geographical information system lecture 1 introduction of gis zhangwei

Geographical Information Geographical Information SystemSystem

Lecture 1 Introduction of GIS

ZhangWei

Friday, April 21, 2023Friday, April 21, 202322

Contents GIS DefinitionGIS Definition

GIS : A brief history GIS : A brief history

Content of GIS CourseContent of GIS Course Components of a GISComponents of a GIS Functions of a GISFunctions of a GIS GIS and Related SubjectsGIS and Related Subjects

GIS ApplicationGIS Application

GIS DevelopmentGIS Development


Definition of GIS

Geographic Information System (GIS)Geographic Information System (GIS) is is defined as an information system that is defined as an information system that is used to used to input, store, retrieve, manipulate, input, store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and outputanalyze and output geographically geographically referenced data or geospatial data, in referenced data or geospatial data, in order to support order to support decision makingdecision making for for planning and management of land use, planning and management of land use, natural resources, environment, natural resources, environment, transportation, urban facilities, and other transportation, urban facilities, and other administrative records.administrative records.


GIS definition (cont.)

GIS is a computer-based GIS is a computer-based information system.information system.

GIS manages and analyses GIS manages and analyses spatial data.spatial data.

Spatial analysis is GIS Spatial analysis is GIS advantage to other information advantage to other information system.system.

The base of GIS is Geography, The base of GIS is Geography, Surveying and Mapping.Surveying and Mapping.


GIS definition (Cont.)

Geographical Information S

System

Science

Service


The role and types of GIS in information system

Information system

Information system

Non-spatial information system

Non-spatial information system

Thematic GISThematic GIS

GISGIS

Non-GISNon-GIS

MISMIS

Synthetical GISSynthetical GIS

CAD/CAMCAD/CAM Spatial information system

Spatial information system

Land GIS Transportation GIS Land GIS Transportation GIS

Resource and Environmental GIS Resource and Environmental GIS

Data modelData model

Vector GISVector GIS Raster GISRaster GIS Vector-raster GISVector-raster GIS

Research area

Research area

Global GISGlobal GIS

Regional GISRegional GIS

Research contentsResearch contents


Analysis

Real World Urban DEM

GeoDataBaseResult


What distinguishes GIS from other information What distinguishes GIS from other information systems?systems?

GIS handles SPATIAL information. GIS integrates GIS handles SPATIAL information. GIS integrates spatial and other kinds of information within one spatial and other kinds of information within one system: it offers a consistent framework for system: it offers a consistent framework for analysing spaceanalysing space

GIS makes connections between activities based GIS makes connections between activities based on spatial proximityon spatial proximity

GIS provides the mechanisms for undertaking GIS provides the mechanisms for undertaking the manipulation and display of geographic the manipulation and display of geographic knowledgeknowledge

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The benefits of GIS include: Better information managementBetter information management

Higher quality analysisHigher quality analysis

Ability to carry out Ability to carry out ““what if?what if?”” scenariosscenarios

Improve project efficiencyImprove project efficiency

• Text language

““ ……又东五百里，曰发爽之山，无草木，多水，多白猿。汎水出焉，而南流注又东五百里，曰发爽之山，无草木，多水，多白猿。汎水出焉，而南流注于渤海。又东四百里，至于旄山之尾。其南有谷，曰育遗，多怪鸟，凯风自于渤海。又东四百里，至于旄山之尾。其南有谷，曰育遗，多怪鸟，凯风自是出。又东四百里，至于非出山之首，其上多金玉，无水，其下多蝮虫。是出。又东四百里，至于非出山之首，其上多金玉，无水，其下多蝮虫。又东五百里，曰阳夹之山，无草木，多水。又东五百里，曰灌湘之山，上多又东五百里，曰阳夹之山，无草木，多水。又东五百里，曰灌湘之山，上多木，无草；多怪鸟，无兽。木，无草；多怪鸟，无兽。…”…” 《《山海经山海经》》

• Map, Graph, Image Language：

GIS : A brief history

Map— GIS in the early

Computer cartography — GIS in the preparation phase

草图

数字化 Graphic

Data Processing Output Automaticly

With the develop of computer, computer cartography has developed.

Paper Map

Geographical Information System

In 1963, R.F.Tomlinson proposed GIS firstly in Canada.


In 1963, the Canada Geographic Information

System (CGIS) was initiated to serve the

needs of the Canada Land Inventory to map

current land uses and the capability of these

areas for agriculture, forestry, wildlife and

recreation.

Key developments:

• Optical scanning of maps

• Raster to vector conversion

• A spatial database management

system

The Father of GIS

Roger Tomlinson’s tlicense platethe Father of GIS


In 1981, ESRI (http://www.esri.com/)launched the first commercial GISArcInfo in the world, starting astage of strong competition amongdifferent vendors (Intergraph,ERDAS).

Jack Dangermondpresident and founder, ESRI


Contents of GIS course

Course plan of NCGIA GISCourse plan of NCGIA GIS

一、一、 IntroductionIntroduction introduction, hardware/software, the raster GISintroduction, hardware/software, the raster GIS

data capturedata capture

characters of spatial data characters of spatial data

spatial phenomena and relationshipspatial phenomena and relationship

GIS functionsGIS functions

raster and vector modelraster and vector model


Contents of GIS course (cont.)

二、二、 Technological problem in GISTechnological problem in GIS coordinate system and geo-codecoordinate system and geo-code vector structure and algorithmvector structure and algorithm raster structure and storageraster structure and storage data structure and algorithmdata structure and algorithm spatial databasespatial database object and timeobject and time error model and uncertaintyerror model and uncertainty

三、三、 GIS applicationGIS application areas of GISareas of GIS decision supportdecision support GIS planning and realize GIS planning and realize GIS trendGIS trend



GIS teaching plan of Unwin UniversityGIS teaching plan of Unwin University

一、一、 IntroductionIntroduction what is a GIS, GIS brief history, data and what is a GIS, GIS brief history, data and information, GIS applicationinformation, GIS application

二、二、Map and spatial analysisMap and spatial analysis types of spatial datatypes of spatial data

geography referencegeography reference

map projections map projections

coordinate translationcoordinate translation

spatial conceptspatial concept

basic operation of point, line and polygonbasic operation of point, line and polygon


Contents of GIS course (Cont.)

三、三、 GIS RealizationGIS Realization digital expression of information digital expression of information data modeldata model error and uncertaintyerror and uncertainty vector and raster data modelvector and raster data model computer developmentcomputer development 四、四、 GIS operationsGIS operations hardware, storage, CPU, displayhardware, storage, CPU, display 五、五、 GIS applicationGIS application areas of GISareas of GIS global scale applicationglobal scale application GIS decision GIS decision project managementproject management



六、六、 Organization problemsOrganization problems data usedata use

quality guarantee and standardquality guarantee and standard

law meaninglaw meaning

GIS managementGIS management

GIS teachingGIS teaching


课程名称：专业英语共计 48 学时教学内容授课时间

第一讲 Introduction of GIS 8 周，星期一， 3-4 节第二讲 Principles of GIS(1) 8 周，星期四， 1-2 节第三讲 Principles of GIS (2) 9 周，星期一， 3-4 节第四讲 Spatial Analysis of GIS(1) 9 周，星期四， 1-2 节第五讲 Spatial Analysis of GIS (2) 10 周，星期一， 3-4 节第六讲 The Application of GIS 10 周，星期四， 1-2 节第七讲 The Future of GIS 11 周，星期一， 3-4 节第八讲 Introduction of RS 11 周，星期四， 1-2 节第九讲 Digital Image Processing of RS 12 周，星期一， 3-4 节第十讲 The Application of RS 12 周，星期四， 1-2 节第十一讲 The Future of RS 13 周，星期一， 3-4 节第十二讲 Introduction of GPS 13 周，星期四， 1-2 节第十三讲 GPS Positioning Modes 14 周，星期一， 3-4 节第十四讲 The Application of GPS 14 周，星期四， 1-2 节第十五讲 The Future of GPS 15 周，星期一， 3-4 节第十六讲 3S Integration 15 周，星期四， 1-2 节


Components of a GIS


Components of a GIS: Hardware

InputInput

Special equipment

Special equipment

General equipment

General equipment

GPSGPS

DPSDPS

Photo-grammetry

Photo-grammetry

RSRS

total stationtotal station

ScannerScanner

DigiterDigiter

Keyboard and mouse

Keyboard and mouse

CPUCPU

WorkstationWorkstationserverserver

Array-disketteArray-diskette

StorageStorage

Hard-discHard-discDiscDiscType Type

Output

Plotter

terminal

Printer


Components of a GIS: Hardware (cont.)

Single model



Intranet

InputInput Group 1Group 1

InputInput

…………

GIS data baseGIS data base

IntranetIntranet

Group nGroup n



Web

InputInput serverserver

Image processsystem

Image processsystem

Intranet group

Intranet group

OutputOutputMultimediasystem

Multimediasystem

UserUser UserUser

Main web

Internet


Components of a GIS: Software

Operation system

System base

Standard software

GIS basic software

GIS application software

User interface

GIS software

Platform software

System software

GIS


Components of a GIS: Software (cont.)

Input and verification

Storage and

data base management

Transformation and manipulation

Output and presentation

Query

GIS


Components of a GIS: Data

raster

vector

• GIS operation objects: spatial data

• Spatial data characters: position, attribute and temporal

• Spatial data model: vector and raster

• Spatial data management

• Position: file

• Attribute: relation database

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What makes data spatial?

PlacenamePlacenameGrid co-ordinateGrid co-ordinate

PostcodePostcode

Distance & bearingDistance & bearingDescriptionDescription

Latitude / LongitudeLatitude / Longitude

Spatial data has particular characteristics. These can be described in terms of: shape, place and relationship to other spatial data (or geometry, location, and topology)

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Characteristics of spatial data

LocationLocation

Description:Description: Kingston University,PenrhynRoad Kingston University,PenrhynRoad CentreCentre

Post Code:Post Code: KT1 2EEKT1 2EE Grid Reference:Grid Reference: 518106.72 168530.37518106.72 168530.37 Latitude/Longitude:Latitude/Longitude: 0° 210° 21’’ 55.38 55.38””W, 49° 36W, 49° 36’’

17.6217.62””NN

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GeometryGeometry The shape of a The shape of a

building or countybuilding or county The course of a The course of a

river, the route of river, the route of a roada road

The shape of the The shape of the landscape, relieflandscape, relief

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TopologyTopology Connected toConnected to WithinWithin Adjacent toAdjacent to North of . . .North of . . .

Within the Royal Borough of Kingston-upon-ThamesWithin the Royal Borough of Kingston-upon-Thames Opposite the Surrey County Council buildingOpposite the Surrey County Council building North of Surbiton stationNorth of Surbiton station Adjacent to Penrhyn RoadAdjacent to Penrhyn Road

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Spatial Data: examples

Socio-economic dataSocio-economic dataRegional health dataRegional health dataConsumer / lifestyle profilesConsumer / lifestyle profiles

Environmental dataEnvironmental dataTopographic dataTopographic dataThematic data, soils, geologyThematic data, soils, geology


DLG

DRG

DOM

DEM

Components of a GIS: Data(cont.)

4D Products


Components of a GIS: People

Data gathering

Information management

Management

Consultation


Functions of a GIS: Basic

Locations: where is it…?Locations: where is it…? Attributions: what is it…?Attributions: what is it…? Trends:what has changed ...?Trends:what has changed ...? Routeing:which is the best way ...?Routeing:which is the best way ...? Patterns:what is the pattern ...?Patterns:what is the pattern ...? Models: what if ...?Models: what if ...?


How to realize functions of a GIS

Table map file

Table map file

Data Data collectingcollecting

Data Data collectingcollecting Raw data Raw data

RetrievalRetrieval

Spatial query and analysis

Spatial query and analysis

PreprocessingPreprocessing

OutputOutput

Mapping and tables

Mapping and tables

Interface Interface

Structured data

Structured data

GeoDatabaseGeoDatabase


Data flow For GIS


Data Sources for GIS Digitized and Digitized and

Scanned MapsScanned Maps – – purchased, donated, purchased, donated,

free (Internet)free (Internet) – – created by usercreated by user

DataBases DataBases –Tables of –Tables of datadata

GPS GPS – Global – Global Positioning SystemPositioning System – – accurate locationsaccurate locations

Remote Sensing &Remote Sensing & Aerial Aerial

PhotographyPhotography


Data capture


Data StoreVector Formats –Vector Formats –uses a set of coordinate and uses a set of coordinate and

relationship to represent real world objectsrelationship to represent real world objects 。。–– give specific spatial locations exactlygive specific spatial locations exactly–– geographic space is continuousgeographic space is continuous–– attributes are stored separately from locationsattributes are stored separately from locations

Raster Formats –Raster Formats – use square cells to use square cells to model realitymodel reality

–– Matches hardware nicely

–– Reduced spatial precision

–– Large storage requirements


Data process

Data acquisition

Data acquisition

Data base


Data query Identifying specific featuresIdentifying specific features

Identifying features based on conditions

Position queryAttribute queryTopology query

Position queryAttribute queryTopology query

Florida counties with a

population greater than

300,000


Data Analysis

Terrain analysisNetwork analysisBuffer analysisGeometry analysisMap analysisOverlay analysisStatistic analysisDecision analysis

Terrain analysisNetwork analysisBuffer analysisGeometry analysisMap analysisOverlay analysisStatistic analysisDecision analysis


Data Display

•Statistic table• Map such as thematic, image, etc.


Data Output


GIS and Related subjectsGeography

Remote sensing

Cartography

Computer science

Photogrammetry,Surveying and

mapping

• GIS is a multi-disciplinary technology• Each related field provides some of the techniques which make up GIS• As the integrating field, GIS often claims to be the science of spatial information

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GIS Applications

Facilities managementFacilities managementUtilities such as electricity, gas, water and Utilities such as electricity, gas, water and

cable communication companies all use GIS cable communication companies all use GIS systems to store, retrieve and analyse their systems to store, retrieve and analyse their plant and materials. Areas such as customer plant and materials. Areas such as customer responses, demand forecasting, fault responses, demand forecasting, fault analysis, network assessment analysis, site analysis, network assessment analysis, site planning, strategic planning and market planning, strategic planning and market analysis can be generated by the GIS.analysis can be generated by the GIS.

电力

全选⑴综合管线分类管理

给水

污水

雨水

燃气

路灯

电信

Pipeline Management Information System

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GIS Applications

Marketing and retailingMarketing and retailingthese applications tend towards targeting these applications tend towards targeting

customers and identifying potential markets customers and identifying potential markets for customers. The extensive datasets for customers. The extensive datasets generated from the use of loyalty cards can generated from the use of loyalty cards can also be used in conjunction with GIS. Other also be used in conjunction with GIS. Other applications may include: media planning, applications may include: media planning, territory allocation and prospect analysis.territory allocation and prospect analysis.


超市选址

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GIS Applications

EnvironmentalEnvironmentalForestry management, impact analysis, Forestry management, impact analysis,

resource management, coastal zone resource management, coastal zone mapping, geophysical & geotechnical mapping, geophysical & geotechnical surveys.surveys.

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GIS Applications

Transport/vehicle routingTransport/vehicle routing this is an example of ‘real-time’ GIS and is this is an example of ‘real-time’ GIS and is

used particularly by vehicle routing used particularly by vehicle routing companies and the emergency services who companies and the emergency services who need to know where there vehicles are need to know where there vehicles are located at any given time. Vehicle routing located at any given time. Vehicle routing can also be assessed in terms of least cost or can also be assessed in terms of least cost or efficiency. In addition GIS may also be used efficiency. In addition GIS may also be used for; dispatch, scheduling, franchise planning for; dispatch, scheduling, franchise planning as well as route planning.as well as route planning.

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GIS Applications

HealthHealthDisease mapping as well as epidemiology, facility Disease mapping as well as epidemiology, facility

planning, planning, provider & purchaser planning, provider & purchaser planning, expenditure monitoring and patient analysis expenditure monitoring and patient analysis can all be carried out using GIS.can all be carried out using GIS.

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GIS Applications

InsuranceInsurance risk distribution analysis, catastrophe risk distribution analysis, catastrophe

planning, customer service analysis, hazard planning, customer service analysis, hazard & prediction analysis and underwriting & prediction analysis and underwriting

and many more . . . and many more . . .

单机

局域网

广域网

Single GIS

Intranet GIS

WebGISInternet GIS

Grid ComputingGrid Computing

GIS development-Network

个人计算机膝上型计算机

PDA

小型计算机图形工作站

WorkStation

UNIX

PCWindows

嵌入式计算机Windows CEPalm OS…

GIS development-Miniaturization

GIS development-virtual GIS

Image courtesy of Microsoft Virtual Earth

Homework

The similarities and differences between GIS and Auto CAD?

Talk about GIS in my future daily life.

（ LBS ， Location Based Services ）

geographical information system lecture 1 introduction of gis zhangwei

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