General Zoology General Zoology Unit SixUnit Six

The Amniotic EggThe Amniotic Egg

All five chordate hallmark All five chordate hallmark characteristicscharacteristicsEndoskeleton of boneEndoskeleton of bone

Most are carnivores, but some are Most are carnivores, but some are herbivores or omnivoresherbivores or omnivores

Tough, leathery skin covered in Tough, leathery skin covered in scales (claws)scales (claws)

Respiration entirely with lungs Respiration entirely with lungs

Closed double looped circulatory Closed double looped circulatory system with a ventral three system with a ventral three chambered heart (one exception)chambered heart (one exception)

Regulatory ectothermsRegulatory ectotherms

Excretion through metanephric Excretion through metanephric kidneys, with uric acid as the form kidneys, with uric acid as the form of nitrogenous wasteof nitrogenous wasteNervous system of brain and dorsal Nervous system of brain and dorsal nerve cord - all five senses well nerve cord - all five senses well developed in various groupsdeveloped in various groups

Most are tetrapods Most are tetrapods

Reproduction - dioecious, internal Reproduction - dioecious, internal fertilizers that produce amniotic fertilizers that produce amniotic eggseggs

Reptilian Evolutionary PressuresReptilian Evolutionary Pressures

Water retention and conservationWater retention and conservation

Food Food capturecaptureObtaining oxygenObtaining oxygen

More efficient circulationMore efficient circulation

Limb and muscle designLimb and muscle design

Advanced sensory abilitiesAdvanced sensory abilities

ReproductionReproduction

Reptilian TaxonomyKingdom AnimaliaPhylum Chordata

Subphylum Vertebrata

Class Reptilia (7100 species)

Subclass Anapsida

Order Testudines

Ex. - Terrapene, Chelonia

Superclass Gnathostomata

Reptilian TaxonomyReptilian TaxonomyClass Reptilia (7100 species)Class Reptilia (7100 species)

Subclass DiapsidaSubclass Diapsida

Superorder LepidosauriaSuperorder Lepidosauria

Order Squamata (snakes, Order Squamata (snakes, lizards)lizards)Suborder AmphisbaeniaSuborder AmphisbaeniaEx. - Ex. - RhineuraRhineura

Suborder LacertiliaSuborder LacertiliaEx. - Ex. - Crotaphytus, Crotaphytus, SceloporusSceloporusSuborder SerpentesSuborder SerpentesEx. - Ex. - Crotalus, Crotalus, LampropeltisLampropeltis

Reptilian TaxonomyReptilian TaxonomyClass Reptilia (7100 species)Class Reptilia (7100 species)

Subclass DiapsidaSubclass Diapsida

Superorder ArchosauriaSuperorder Archosauria

Order CrocodiliaOrder CrocodiliaEx. - Ex. - Alligator, CaimanAlligator, Caiman

Order SaurischiaOrder Saurischia

Suborder Theropoda (bird Suborder Theropoda (bird ancestors)ancestors)

Subclass SynapsidaSubclass Synapsida

Order Therapsida (mammal Order Therapsida (mammal ancestors)ancestors)

General Zoology Unit Six

Objective Seven

All five chordate hallmark All five chordate hallmark characteristicscharacteristicsAnatomy highly adapted for Anatomy highly adapted for flightflight

Short body with a Short body with a disproportionately long neckdisproportionately long neck

Endoskeleton made of pneumatic Endoskeleton made of pneumatic bonesbones

Body covered with feathers (except Body covered with feathers (except lower legs)lower legs)

Paired appendages (the first pair Paired appendages (the first pair being wings)being wings)

Closed, double looped circulatory Closed, double looped circulatory system with a four chambered system with a four chambered heartheart

Respiration entirely with lungs in Respiration entirely with lungs in conjunction with air sacsconjunction with air sacs

All are homeothermic endothermsAll are homeothermic endotherms

Nervous system with dorsal brain Nervous system with dorsal brain and nerve cord - excellent sense and nerve cord - excellent sense of sight of sight

Excretion carried out by paired Excretion carried out by paired metanephric kidneys with uric acid metanephric kidneys with uric acid the form of nitrogenous waste (no the form of nitrogenous waste (no urinary bladder)urinary bladder)

Reproductively dioecious, internal Reproductively dioecious, internal fertilizers that lay amniotic eggs fertilizers that lay amniotic eggs

Avian Avian OriginsOrigins

Avian Avian OriginsOrigins

Avian OriginsAvian Origins

Avian TaxonomyAvian TaxonomyKingdom AnimaliaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataPhylum Chordata

Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata

Class Aves (9600 species)Class Aves (9600 species)

Subclass Subclass ArchaeornithesArchaeornithesEx. - Ex. - ArchaeopteryxArchaeopteryx

Superclass GnathostomataSuperclass Gnathostomata

Avian TaxonomyAvian TaxonomyClass Aves (9600 species)Class Aves (9600 species)

Subclass NeornithesSubclass Neornithes

Superorder Paleognathae Superorder Paleognathae (ratites)(ratites)Order Struthioniformes Order Struthioniformes (ostriches)(ostriches)Order Rheiformes (rheas)Order Rheiformes (rheas)

Order Casuariiformes (emus Order Casuariiformes (emus and cassowaries)and cassowaries)

Order Apterygiformes (kiwis)Order Apterygiformes (kiwis)

Avian TaxonomyAvian TaxonomyClass Aves (9600 species)Class Aves (9600 species)

Subclass NeornithesSubclass Neornithes

Superorder NeognathaeSuperorder Neognathae

Order Sphenisciformes Order Sphenisciformes (penguins)(penguins)Order Pelecaniformes Order Pelecaniformes (pelicans)(pelicans)Order Ciconiiformes (herons, Order Ciconiiformes (herons, storks)storks)Order Anseriformes (ducks, Order Anseriformes (ducks, geese)geese)Order Falconiformes (falcons, Order Falconiformes (falcons, eagles)eagles)

Avian TaxonomyAvian TaxonomyClass Aves (9600 species)Class Aves (9600 species)

Subclass NeornithesSubclass Neornithes

Superorder NeognathaeSuperorder Neognathae

Order Galliformes (chickens, Order Galliformes (chickens, turkeys)turkeys)Order Charadriiformes (gulls, Order Charadriiformes (gulls, terns)terns)Order Columbriformes (pigeons, Order Columbriformes (pigeons, doves)doves)Order Psittaciformes (parrots)Order Psittaciformes (parrots)

Order Strigiformes (owls)Order Strigiformes (owls)

Avian TaxonomyAvian TaxonomyClass Aves (9600 species)Class Aves (9600 species)

Subclass NeornithesSubclass Neornithes

Superorder NeognathaeSuperorder Neognathae

Order Apodiformes Order Apodiformes (hummingbirds)(hummingbirds)Order Piciformes Order Piciformes (woodpeckers)(woodpeckers)Order Passeriformes (perching Order Passeriformes (perching birds)birds)

Feather Feather StructuStructu

rere

Calamus

Rachis

Feather Feather TypesTypes

AdaptatioAdaptations for ns for FlightFlight

Avian Avian Wing Wing

DesignDesign

General Zoology Unit Six

Objective Sixteen

Three main causes:

Genetic

Physiological

Environmental

General Zoology Unit Six

Objective Twenty

† † 90% of all 90% of all known known species species are are monogamousmonogamous† † The other The other 10% 10% are are polygamouspolygamous

† † AltricialAltricial

† † PrecocialPrecocial

All five chordate hallmark All five chordate hallmark characteristicscharacteristicsSkin produces hair and Skin produces hair and clawsclaws

Teeth specializations for Teeth specializations for exploitation of foodexploitation of food

Endoskeleton made of boneEndoskeleton made of bone

Respiration carried out entirely by Respiration carried out entirely by lungslungs

All have a secondary palateAll have a secondary palate

Closed, double looped circulatory Closed, double looped circulatory system with a four chambered system with a four chambered heartheart

All are tetrapodsAll are tetrapods

All are homeothermic endothermsAll are homeothermic endotherms

Nervous system with dorsal brain Nervous system with dorsal brain and nerve cord - excellent sense and nerve cord - excellent sense of sight of sight

Excretion carried out by paired Excretion carried out by paired metanephric kidneys with urea the metanephric kidneys with urea the form of nitrogenous wasteform of nitrogenous waste

Reproductively dioecious, internal Reproductively dioecious, internal fertilizers with aminotic eggs and fertilizers with aminotic eggs and milk production milk production

Mammal Mammal OriginsOrigins

Mammal OriginsMammal Origins

Mammal TaxonomyMammal TaxonomyKingdom AnimaliaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataPhylum Chordata

Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata

Class Mammalia (4600 Class Mammalia (4600 species)species)Subclass PrototheriaSubclass Prototheria

Order Monotremata (oviparous Order Monotremata (oviparous mammals)mammals)

Superclass GnathostomataSuperclass Gnathostomata

Ex. – Ex. – Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus

Mammal TaxonomyMammal Taxonomy

Class Mammalia (4600 species)Class Mammalia (4600 species)

Subclass TheriaSubclass Theria

Order MarsupialiaOrder Marsupialia

Ex. - Ex. - DidelphisDidelphis

Infraclass Metatheria (viviparous Infraclass Metatheria (viviparous pouched mammals)pouched mammals)

Mammal TaxonomyMammal Taxonomy

Class Mammalia (4600 species)Class Mammalia (4600 species)

Subclass TheriaSubclass Theria

Order Insectivora Order Insectivora (shrews)(shrews)Order Chiroptera (bats)Order Chiroptera (bats)

Infraclass Eutheria (viviparous Infraclass Eutheria (viviparous placental mammals)placental mammals)

Order Primates (humans, Order Primates (humans, monkeys, apes)monkeys, apes)Order Xenarthra (armadillos, Order Xenarthra (armadillos, sloths)sloths)

Mammal TaxonomyMammal Taxonomy

Class Mammalia (4600 species)Class Mammalia (4600 species)

Subclass TheriaSubclass Theria

Order Lagomorpha (rabbits, Order Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares)hares)Order Rodentia (rats, squirrels, Order Rodentia (rats, squirrels, beavers)beavers)

Infraclass Eutheria (viviparous Infraclass Eutheria (viviparous placental mammals)placental mammals)

Order Carnivora (dogs, cats, bears, Order Carnivora (dogs, cats, bears, seals)seals)Order Proboscidea (elephants)Order Proboscidea (elephants)

Mammal TaxonomyMammal Taxonomy

Class Mammalia (4600 species)Class Mammalia (4600 species)

Subclass TheriaSubclass Theria

Order Sirenia (manatees)Order Sirenia (manatees)

Order Perissodactyla (odd toed Order Perissodactyla (odd toed ungulates)ungulates)

Infraclass Eutheria (viviparous Infraclass Eutheria (viviparous placental mammals)placental mammals)

Order Artiodactyla (even toed Order Artiodactyla (even toed ungulates)ungulates)Order Cetacea (whales, dolphins)Order Cetacea (whales, dolphins)

PelagePelage * guard hairs* guard hairs * underhairs* underhairs * vibrissae* vibrissae

Guard hairsGuard hairs * awns* awns * bristles* bristles * spines* spines

UnderhairsUnderhairs * wool * wool * fur* fur * velli* velli

Growth typesGrowth types * angora* angora * definitive* definitive

Evolution of the Mammalian Jaw Evolution of the Mammalian Jaw and Inner Earand Inner Ear

Three reproductive strategiesThree reproductive strategies * monotremes (oviparous)* monotremes (oviparous) * marsupials (pouched * marsupials (pouched viviparous)viviparous) * placentals (placental * placentals (placental viviparousviviparous)

Monotremes - egg laying Monotremes - egg laying mammals with a cloacamammals with a cloaca

Marsupials - pouched, Marsupials - pouched, viviparous mammals with a viviparous mammals with a very short gestation periodvery short gestation period

Placentals - viviparous Placentals - viviparous mammals with a long mammals with a long

gestation periodgestation period