GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE WHAT IMPACT DID GEOGRAPHY HAVE ON ANCIENT GREECE? Geographys Effects on Greece Think about natural resources. AdvantagesDisadvantages Lotus Diagram BWB pgs Center Box: Ancient Greece Surrounding Boxes: Geography Minoans 1 st Greek Kingdoms Colonization The Polis I.Minoans: A.From island of Crete B.Used timber from Crete to build ships C.Traded pottery and vases for ivory and metals II. Mycenaeans 1.From central Asia 2.Settled on Greeces mainland 3.Learned shipbuilding, navigation, and religion from the Minoans 4.Earthquakes and in-fighting destroyed the Mycenaeans III. Dark Ages of Greece 1.No surplus of food (poverty) 2.Lost their skills, language, and religion 3.Moved to other islands/locations in the Mediterranean - positive 4.The Dorians invaded and brought new technology put an end to the Dark Ages positive The New Greece After Dark Ages I.Colonization: set up colonies in Italy, Spain, France, N. Africa and Asia II.Minting Coins: made trade easier III.Increased specialization IV.The Polis city I.Instead of kingdoms Greeks have city-states I.Each city-state has an acropolis (gathering/religious center) at the center II.Below the acropolis was an agora or market place Greek Citizens F. Greeks are first to develop citizenship 1. each city-state run by its citizens 2. free, native-born men are citizens 3. women & children could be citizens but had no rights 4. citizens could vote, own land, have a trial etc 5. Each citizen had to fight as a soldier for his city-state (hoplite) Greece Illustrated Timeline With your group, review the text around each event so you can represent it well on the timeline. For each event on your timeline, you will need to do the following: List event below with approximate date/year 1 or two illustrations to symbolize the event you are listing. Write 2-3 bullet points with details about the event. (what might you need to know for the test?) Events Minoans establish civilization on Crete Mycenaean establish civilization on Mainland Greeces Dark Ages Building Colonies Tyrants rule Greece Solon cancels debts and frees slaves Peisistratus gives land to landless and loaned money Cleisthenes begins Democracy in Athens Artwork should be detailed, symbolic and a quality representation of the event Also should be as neat as possible. However, you will not be graded on artistic ability. Color if you have time at the end. The Mediterranean World Greek Peninsula and Islands in the Aegean. Greek City States 4 1 Vocabulary Peninsula Colony Polis agora Greek Citizen Soldier Loyal to their polis (city-state). Called a hoplite Carried a shield, short sword, and a spear. Went into battle in rows. Hometown loyalty caused distrust between Greeks as a whole Greek Phalanx Athenian Soldiers Oath I will not bring dishonor on my weapons Nor desert my comrade, wherever I am stationed. I will fight for things sacred And things profane. And both alone and with all to help me. I will transmit my fatherland not diminished But greater and better than before. I will obey the ruling magistrates Who rule reasonably And I will observe the established laws And whatever laws in the future May be reasonably established. If any person seek to overturn the laws, Both alone and with all to help me, I will oppose him. I will honor the religion of my fathers. I call to witness the Gods The borders of my fatherland, The wheat, the barley, the vines, And the trees of the olive and the fig American Army Creed I am an American Soldier. I am a Warrior and a member of a team. I serve the people of the United States and live the Army Values. I will always place the mission first. I will never accept defeat. I will never quit. I will never leave a fallen comrade. I am disciplined, physically and mentally tough, trained and proficient in my warrior tasks and drills. I always maintain my arms, my equipment and myself. I am an expert and I am a professional. I stand ready to deploy, engage, and destroy the enemies of the United States of America in close combat. I am a guardian of freedom and the American way of life. I am an American Soldier. Spartan and Athenian Government Athens: Democracy Athenians began to rebel against land-owning nobles to whom they owed debt Solon, a noble, united the Athenians: Cancelled debts Freed debtor slaves Council of 400 wealthy citizens writes laws Assembly (all citizens) passed them Peisistratus took nobles lands and gave to poor, loaned them money, created public works projects Cleisthenes makes Athens a Democracy Assembly can now debate openly, hear court cases, appoint generals Created new council of 500 citizens to carry out daily govt. Council members chosen in lottery Sparta Oligarchy 2 kings headed a council of elders Council (28 men > 60) presents laws to an assembly Spartan men > 30 belonged to assembly Assembly voted on council laws & elected 5 ephors Ephors enforced laws and collected taxes To keep citizens in line, Sparta allowed travel only for military reasons and discouraged study of literature and arts Ancient Persia 4-3 I.Persian Empire A.Modern-day Iran B.Cyrus the Great united Persians (P) into one kingdom C.Cyrus takes over Mesopotamia, Asia minor, Syria, Canaan, and Phoenicia, Egypt, western India D.Darius takes Persian throne after Cyrus 1.Reorganized government to make it more manageable a.20 satrapies - provinces b.Each province ruled by a satrap protector of the kingdom c.Satraps acted as tax collector, judge, chief of police, and army recruiter E.Full-time army w/horse soldiers F.P religion was Zoroastrianism 1.Founded by Zoroaster one god, freedom to choose good or evil, good will win Persian Empire Persian Army The Persian Wars I.Marathon A.Retaliation for Greek support of colonies rebellion against Persia B.Persians (P): 20,000 soldiers on plain of Marathon Athenians: 10,000 soldiers C.Persians wait for Athenians to attack/advance, but become impatient D.Persians decide to load troops back on ships (cavalry 1 st ) and attack from another side E.Athenians attack and defeat Persians as they are loading ships F.Pheidippides runs 25+ miles to bring news of victory Marathon II Thermopylae A.Persians under Xerxes attack w/180,000 troops B.Sparta (Leonidas) and Athens (Themistocles) join forces C.Themistocles decides they should cut off Persian navy supply D.Greeks need to stall the Persians to give the Athenian navy time to get into position. E.Thermopylae is a narrow mountain pass where they can slow the Persians F.Leonidas holds Persians off for 2 days betrayed by a soldier and conquered G.Gave Athens enough time to get navy in position Marathon (490 B.C.) Persian fleet landed 20,000 soldiers on plain of Marathon Persians waited for days for Athenians to advance. Persians grew tired of waiting and loaded cavalry on ships first. Greeks attacked when cavalry was out of range & caught Persian foot soldiers in water. Greeks Win! Pheidippides raced nearly 25 miles to Athens to declare victory & died! Thermopylae (486 B.C.) King of Persia dies & son Xerxes takes over. He wants revenge on Athens. Athens joins Sparta to defend themselves. Thermopyla e was a narrow pass through Mtns. 7,000 Greek soldiers held off Persia for 2 days. A Greek traitor helped the Persians win! Around 300 Spartans stayed and fought to death, giving Athens time to defend itself! Thermopylae Salamis Greeks tricked Persians to the strait of Salamis Greeks win navel battle Persians march into Athens and burn it to the ground! Xerxes wanted to punish Greeks for his father, Darius a Salamis Platae (479 B.C.) Greeks formed largest army ever assembled! Athens crushes the Persians! Persians give up and go home! END OF PERSIAN WARS! The Persian Wars 2 III.Salamis A.Greeks navy attacks Persian navy after Thermopylae at a strait near Athens B.Greek ships were more maneuverable and they defeat the Persian navy C.Athens left undefended though and sacked by Persian Army. IV.Plataea A.City-states join together to assemble largest Greek Army ever. B.Greeks defeat Persians at Plataea, NW of Athens C.Defeated Persians return to Asia Decline of Persia I.Persian army weakened by Greeks II.Darius and Xerxes had raised taxes to get more wealth A.Spent wealth on their own luxury I.High taxes angered subjects II.Persian royal family fought over who would be king III.Alexander the Great conquered Persia in 334 B.C. Athenian Empire I.The Delian League A.Members promised to defend against any Persian invasion B.Headquartered in Delos C.Athens takes leadership and gains control over other city-states II.Athens became a direct democracy A.Citizens gathered in mass meetings to vote on issues 1. Relatively small # of citizens made this possible a. 43,000 me made up assembly, fewer than 6000 voted B.The United States = representative republic III.Pericles A.Athenian general helped Greece dominate Delian League 1. Treated other CS like subjects B.Made Athens more democratic in some ways 1.Allowed lower class male citizens to be elected to public office 2.Emphasized philosophy, arts, and culture - GOLDEN AGE OF PERICLES 3.Constructed beautiful public buildings IV. Athenian Economy A. most Athenians farmed, but couldnt grow enough food for population Athenian Empire 2 IV. Athenian Economy A. most Athenians farmed, but couldnt grow enough food for population B. Became trading center of Greek world, because of need to trade for food V. Peloponnesian War A.Athens vs. Sparta B.Pericles Funeral Oration public funeral for those who died in battle 1. Pericles reminds the Athenians of their power and greatness as a democracy 2. Encouraged people to keep on fighting C. Pericles has Athenians all come inside city walls 1. Sparta had no navy, so Athens can still receive supplies 2. Disease spreads through Athens 1/3 of people died including Pericles 3. Sparta borrows money from Persia to build a navy & destroys Athenian navy 4. Athens surrenders VI. Sparta rules city-states for thirty years, but loses control