GENDER ANALYSISGENDER ANALYSISGender, Women and Politics

The National Democratic Institute

INTRODUCTIONS/INTRODUCTIONS/GROUND RULESGROUND RULES

• Introductions• Ground Rules• Ice Breaker Exercise

GENDER ANALYSIS GENDER ANALYSIS OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

• To develop a basic understanding of gender analysis and its benefits

• To become familiar with gender analysis tools, approaches and data

GENDER ANALYSIS TOPICSGENDER ANALYSIS TOPICS

• What is gender analysis?• Benefits of gender analysis• Key questions• Gender analysis steps• Analysis tools• Data sources• Yemen case study

KEY TERMSKEY TERMS• Gender• Gender equality• Other terms?

Photo: Caroline Hubbard, NDI

WHAT IS GENDER WHAT IS GENDER ANALYSIS?ANALYSIS?

• Methodology for collecting and processing information about gender

• Identify roles, needs, opportunities of women AND men

• Requires information -- quantitative and qualitative

WHAT IS GENDER WHAT IS GENDER ANALYSIS?ANALYSIS?

• Explores women’s and men’s different realities and expectations

• Considers effects of interventions

• Ensures benefits and resources are effectively and equitably targeted Image: Billy Alexander, rgbstock.com

GENDER ANALYSIS GENDER ANALYSIS BENEFITSBENEFITS

• Leads to effective policies and programs and the efficient use of resources

• Equal access to resources and opportunities promotes economic development

EXAMPLE: IMMUNIZATION EXAMPLE: IMMUNIZATION PROJECT IN INDIAPROJECT IN INDIA

• Immunizations available every Tuesday

• No one came • What went wrong?

Photo: Julie McCarthy, NPR

GENDER NEUTRAL GENDER NEUTRAL POLICIES?POLICIES?

• May affect women and men differently because of differences between them

• May reinforce existing inequalities

WOMEN WOMEN ≠ ≠ HOMOGENOUSHOMOGENOUS• Gender roles and behaviors vary

across:–Cultures–Class–Ethnicity– Income–Education–Age

• Gender attributes change over time

Photo: Amy Hamelin, NDI

GENDER ANALYSIS: WHEN?GENDER ANALYSIS: WHEN?

• During all phases in program/policy cycle including: –Design– Implementation–Monitoring and evaluation

• Most effective when initiated during design phase

GENDER ANALYSIS GENDER ANALYSIS QUESTIONSQUESTIONS

• Who does what within and outside of the household?

• Who owns/controls/accesses what? • What are the institutional,

economic and social factors?

Photo: Lindsey Spinks

GENDER ANALYSIS GENDER ANALYSIS QUESTIONSQUESTIONS

• What capabilities, opportunities and powers do men and women have?

• Did you review sex-disaggregated data?

• Were women and men consulted? • Have the different needs, interests

and responsibilities been considered? • What groups are most likely to be

affected and how?

DEVELOPMENT STEPSDEVELOPMENT STEPS

Image: World Bank

Assess current situation/policies and needsCollect and analyze sex disaggregated dataEstablish a baseline

DEVELOPMENT STEPSDEVELOPMENT STEPS

Assess current situation (continued)Identify/address gapsHold consultations –Experts–Target groups

Photo: NDI

DEVELOPMENT STEPSDEVELOPMENT STEPS

Draft program/policy Expected impact on women and men Can negative impacts be overcome?

ImplementMonitor and evaluate

Identify benefits/negative impacts Solicit feedback and be responsive

EXERCISE: GENDER EXERCISE: GENDER ANALYSIS TOOLSANALYSIS TOOLS

• Gender Role Identification Use: Program design and planning Understand who does what

ACTIVITIES WOMEN MEN GIRLS BOYSProductiveReproductiveCommunity

EXAMPLE: GENDER ROLE EXAMPLE: GENDER ROLE IDENTIFICATIONIDENTIFICATION

ACTIVITIES WOMEN MEN GIRLS BOYSProductiveGardening Household gardens and

maizeWheat crops Household gardens

and maize

Livestock Care Year-roundIncome Generation

Sell extra household vegetables

Sell crops and livestock

Assist livestock/crop sales

ReproductiveWater-Related Collect water dailyFood Preparation

Lead food preparation Assist food preparation

Childcare Lead childcare Secondary caregiverMarket-Related

Shops in the market

Community Religious Activities

Sometimes attends Always attends Rarely attends Always attends

School Rarely finish primary Until secondary

GENDER ANALYSIS TOOLSGENDER ANALYSIS TOOLS• Time Use Analysis

How time is spent based on gender

roles Highlights women’s unpaid labor

Photo: Alamy

EXAMPLE: GENDER ANALYSIS EXAMPLE: GENDER ANALYSIS TOOLSTOOLS

Italy  Hours (h) Minutes

(m)/dayTask Women MenPersonal care (sleeping, eating, grooming) 11h12m 11h16mEmployment 1h52m 4h15mStudies 14m 11mDomestic work (cooking, cleaning, childcare, shopping, pet care) 5h20m 1h35mLeisure 4h6m 5h5mTravel (to/from work, leisure activities, shopping, etc.) 1h14m 1h35mUnspecified 3m 3mTotal 24h 24h

GENDER ANALYSIS TOOLSGENDER ANALYSIS TOOLS• Access, Control and Decisions Use: Program design,

implementation Understand decision-making and resource controls

ACCESS CONTROLResources

Women

Men Girls Boys Women Men Girls Boys

Land Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No

Equipment

Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No

Labor Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No NoCash Yes Yes No Sometim

esNo Yes No No

Education/ Training

No Yes No Sometimes

Yes Yes No No

GENDER ANALYSIS DATAGENDER ANALYSIS DATA

• Regional or country MDG reports• UNDP Human Development reports• State Department Human Rights

reports• World Bank reports• Donor and NGO reports

DATA ANALYSIS EXERCISEDATA ANALYSIS EXERCISE

• Review data for country

• Develop conclusions about status of women

• Identify key differences between men and women

EXAMPLE: EDUCATION EXAMPLE: EDUCATION POLICY IN YEMENPOLICY IN YEMEN

• Enrollment rate for girls to that of boys

–Basic education: 74.8%

–Secondary education: 58.8%

–University: 37.5%

• Good legal framework

• Needs of girls not addressed

EXAMPLE: EDUCATION EXAMPLE: EDUCATION POLICY POLICY

Key challenges:

1) Institutional and structural

challenges

2) Lack of access to schools

3) Poverty, social and cultural norms

EXAMPLE: EDUCATION EXAMPLE: EDUCATION POLICY POLICY

Options for increasing women teachers•Quotas•Incentives, especially in rural areas•Financial incentives for schools•Revisit university degree requirement

Photo: Faisal Darem, Al-Shorfa

EXAMPLE: EDUCATION EXAMPLE: EDUCATION POLICY POLICY

Quotas for women teachers

•Legislation does not provide for quotas

•Policy to replace departing teachers with women

•Would require close monitoring

GENDER ANALYSIS GENDER ANALYSIS EXERCISEEXERCISE

Lack of access to schools•Many children walk over an hour•Real safety risks for girls•9% of girls left because of access issues

GENDER ANALYSIS GENDER ANALYSIS EXERCISEEXERCISE

• Ensure schools are located to maximize girls’ attendance

• Expand residential schools

Photo: Luay Basil, World Food Program

GENDER ANALYSIS GENDER ANALYSIS REVIEWREVIEW• Consider roles, needs and

circumstances of women and men• Leads to better policies and

programs• Conducted throughout program• Who does what? Who controls

what?• Involve stakeholders in

consultations• Take advantage of existing data