geography of australia, oceania, & antarctica

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GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA Sharon Westerholm La Vernia HS

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GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA. Sharon Westerholm La Vernia HS. Australia. Australia is a continent, island and a country. Chain of hills & mountains known as the Great Dividing Range on the east side Western Plateau covers 2/3s of the continent; very few people live here - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, &

ANTARCTICASharon Westerholm

La Vernia HS

Page 2: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

Australia is a continent, island and a country.

Chain of hills & mountains known as the Great Dividing Range on the east side

Western Plateau covers 2/3s of the continent; very few people live here

The Outback is made up of 3 deserts: Great Sandy, the Gibson, & the Great Victoria

Australia

Page 3: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

Western Plateau

Darling River

Page 4: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

Despite being surrounded by water, Australia is the driest inhabited continent on Earth.

Freshwater is unevenly distributed, unreliable & seasonal; 70% of continent is arid or semi-arid with limited rain

Darling River & Murray River support agriculture

Great Artesian Basin: water is too salty for humans & crops but is used for livestock

Water systems

Page 5: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

Ayers Rock also known as Uluru; large sandstone formation in the northern territory

Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef

Other features…

Page 6: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

Climate regions

Page 7: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

Droughts that lead to water restrictions Floods are a regular seasonal phenomenon in

Northern Australia Cyclones are a tropical weather phenomenon &

are usually experienced between November & April mostly in the northern part.

Bushfires that results in loss of lives & millions of dollars in property damage

Thunder storms Dust storms are for the most part restricted to

the drier inland areas

Australia’s weather extremes

Page 8: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA
Page 9: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA
Page 10: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

NZ is about 1,000 miles SE of Australia and has atolls and coastal lagoons

Unlike Australia, NZ has an abundance of freshwater

Climate varies from warm subtropical to cool temperate climates

New Zealand

Page 11: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

Physical geography varied & ranges from volcanic mountains to blue lagoons

Includes tiny islands & atolls

Consists of three island groups: Melanesia, Micronesia, & Polynesia. These groups are based on location, how they were formed & culture.

Oceania

Page 12: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA
Page 13: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

Most of Oceania has a tropical, wet climate & it warm year round

Climates

Page 14: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

Discovered in 1820 Almost completely covered by ice Has no indigenous inhabitants Very limited plant & animal life The arid climate means the Antarctica is a

desert; receives very little rain & what little it does receives always falls as snow

Antarctica: Land, Climate & Environment

Page 15: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA
Page 16: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

69 research stations operated by 30 countries that serve as bases to study physical geography, climate, & wildlife.

Although the USA makes no territorial claims in Antarctica, it does help maintain numerous stations like McMurdo Station, the largest on the continent.

Scientific research

Page 17: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

Norway

Australiaunclaimed

NZFrance

British

Page 18: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA & OCEANIA

Page 19: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

Earliest inhabitants—Aborigines, which have the oldest surviving culture.

Europeans began arriving in the 1500s Great Britain used Australia as a prison colony

for convicts from overcrowded British prisons. By early 1850s free British settlers were along

the eastern coast European arrivals impacted Aborigines…

denied basic rights, forced from land, diseases, conflicts, “Stolen Generations”

HISTORY--AUSTRALIA

Page 20: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

1901—Commonwealth of Australia was formed as part of a dominion of the British Empire

Combined a federal system with a parliamentary democracy

Has constitutional monarchy

Government--Australia

Page 21: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

Australia’s physical geography affects the distribution of its people

Most people live along the SE, E and SW coasts

Diverse society…over 7 million has migrated to Australia since 1945

Population patterns-Australia

Page 22: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

Migration was accompanied by increasing trade among the islands

Maori left eastern Polynesia & settled the islands of NZ

Europeans began arriving in the 1500s

About the same time that British settlers were establishing settlements in Australia, they were also settling NZ

History—New Zealand

Page 23: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

Became self-governing colony in 1853; in 1907 became a self governing dominion using British parliamentary system

1893-NZ became the 1st country to legally recognize women’s right to vote including Maori women

Has a constitutional monarchy

Government--NZ

Page 24: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

About 85% of inhabitants live in urban areas mostly located along the coast

Wellington (capital) & Auckland are located on the North Island where about 75 % of all New Zealanders live

Diverse society…about 7% is Maori, the majority are British, Asians, and Pacific Islanders

Population patterns--NZ

Page 25: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

Diverse economies-(market economies) Close economic relations with each other Agriculture, gold, food processing… Agriculture is a significant part of NZ’s

economy Both countries have large service sectors;

about 75% of Australia & about 71% of NZ works in services ranging from government agencies to banking & tourism

Economic activities—Australia & New Zealand

Page 26: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

1600s-1700s: European navigators first contact the peoples of Oceania

1800s-1830s: European countries & USA colonized the islands; European missionaries arrived in Fiji, Samoa, & Tonga to convert population to Christianity

1870s: population of Tuvalu declines dramatically due to European diseases

1880s: Germany takes control over part of New Guinea, Marshall Islands, & Nauru

History—Oceania’s colonization & independence

Page 27: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

1899-1900: Germany buys Palau from Spain. Germany & USA divide Samoa between them

1941-1945: Japanese forces occupy Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Papua New guinea & Tuvalu

1946: USA begins nuclear weapons testing in Marshall Islands; islanders were forced to evacuate

1962: Western Samoa becomes first colony in Oceania to become independent

History of Oceania continued…

Page 28: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

1970s: Fiji, Tonga, Papua, New Guinea, Tuvalu, Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, & Marshall Islands become independent

1994-Republic of Palau becomes independent state

Continued…

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Original inhabitants moved from island to island

Probably settled by peoples from Asia more than 30,000 years ago

3 major island groups: Melanesia, Polynesia, Micronesia

Migration theory explains how islands were first inhabited, the cultural differences & similarities in this region

Population patterns--Oceania

Page 30: GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, & ANTARCTICA

Remote geographic locations & challenging environments influence how people earn a living.

Agriculture is important Tourism is gaining importance in economies

Trade between Oceania & other parts of the world has increased because of improvements in transportation & communications, as well as trade agreements

Economic activities--Oceania