genetics: the science of heredity
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Genetics: The Science of Heredity. Chapter 4 7 th Grade Science. Mendel’s Work. ______________ - “Father of Genetics” A priest that conducted experiments in his garden that revolutionized the study of heredity. ___________ - the passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Genetics: The Science of Heredity
Chapter 47th Grade Science
Mendel’s Work
• ______________ - “Father of Genetics”– A priest that conducted experiments in his garden
that revolutionized the study of heredity.– ___________ - the passing of physical
characteristics from parents to offspring– Mendel used pea plants to observe _________ of
pea plants.– _________ - a characteristic that an organism can
pass on to its offspring through its genes.
Gregor Mendel
Heredity
traits
traits
Mendel and Heredity
• Mendel experimented with hundreds of pea plants to understand the process of ________.
• ________ - the scientific study of heredity.• Mendel “crossed” pea plants with contrasting
________ and observed the outcomes of traits in the offspring.
• Mendel started his experiments with ________ pea plants or plants that have had the same trait for many generations.
heredity
Genetics
traits
purebred
Crossing Pea Plants
• __________ short pea plants come always come from short parent plants.Purebred
Mendel’s Experiments
Generations and Offspring
• _____________ - parent generation• _________________ - the offspring from the first
parent generation. “Filia” comes from the Latin word meaning son or daughter. This generation is noted as __ - all of the plants in this generation were tall.
• _________ - Mendel allowed the plants in the f₁ generation to self pollinate. The plants in the f₂ generation - the result was a mix of short and tall plants
P generation
First “filial” generation
f₁
F₂ generation
Mendel’s Conclusion
• Mendel’s Conclusions included:– Individual factors or sets of _________
information controls the __________ of traits in peas.• The factors that control each trait exist in _____ - one
from the _______ parent and one from the _______parent.• One factor in each pair can mask or hide the other
factor.
geneticinheritance
pairsfemale
male
Dominant and Recessive
• ________- factors that control a trait.• _____ - different forms of the gene• Offspring inherit one _______ from each parent – one
could be tall and the other could be short, both could be tall, both could be short – it depends on the ________ information from the parent.
• ____________ - the trait that always shows up in the organism when the allele is present
• ____________ - hidden whenever the dominant allele is present
Dominant allele
AllelesAllele
genetic
Gene
Recessive Allele
Genetics of Pea Plants
Alleles in Mendel’s Crosses
• ___________ - only pea plants that inherit two recessive alleles for short stems will be short.
• _________ - organism has two different alleles for a trait.
• ________ alleles mask the ________ alleles.• A dominant allele is represented by a ______
letter. Recessive alleles are represented by ________ letters.
Purebred short
hybrid
Dominant recessive
capital
Lower case
Pea Plant traits
Probability and Heredity
• ________ - a number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur. Not necessarily what will occur.
• Example: coin toss – the more tosses you make, the closer the actual results will be to the results predicted by probability.
• Each toss yields a result that is __________ of all other tosses.
probability
independent
Probability and Genetics
• Mendel was the first scientist to recognize that the principles of __________ can be used to predict the results of ___________.
• ____________ - a chart that shows all the possible combinations of ________ that can result from a genetic cross.
• The boxes in the Punnett Square represent the possible alleles that the offspring can _______.
probabilityGenetic crosses
Punnett Squarealleles
inherit
Punnett Square Examples
Phenotypes and Genotypes
• ____________ - an organisms physical appearance or visible traits.
• ___________ - an organisms genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
• ___________ - two identical alleles for a trait• ___________ - two different alleles for a trait• Mendel used the term _________ to describe
__________ pea plants.
phenotype
genotype
homozygous
heterozygous
hybridheterozygous
Codominance
• __________ - the alleles are neither dominant nor recessive – both alleles are expressed in the offspring.
Codominance
Chromosomes and Inheritance
• _______________________ - genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes.
• _______ - the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells – ____________.– Chromosome pairs separate and are distributed to
two different cells.– The resulting sex cells have only half as many
chromosomes as the other cells in the organism.
Chromosome Theory of inheritance
meiosis
Sperm and egg
Meiosis
Meiosis and Punnett Square
• _____________-show the events that occur in meiosis.– When the _______________ separate and go into
two different ________, so do the _________ carried on each chromosome.
– Punnett Squares show the possible allele combinations after __________.
Punnett Square
Chromosome pairsSex cells allele
fertilization
Punnet Square
Genes
• The body cells of humans contain ____ chromosome pairs.
• Chromosomes are made up of many ______ joined together like beads on a string.
• Body cells contain between _______________• Each ______ controls a _____• The _______ are lined up in the same order
on each ___________.
23
genes
20,000-25,000 genes
gene trait
geneschromosome
Chromosomes and Genes
The DNA Connection
• _______ - control the production of ________ in an organisms cells.
• __________ - determine the size, shape, color and many other traits of an organisms.
• A gene is a section of _______ molecule that contains the information to code for a specific __________.
• Each _______ is located in a place on a _________
gene proteins
proteins
DNA
protein
genechromosome
Order of Bases
• _________contains the _____ that determines the structure of the ______.
• ___________ form a ___________ that specifies what type of ______ will be produced.
• _________ - long chains molecules of individual __________.
• A group of _____________ codes for one specific __________.
gene codeprotein
Nitrogen Bases Genetic codeprotein
proteinsAmino acids
3 DNA basesAmino acid
How cells make proteins
• ___________ - production of proteins – cells use the information from a gene on a chromosome to produce a specific _______.
• Protein synthesis takes place on the ________ in the __________ of the cell.
• ____ - ribonucleuc acid – “Messenger” carries the genetic code from the DNA inside of the nucleus to the ________.
Protein Synthesis
protein
ribosome
cytoplasm
RNA
cytoplasm
DNA / RNA
• DNA has ________, RNA has _________• Both DNA and RNA contain ___________ but
they are different• DNA has four bases - ___________• RNA has ____________• 2 types of RNA - ____________ and
____________
2 strands 1 strand
Sugar molecules
A, T, C, G
A, C, G and uracil
Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
RNA
• ____________ - copies the coded message from the DNA in the nucleus and carries the message to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
• ____________ - carries amino acids to the ribosomes and adds them to the growing protein
Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Translating the Code
• 1. Message transferred to the messenger RNA• 2. Messenger RNA attaches to the Ribosome• 3. Transfer RNA attaches to the Messenger
RNA• 4. Protein Production continues.• www.brainpop.com• Page 134-135
Mutations
• _________ - any change in a gene or chromosome.
• Mutations can cause a cell to produce an incorrect protein during ____________ - this change can effect the organisms trait or phenotype.
• Mutations that occur in sex cells can be passed on to _______. Other mutations are not passed on.
Mutation
Protein synthesis
offspring