Geography Exam Review

Canada's Location on the Globe

1. Name the following on a map of Canada. All provinces,

provincial capitals, and oceans. Correct spelling is expected on the exam.

2. Which two descriptions best describe Canada’s position on the globe?a) North Western Hemisphereb) Tropical Locationc) Northern Location

Canada's Natural Systems3. What are the four main parts of the earth?

Inner core, outer core, mantle and crust – the earth is 4.5 billion years old

4. List the ways that crust can be built up.

Folding, faulting and volcanic eruptions

5. List the ways that the Earth's crust can be worn down.

Weathering and erosion

6. Define Magma.

Molten rock (lava)

7. Explain how each type of rock forms. Give examples of each type of rock.

Igneous – forms when magma cools and hardens (granite, basalt)

Sedimentary – forms when layers of sediment are deposited and compressed into solid rock (sandstone, limestone)

Metamorphic – forms when rock is changed by heat or pressure (gneiss, marble)

8. Briefly describe each landform region.

Canadian Shield – rocky, rugged, forests and many lakes

Appalachian Mountains – low, rounded mountains

Innuitian Mountains – tall, jagged, snow covered mountains (Arctic)

Western Cordillera – tall, jagged, young mountains

Interior Plains – flat, treeless plain

Hudson Bay and Arctic Lowlands – swampy, tundra, rocky outcrops

Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands - gently rolling landscape, most populated region

9. Define Precipitation.

Water that falls from the atmosphere to earth – rain, snow, hail

10. The water cycle diagram.

3. Match the following types of precipitation to the statements below (more than one match can be made for each):

A, B Relief (Orographic Precipitation)

E,F,H Cyclonic Precipitation

C,D,G,I Convectional Precipitation

a) rain caused as air rises over mountainsb) heavy rain on the windward side of a

mountain rangec) occurs in the Prairies in the summerd) creates thunderstorms that can damage

wheat cropse) caused by the meeting of cold and warm air

massesf) occurs in winter in Southern Ontariog) rain caused as air rises over a heated land

surfaceh) rain caused when warm air rises over denser

cold airi) can cause tornadoes

3. Complete the chart to describe a continental climate region and a maritime climate region.

Continental Maritime

Temp. Range Large, more than 25 Small, less than 25º

Annual Precipitation

Less than 1000mm More than 1000mm

Season of Max. Precipitation

Summer Winter

Location Interior Coast

Climate Regions

Arctic, Subarctic, Prairie, Southeastern

Pacific MaritimeAtlantic Maritime

Human Systems13. What is a census?

A survey by the government to gather information about the population

14. What is Canada's:

a) population 34.5 million

b) population density 3.5 people per square km

c) average age 42 years

30. Match the following terms with the best description.

5 Urban

8 Rural

2 Dependency Load

1 Immigrant

4 Emigrant

7 Cultural Diversity

6 Cultural Imprint

3 Ethnic Origin

31. What can we tell about a population from a population pyramid?Age distribution, gender (male/female) distribution, life expectancy (how long people live), rate of population growth

32. Describe three ways that the Canadian population is changing.Getting older, becoming more culturally diverse, not growing as quickly

33. Who are the Baby Boomers?Large group of people born between 1947 and 1966 following World War Two

34. The three main classes of immigrants under Canada’s immigration law are listed here. Describe each category?

Economic Immigrants – people coming to Canada to work or people who come to start a business – they fill gaps in our labour force or provide jobs – they must be assessed by the point system (need 67 points)

Family Class – people who come to Canada to join a family member who is already here – they are not assessed with the point system

Refugee – a person who fears staying in their home country – Canada may offer a safe haven for them

35. A person decides to leave Sudan in Africa, state three push factors that might influence their decision to emigrate.Civil war, poverty, lack of opportunities in education and workforce, poor health care, lack of human rights

36. A person decides to come to Canada, state three pull factors that would influence their choice to immigrate to Canada.Safe, stable government, free education, jobs, multicultural society, access to health care, human rights

37. Number these settlements in order by size from smallest to largest. Town, City, Hamlet, Village, Census Metropolitan Area 3 4 1 2 5

38. Name Canada’s three largest Census Metropolitan Areas.Cities with over 100,000 people – Toronto, Montreal,

Vancouver

39. Give an example of each type of land use that would be found near PJCVS.Recreational Mohawk Park Institutional PJCVS Industrial Dura, Sunoco Residential houses on Lynnwood Ave. and apartments Commercial stores and restaurants – Mohawk PlazaAgricultural corn field behind PJ Hazard Land Grand River floodplain Open Space gardens on Lynnwood Ave.

Human Environment Interactions

40. Match the economic sectors with the examples given.P= Primary (4% of jobs) S= Secondary (21%) T=Tertiary and Q= Quaternary (75%)

_P_ Logger _S__ Construction_Q_ Nuclear Medicine _S__ Public Utilities_T__ Hairdresser _P__ Farmer_S__ Auto manufacturing _P_ Miner_T__ Firefighting _T__ Lawyer_Q__ Computer Programmer _T__ Drive-Thru Attendant_P_ Fisherman _T__ Truck Driver

41. Define Natural ResourceSomething that we get from the environment that we find useful

42. Define Renewable resourceA natural resource that can be replaced, regrown or replenished – water, trees, animals, fish

43. Nonrenewable resource.A natural resource that once used, cannot be replaced – minerals, oil, coal, natural gas

44. What is an ecological footprint? What is Canada’s average ecological footprint?A measure of the amount of productive land needed to support our lifestyle. Canada's is 8.56 hectares per person

45. Give five ways that you could reduce your ecological footprint.Recycle, turn off lights, ride a bike, eat locally grown food, turn off electronics when not in use, unplug chargers, take shorter showers, turn down the heat, drive a hybrid vehicle

Forestry46. Complete the chart.

Other Names Uses

Deciduous Trees Hardwoods Furniture, flooring and specialty items

Confierous Trees Softwoods orEvergreens

Lumber and paper

47. Give three specific examples to explain why forestry is important to Canada’s economy.Direct employees = 257500Indirect employees = 772500$59 billion in total sales, $48 billion in exports

48. Give three specific examples to explainwhy forests are important to our environment.Produce oxygen, provide habitat,reduce flooding and soil erosion

49. What is the difference between clear cut logging and selective logging?Clearcutting – ALL trees are cut downSelective cutting – only certain trees are cut down

Energy50. How does Canada rank in terms of energy use per person? Give 5 reasons why we use so much.We rank 2nd in per capita (per person) use.1. We use a lot for home heating.2. We use a lot for transportation.3. We use a lot for industries.4. We like to have lots of electronic appliances.5. Energy is cheap and we tend to waste it.

51. Review your conventional energy chart.

52. Review your alternative energy chart.

53. List 5 ways that you could use less energy.Shorter showers, turn off lights, unplug chargers, walk to school, recycle more, watch less TV, ride a bike, turn down thermostat at home

Global Warming54. What is the green house effect?It is the ability of the atmosphere to trap heat – greenhouse gases trap heat energy in the atmosphere causing the temperature to go up

55. What gases cause the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere?Burning fossil fuels adds Carbon dioxide and decomposing garbage adds methane

56. List 6 ways that climate change can affect Canadians.●Longer growing season●Tree line moves farther north●Shorter, less severe winters●Lost tourism in winter●Increased tourism in summer●Coastal flooding●Melting of glaciers●More severe storms

a) Appalachian Mountains

b) Canadian Shield

c) Interior Plains

a) Appalachian Mountains

b) Western Cordillera

c) Canadian Shield

a) Great Lakes St. Lawrence Lowlands

b) Innuitian Mountains

c) Appalachian Mountains

a) Hudson Bay and Arctic Lowlands

b) Western Cordillera

c) Interior Plains

a) Interior Plains

b) Great Lakes St. Lawrence Lowlands

c) Hudson Bay and Arctic Lowlands

a) Interior Plains

b) Great Lakes St. Lawrence Lowlands

c) Hudson Bay and Arctic Lowlands

a) Interior Plains

b) Great Lakes St. Lawrence Lowlands

c) Hudson Bay and Arctic Lowlands