7 B ro wn F r r m n C o on A m r c 3 46 4 7
4 8 D n R H d r ck T h T oo o f Em p r T c h no o gy n d E u ro p n m p
r m n h N n n h C n ur y Ox fo rd 1 981 84
49 P r k r T h M r y R vo u o n 1 54
MLTARYHSTORY*415
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GEORGERAUDZENS
H dr ck u r h f r pow r r gum n b y c ng r of
Af rc n x m p w h r m nu mb r o f Fr nc h Br h n d n
o d r ho o p c hord of pr m v y q upp d r b p o p n
1 89 1 f o r x m p F r n ch d c hm n o f 30 0 m n f r n g 2 5 0 00
ro un d of m mu n o n n w o nd h f h ou rb d f d h
n r F on r m y 5 0 n h b k no wn c O md ur m n n 1 89 8
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m n on h p c ur of r ng h p of m py c rr dg c h
f of h B r h n fn ry n h f rng n Dur ng h f r g n r
M h d u h n f n ry f r d o m w o hu nd r d h ou n d ro un d
of m rm mmun on on k ng x h ou n d d rv h or h f
h u f orc 52
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or y d d no w y b rng v c or Occ on y rm d n v
c ou d w p ou n v dng wh f or c A do w n 1 89 6 wh r h
E hop n w p d ou v n n hou n dm n n nd u x r y
rmy H d o r how v r h h E h op n h d ccumu d
p r c u r y r g o ck o f m od r n o r n r y m o d r n E ur op n w
po n 5 3H d o n o m n o n n d wh n n 1 87 9 Ab ou n h o u n d
Z u u o v r r n g h n h u nd r d m n o f L or d C h m f o rd c om m n d
on r v y o p n gr ou nd n h f c o fr p d n d d v ng M r n
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o nbox nd r nou o fbu o c r h Afr cn w r
o cc o n y c p b o f ov r c om n g u p r o r E ur op n f r p o w r 5 4 n
p c udy of f r rm ff c of f f n h o nn n h c n ury
A fr c n 1 97 1 n h J ou rn o f Af r c n H o ry n um b r o f x p r
r d h bo h n rm o f n r Afr c nconf c nd n w r b w n
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Afr c nw rf r w no d c v h d b n x p c d 5 5Hum
p hr y J F h r n d V r g n R ow n d n d c u n g gu n n h S u d n
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416 * THE JOURNAL OF
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d y r c ogn d w n h c n ury w p on mp c x mp r h
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g n ng vc or d o hv pr vn d h m m d h d f n
up ror o h o ff nc hu c r ng r nch nd m b w n
1 91 4 n d 19 18 o h r n w r m c on r b u d o r n c h w rf r b u h
m c hn g u nw h o u n dng n f u nc
56 Humphrey J F sher and Vrgna Row and, "Frearms n the Centra Sudan,"
J ou rn o f Af r c n H o ry 1 2 19 71 2 15 3 9 p c y 2 3 7 38
57 J J Guy, "A Note on Frearms n the Zuu Kngdom wth Speca Reference
toth eAngo-ZuuWar 1879"J ourna ofAf rcanHs tory12 1971 557-70
MILITARY HISTORY * 417
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GEORGERAUDZENS
f r w v o f h G o rd w r c u down bu h y k p
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f r b of bu n o h f n c r g 6 6
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of 75 p rc n w hch w n v r qu d n Br h b Th G r mn
o 8 00 0 m n o n f or v r y v n h y c u d ow n 67
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m n o f w p on p r fo rm n c n c o mb c on d o n d d h f o o w
n g c hn c r o n for h f f c v n o f h m c h n g un
Th r h r h n p d of f r w h ru mp c rd of h m c hn
g un c c ur c y On r p od h m c h n g un b c m n r v
w p on h h u m n f c or o f ch r n g h d r p p ng
w nd f c n mn p n w m n d A rror r ck n
m n c ou d f r h m c h n g un c c ur y v n b y n gh M or
ov r h w p on h ou gh w h h f r p ow r o f f f y r f m n
o ccup d fron u wo f n ng h n d h u pr n d
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w n d pu b S x m ch n g un c ou d ho d up b rg d o n
gu n co u d h w o b o n b f or h y h d g o 2 00 y r d f ro m
h r fron n n L dd H r op n on w h m c hn g un
bov o h r w pon w hc hh d h rm f 68
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b ro ok c n g r w h r r wr r h h W or d W r m c h n g un
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n c f r om h G r m n r n c h b u f u y x p o d n o p n g ro un d 70
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420* THEJOURNALOF
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Current e a d ngwe a po ns s cho a r s d o noth g hg ht ther o e o fthe
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exampe agreethatweaponstechnoogywasa vta shapngforcen
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factors Oftheweaponstheydscuss ndeta theystressart ery71As
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London1970
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18611945London1980 132
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m ur u ch n mp c n d xc p p rh p n h n g v n
o f B dw T r r n n d M dd b r oo k
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r gorou y d h n n y o hr g d y dc v w p on Th r
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n 1 91 7 n d A m n n 1 91 8 c r y w on n P o n d n 1 93 9 n
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h n w h c n r chno ogy of h G rm n B kr g B u g n
h r r mb gu d c v n n Wor d Wr wh n w n
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n oog c n d o o h m c hn g u n77 To h p rn cp r ch c o f
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7 7 E So c H or yof h M ch n G un 1 69
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422* THEJOURNALOF
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f c b ou h nk w h w no d ur b A C mbr 324
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London1988 21224
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MLTARYHSTORY*423
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26* THEJOURNALOF
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o n w n y f f yc And f on h cond d y no h r
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GEORGERAUDZENS
ob by w r w ro ng A h r w r op n d G r m n f gh r f r w p
h B r h r g c bo mb r f rom h k y n d h n w h n h R A F
w c h d o n gh b om bng h r c r w c ou d no f n d h r r g n
h d r k W hn h A m rc n For r o n d n 19 42 h or c y
o un n g n ou gh 5 0 c b r m c h n g u n o b h L u f w ff f r om
h r p h h y o o w r v r u y dr v n ou o f h G r m n ky by
f gh r n Eu ro p B om b r H rr d h r b om bng h o ry
m o h or ou gh y A f r c r n g f r o rm n L ub c k n d H mb ur g h
b c m c on v nc d h w h n ou gh p n c r w n d bo mb h c ou d
b ur n ou o m uc h of u rb n G r m ny h N w ou d c f or n g o
d m n T h r wou d b no n d for n n v o n w h n d
f or c n 19 42 n r of h gh v m m or nd h p ro m d v c o ry
by h r 1 9 4 3 o r 1 94 4 O n 1 7 J un 1 9 4 2 h o dChurch
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n o n ow d n g g h r r p ow r f or r g c y p ro p r p p c
o n Sh m d v c o ry h r ou gh r p ow r b y h r b r d h n
19 40 S h m d h n o n y h ro ug h f u y q u pm n n d r n
ng nd h c c m d r c o nof n A r Forc b r y d
qu o h purpo Th h o rc f c W our v r
now h c ro r od W r f r f w w o m poy our
r p d y n cr n g r r ng h n h p ro p rm nn r n u ch
m n n r w ou d v o k no ck G r m ny o u o f h w r n
m r o f mo n h 1 00
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d c d m y n d h w r n o ur f vo r n y r b y no o h r m h od
c n w hop o n d h r wy n y r 10
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o mb ng of c ono mc y v r g w ou d f y cr pp h G r m n
w r m c h n B y 194 4 ho wv r f r b ng h m v c rp p d n h
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428* THEJOURNALOF
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GEORGERAUDZENS
o b c r co n n u o n h q u on of h w r w nn ng m p c o f
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m n m ng h r m pc J p n w r d y cr pp d o h p o n of
m ry m po n c n ny h ng bu h om d f n by h m L M y
r uc k n M r c h 19 45 G r m n y w g ro un d o p c b y m v S ov
nd u b n A ng o Am r c n n k r r y n d n fn r yf or c T h
h v y bomb r r p d y r p d by G rm n r d f n w r m r
g n ux r n h d d n y of Bomb rComm nd B
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o u o m o f h h or c om n g H r r h op d o d r v G r m ny o u r
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c hn o og c n d c c r m d r m n d o o p oo r o p ro du c
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S r g c B om b ng S ur v y d d 3 0 S p m b r 1 94 5 h n v g n g
comm d h A d r pow rw d c v n h w rn
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pow r h d no r ch d h n my f ron n wh n h y w r
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430* THEJOURNALOF
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Ch r M n g r nd R J O v ry 110 Th r n od ou b h n w n d
mpor n m n of w gng w r w f u y b h d A H rr rgu d
nd John T rr n h r d n h h ory of h R AF 1 11 h r
w p on w h o ny off n v rm Br n n d h d for
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p r v v nd h p d n w y p of m ch n d c omb n B u h r
no g r m n h h b omb r p y d m o rro n w nn ng h
w r h r n E ur op o r n h P c f c On h w ho h y w r
d p po n m n
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pon B y 1944 h y hd h M r chm 2 62 dm d y h
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r g n n g r u pr m c y fr om h A m r c n L gh n n g n d M u n g
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r n d p o T h yw r o o nd o o Th r w r mor of
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o n B u d d no Of 1 40 3r oc k u nc h d 1 054 h B r n
n g or w ou nd n g 9 27 7 p op 1 14 o r nf c n g 8 8c u p r
ucc f u m Ag n w oo oo W m McN h
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v 1 9 39 1 9 4 5 L on do n 1 98 4 2 0 8 9 n d R J O v r y T h A r W r 1 9 39 1 9 4 5
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A d n d ng n N or m nd y co u d h v k n p c 1 15 w h ch m g h
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n g d po n chno og c d c v n No v n h om bomb
w c r c u w r w nn r G v n ou rc o c v c on vc o n b ou m u
u y ur dnuc r d ruc on no v n n pro pc v
w rwnnr nymo r
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o d rgu h h r w r on y w o u on n Wor dW r
w hn c hn oog c u p ro r y pr ov d d c v O n w h d f of
h G r m n U bo b yA d d c m r c r d r r y n 194 3 n d h
o h r w h d f of h Luf w ff f g h r d fn of h R c hb y h
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or qu n f c on h wo chno og h v n o b n m ph d n
h w y by r r wr r n ny c v n Cr v d no p rm r y
c on c rn d w h h r o n h p b w n c hn o og y n d v c or y Th u
h ou gh c hn o og c u p r or y c n b v r y m po r n n w r
c hn o og y on o wn w d om d c d w r 1 17 T h o b c v o f h
x c n m n o n wh ch c r y r nk w h h w ork o fW H
M cN n d G of fr y P r k r m uc h br o d r o d m on r h
h o rc y w r c om p y p rm d b y c hno og y nd go v rn d
b y 1 8 Fo r hm c hn o og y do m n m h od n d pr c c b u
n o o uc o m
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d c v n n wr bu w h v no d d m ur mn n y or
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ry o urc on wh ch n y m gh b b d E v n n mon op oy u
o n w h r c hn o og c d v n g h v b n p ro no un c d f f c o n
b ou com m o b m d o u rpr u o n uch h
of Ch mp n n d h roquo or nk C mb r o r h b n
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g h b n mor obv ou n ff c o n h w y pop f gh
r h r h n o n h o u c om o f co mb N w w p on h v c h ng d
1 15 M c N P ur u o f Po w r 3 5 9
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t u dyTh e A t ant c C ampagn WordWar Grea t e t S t ru gg e a t S eaNe w Y ork
1988 gr h c n m n c r dr w mpor n n h w r on u bm r n 309
339 b u r h no ng f c or c nb p u forw rd h c h f r o n for
v c o ry o v r h U b o 2 60 3 5 2
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32* THEJOURNALOF
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d r ch 1 98 1 n d S Tu rk T h S c on d S f C om pu r n d h H um n S p r
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