Non-physical Obstacles to Transit Transport Selected

Routes & Measures to Remove Them

4th Expert Group Meeting on Developing Euro-Asian Transport Linkages

21-24 November 2006, Thessaloniki, Greece

Geetha KarandawalaChief

Transport Facilitation SectionTransport and Tourism Division

UNESCAP

Effective

export

competitiveness

Effective

export

competitiveness

Semi finished

goods

Globalization & Trade Related Economic Growth

Multiple

sourcingIntense

competition

Productive

capacity

Productive

capacity

Ability to

bring goods

to market

Ability to

bring goods

to market

Demanding

Buyers

High quality

Reliable delivery

Demanding

Buyers

High quality

Reliable delivery

Trade Liberalization Transport Developments

Growth in ICT

Reduced tariff

barriers

Global market

access

Countries supply capacity & competitiveness determined by Low trade transaction costs Availability, quality & costs of transport & logistics

services

Obstacles Long waiting times at border crossings Multiple inspections Inappropriate fees & formalities Unclear trade & transport rules

These obstacles constitute a major effective barrier to market access

A Favourable Environment for International Trade Transactions

Developments had been mainly in the Maritime Sector

New land transport networks Opening of land borders hold the promise of

hinterland development Need for intermodal facilities Importance of multimodal transport & logistics Non-physical obstacles to be overcome Lack of suitable tools Landlocked countries have particular concerns

but also have potential to be land-linking countries

Important Mandate – Almaty Programme of Action

A Favourable Environment for International Trade Transactions

Transport to border

Wait at border crossing/change transport mode

Transport to sea port

Wait at sea port

Sea transportDay 4

Tim

e

Day 3

Day 2

Day 1

$400

Cost

$300

$200

$100

500 km 1000 km 2000 km1500 kmDistance

Tool to efficiency of the transport routes

ESCAP time / cost analysis

Day 4

Tim

e

Day 3

Day 2

Day 1

$400

Cost

$300

$200

$100

500 km 1000 km 2000 km1500 kmDistance

Straightening the line,

Transport line

Time/Cost angle

decreasing the angle

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Lao-Thai

Lao-

Vietnam

Mongolia-

China

Mongolia-

Russia

Nepal-India

Kazakhstan-Russia

Uzbekistan-

Turkmenistan

Bo

rder

Average Maximum

Comparison of border crossing time (hours)

Comparison of border crossing time (hours)

Cost/TEU

$0

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$600

$700

Lao-Thai

Lao-Vietnam

Mongolia-China

Mongolia-Russia

Nepal-India

*Kazakhstan-Russia

*Uzbekistan-Turkmenistan

Comparison of border crossing costs

(US$ per TEU)

Comparison of border crossing costs

(US$ per TEU)

$293$155 $124

$200

$650

$131 $100

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

Moscow

TianjinUlaan baatar

8-11 November 2003

1,700 km - 75 hours 20 min.

1

22.5 km/h - 541 km/day

Vostochny

Malaszewicze

6-18 July 2004

10,350 km - 12 days 8 hours

4

35 km/h - 837 km/day

Brest

Ulaan 15-24 June 2004

7,200 km - 8 days 16 hours

3

35 km/h - 830 km/day

Almaty

Lianyungang

22-29 April 2004

5,020 km - 7 days 6 hours

2

29 km/h - 692 km/day

Implementation of Demonstration Runs Implementation of Demonstration Runs of Container Block Trainof Container Block Train

Implementation of Demonstration Runs Implementation of Demonstration Runs of Container Block Trainof Container Block Train

Assessing impact of measures

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 2000 4000 6000 8000

Distance (km)

Tim

e (

hou

rs)

Measure the efficiency of policy / infrastructure improvements

(6,798 km) Sukhbaatar

(6,778 km) Naushki

(7,200 km) Ulaanbaatar

(6,798 km) Sukhbaatar

(6,778 km) Naushki

(7,200 km) Ulaanbaatar 2004

8 days 16 hrs(demonstration run)

200215 days(statistics)

(610 km) Krasnoe

Brest

SPECA countriesSPECA countries

AlmatyBishkek

Lugovaya

Sary Agash

Tashkent

Dushanbe

Samarkand

Ashghabad

Countries in Europe

Beyneu

Aktau

BakuPoti port (Georgia)

SPECASPECA

Templates for Application of the Model in KyrgyzstanTemplates for Application of the Model in Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan - Turkey

Bishkek(Kyrgyzstan)

Kara Balta/Chaldovar(Kyrgyzstan/Kazakhstan)Alat/Farab

(Uzbekistan/Turkmenistan)

Sarahs/Sarakhs(Turkmenistan/Iran)

Gurbulak (Turkey)

Via Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan & Islamic Republic of IranVia Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan & Islamic Republic of Iran

Zhibek Zholy/Gisht Koprik(Kazakhstan/Uzbekistan)

Bazargan(Iran)

Kyrgyzstan - Turkey

Bishkek(Kyrgyzstan)

Kara Balta/Chaldovar(Kyrgyzstan/Kazakhstan)

Kotyaevka(Russian)

Port of Novorossijsk(Russia)

TurkeyTurkey

Via Kazakhstan & Russian FederationVia Kazakhstan & Russian Federation

Bishkek(Kyrgyzstan)

Kara Balta/Chaldovar(Kyrgyzstan/Kazakhstan)

Pogodaevo/Kurlin(Kazakhstan/Russian)

Moscow

Via KazakhstanVia Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan – Russian Federation

Bishkek(Kyrgyzstan)

Kara Balta/Chaldovar(Kyrgyzstan/Kazakhstan)

Chistoe/Petuhovo(Kazakhstan/Russian)

Frankfurt (Germany)

Via Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Belarus & PolandVia Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Belarus & Poland

Kyrgyzstan – GermanyKrasnoye/Asinowka

(Russian/Belarus)

Kozloviczy/Kukuryki(Belarus/Poland)

Swiecko(Poland)

Kyrgyzstan - USA

Bishkek(Kyrgyzstan)

Port of Lianyungang(China)

Almaty(Kazakhstan)

Dostyk/Alashankou(Kazakhstan/China)

USA(West Coast)

Via Kazakhstan & ChinaVia Kazakhstan & China

Georgievka/Kordai(Kyrgyzstan/Kazakhstan)

Kyrgyzstan - USA

Bishkek(Kyrgyzstan)

Port of Vladivostok(Russia)

Almaty(Kazakhstan)

Bulaevo/Isilkul(Kazakhstan/Russia)

USA(West Coast)

Via Kazakhstan & Russian FederationVia Kazakhstan & Russian Federation

Georgievka/Kordai(Kyrgyzstan/Kazakhstan)

UNESCAP-ECE QUESTIONNAIRE ON NON-PHYSICAL

OBSTACLES AT BORDER CROSSINGS General Questions

1a. In your opinion, what is the most significant source of border crossing delays?

1b. What single improvement could most reduce border crossing times?

2. Are officials at the border delegated to make all operational decisions?

3. Is all documentation required for border crossing available before reaching the border?

3a. if so, where is it available from?

4. Do procedures differ depending on the origin of the goods?

5. Do procedures differ for goods in transit?

5a. If so, please describe.

UNESCAP-ECE QUESTIONNAIRE ON NON-PHYSICAL OBSTACLES AT BORDER CROSSINGS

6. Is a customs inspection mandatory for all goods crossing the border?

6a. If not, why is this? For example, are only certain goods inspected, or are the inspections are done at inland sites?

6b. Are goods in transit also inspected?

7. Can customs documents be filed electronically before reaching the border?

8. Do you use the UN Layout Key for Trade Documents?

2004 2005

9. How many TIR Carnet de Passages en Douane were issued in 2004 and 2005?

Other Issues

UNESCAP-ECE QUESTIONNAIRE ON NON-PHYSICAL OBSTACLES AT BORDER CROSSINGS

Border Crossing Name:

Border with which country:

10. What are the hours of operation?

11. Are customs inspections carried out jointly with the neighbouring customs authority?

Maximum time Average time

12. How much time is required to process one twenty foot container or equivalently sized truck?

13. *How much of this time is attributable to:

- documentation, customs payments

- physical inspection of goods

- physical movement or transfer of goods (including transfers to other vehicles)

- other processes * NB: If this information is not easily available, you may respond: “n.a”

Route Countries Borders Ports

1 Russian Federation 1 (2) 1

2 Belarus, Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, China

4 (8) 1

3 Ukraine, Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, China

4 (8) 1

4 Romania, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, China

5 (10) 5

5 Bulgaria, Turkey, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, China

8 (16) 1

6 Russian Federation, Iran 1 (2) 3

7 Russian Federation, Belarus, Ukraine 2 (4) 2

Possible routes for Time/Cost Analysis

Route Countries Borders Ports

4 Armenia (linking Iran and Georgia) 2 (4)

4 Moldova (linking Ukraine and Ukraine)

2 (4)

4 Kyrgyzstan (linking Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan)

2 (4)

5 Tajikistan (linking Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan)

2 (4)

5 Afghanistan (linking Iran and Uzbekistan, Tajikistan)

2 (4) or 3 (6)

Possible routes for Time/Cost Analysis