general chemistry, 5 th ed. whitten, davis & peck
DESCRIPTION
General Chemistry, 5 th ed. Whitten, Davis & Peck. Chapter 1 Definitions Left click your mouse to continue. DIRECTIONS. This slide show presentation is designed to function like flash cards. To check your answer, and/or to move on to the next slide, simply left click your mouse. ACCURACY. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
General Chemistry, 5th ed.Whitten, Davis & Peck
Chapter 1 DefinitionsLeft click your mouse to continue.
DIRECTIONS
• This slide show presentation is designed to function like flash cards.
• To check your answer, and/or to move on to the next slide, simply left click your mouse.
ACCURACY
How closely a measured value agrees with the correct value
CALORIE
Exactly 4.184 joules.
CHEMICAL CHANGE
A change in which one or more new substances are formed. One or more
substances are used up (at least partially). Energy is absorbed or
released.
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
Properties exhibited by matter as it undergoes changes in composition.
COMPOUND
A substance composed of two or more elements in fixed proportions. Compounds can be decomposed into
their constituent elements.
DENSITY
Mass per unit volume; D = m/V
ELEMENT
A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances
by chemical means.
ENDOTHERMIC
Describes processes that absorb heat energy.
Ex: The absorption of heat is required to turn water into steam, therefore the
process is endothermic
ENERGY
The capacity to do work or transfer heat.
EXOTHERMIC
Describes processes that release heat energy.
Ex: Freezing water to make ice requires the release of heat, therefore
the process is exothermic.
EXTENSIVE PROPERTY
A property that depends upon the amount of material in a sample.
HEAT
A form of energy that flows between two samples, always flows
spontaneously from a hotter body to a colder body
HEAT CAPACITY
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a body (of
whatever mass) one degree Celsius.
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
A mixture that has uniform composition and properties
throughout.
Ex: A mixture of salt and charcoal; foggy air; vegetable soup
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
A mixture that has a uniform composition and properties
throughout; also called a solution.
Ex: Saltwater; air (free of particulate matter or mists); alloys
INTENSIVE PROPERTY
A property that is independent of the amount of material in a sample.
All chemical properties are intensive properties.
Ex: Color, Melting Point
JOULE
A unit of energy in the SI system. One joule is 1 kg*m2/s2, which is also
0.2390 calorie
KINETIC ENERGY
Energy that matter possess by virtue of its motion.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Energy cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction or in a physical change; it may be changed
from one form to another.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER
There is no detectable change in the quantity of matter during a chemical reaction or during a physical change.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER AND ENERGY
The combined amount of matter and energy available in the universe is
fixed.
LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS
Different samples of any pure compound contain the same elements in the same proportions by mass; also
known as the Law of Constant Composition
MASS
A measure of the amount of matter in an object. Mass is usually measured
in grams or kilograms.
MATTER
Anything that has mass and occupies space.
MIXTURE
A sample of matter composed of variable amounts of two or more
substances, each of which retains its identity and properties.
PHYSICAL CHANGE
A change in which a substance changes from one physical state to
another, but no substances with different compositions are formed.
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Energy that matter possess by virtue of its position, condition, or
composition.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Can be observed in the absence of any change in composition.
Ex: color, density, hardness, melting point, boiling point, and electrical and
thermal conductivities
PRECISION
How closely repeated measurements of the same quantity agree with each
other.
PROPERTIES
Characteristics that describe samples of matter. Chemical properties are
exhibited as matter undergoes chemical changes. Physical properties
are exhibited by matter with no changes in chemical composition.
SCIENTIFIC (NATURAL) LAW
A general statement based on the observed behavior of matter, to which
no exceptions are known.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Digits that indicate the precision of measurements- digits of a measured number that have uncertainty only in
the last digit.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water at the same
temperature. Dimensionless number (I.e., no units).
SPEFIC HEAT
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a
substance one degree Celsius.
SUBSTANCE
Any kind of matter all specimens of which have the same chemical
composition and physical properties.
SYMBOL
A letter or group of letters that represent (identifies) an element.
TEMPERATURE
A measure of the intensity of heat
UNIT FACTOR
A factor in which the numerator and denominator are expressed in
different units but represent the same or equivalent amounts. Multiplying
by a unit factor is the same as multiplying by one.
WEIGHT
A measure of the gravitational attraction of the earth for a body.
Equation for converting F to C
F = 1.8(C ) + 32
Equation for converting C to F
C = (F – 32)/1.8
Equation for converting C to K
K = C + 273
Equation for converting K to C
C = K - 273
Equation for Specific Heat
Specific Heat = (amount of HEAT in Joules)
(MASS in Grams)(T2 –T1 in Celsius)