g.c.s.e. wjec specification b and edexcel specification c the influence of renaissance ideas on...
TRANSCRIPT
G.C.S.E.WJEC Specification B
and
Edexcel Specification C
The influence of Renaissance ideas on medicine
Surgery: Ambroise Pare
STUDY IN DEVELOPMENT
HEALTH AND MEDICINE, c. 1345 onwards
Image courtesy of the United States National Library of Medicine
The aim of these materials is to:
* Provide a little information upon Pare’s background – the factors that influenced his development as a surgeon and his techniques within surgery
* Introduce his major works, especially The Apology
* Provide an opportunity for students to discuss some of Pare’s main achievements and ideas and debate their significance in relation to the development of surgical techniques.
** This should all be viewed in the context of The Renaissance – the changes and developments that were taking place, especially within art, science and religion.
Many thanks go to the U.S. National Library of Medicine who have allowed us to use some of the images found
upon their website
We would also like to express our thanks to Clendening, History of Medicine Library, University of Kansas Medical Centre
Click here to explore the title page of The Collected Works
of Ambroise Pare
Click here to find out more aboutRenaissance Surgery and the work of Pare
Worksheet
You could use the Whiteboard Pen and Highlighter here
Image courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
Questions
Questions:
1) What is the title of this text?
2) What does the top right hand picture show?
3) What does the top left hand picture show?
4) Why do you think that the human skeleton and figure have been placed at the centre of the title page ?
5) Describe some of the operating tools seen on this page
Image courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
Questions
Worksheet
The first edition of Pare’s Collected Works was
published in 1575.
The work was attacked by the Faculty of
Physicians – which was made up of many of
France’s most well known medical figures.
Pare had the King’s (Henry II) support
however, and the book was actually reprinted
three times before Pare’s death in 1590.
Click here to explore the title page of Pare’s Collected Works in more detail.
Image courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1.
Explore the illustration by
clicking on areas that you would like to know more
about.
2.
When you have finished taking notes complete the
extension activity by
clicking on the button below
Image courtesy of the U.S. National Library of
Medicine
Click here when you think you know
Try and work out what the text within the boxed off
section says
TheWorks
of the famousSurgeon
Ambose Parey (Ambroise Pare)Translated out of
Latin and compared with the French
Try and work out what the text within the boxed off
section says
Click here when you think you know
What does the picture show?
Why do you think that it has been added to this medical text?
Many of Pare’s publications refer to
abnormalities
(something that is not normal)
and malformations
(something that has not formed correctly).
In one text in particular entitled Les
Monsters, Pare describes cases of
abnormalities in detail. Many of the
descriptions appear to be exaggerated,
either springing from popular myth or
Pare’s own imagination. Pare describes
different beasts and how many creatures
could take on the characteristics (features
and actions) of different animals.
What type of surgical instruments can you see?
What do you think each instrument was used for?
Tools of the Surgeons trade.
* Knives to open and split flesh
* Forceps to pull the flesh apart and to extract parts of the body
* Saws for cutting through bone
* Hammers for driving in instruments or breaking bone
* A needle and thread for sewing up wounds
Pare maintained that the patient should gather strength before an
amputation by eating ‘meats, yolks of eggs, and bread toasted and dipped in
wine’. A ligature should then be tied above the area where the operation
(cutting) is to take place. The flesh should then be cut with a sharp,
preferably crooked knife down to the bone. You then saw through the bone
with a small saw (one foot and three inches long), then smooth the front of
the bone with a file, or some same instrument. Click here for more information upon amputation
Pare maintained that you should only cut
away what is necessary – the diseased or
infected area of the body. Pare also advised
that the veins and arteries be allowed to
bleed a little before being tied up as quickly
as possible. Pare used a crows beak (which
looks like a set of crooked pliers) to pull out
the arteries and veins. He then used a
double silk thread to tie them off.
Pare had, before developing this method,
used hot irons to seal the wound and stop the
bleeding. But, as he states in Of
Amputations, which appeared in his
Collected Works, he was troubled by the
‘great and tormenting pain’ that this caused
patients.He left ‘this old and too cruel way of healing and embraced the new
’.
Courtesy of the Clendening History of Medicine Library, University of Kansas Medical
Centre
What do you think Pare is doing here?
What can you find around the room to support your theory?
People had mixed herbs and plants to create
ointments and medicines for thousands of years
before The Renaissance. Apothecaries opened shops
and sold these mixtures that were often based upon
remedies that had been handed down over
generations.
Courtesy of the Clendening History of Medicine Library,
University of Kansas Medical Centre
Plants that were made into a plaster and applied
for joint pain.
Tinctures (liquid made with alcohol), Poultices
(solids mixed into a paste and applied to wounds
and bruises) and Infusions (boiling water poured
over leaves or flowers) were all used by
apothecaries. Pare himself mixed together Rose Oil,
Turpentine and Egg Yolk into an ointment which he
applied to gunshot wounds, instead of using the
traditional method of cauterising, or burning the
wound with hot oil.
What do you think these instruments are used for?
Courtesy of the Clendening,History of Medicine Library,
University of Kansas Medical Centre
The Renaissance was a time of
experimentation and discovery. The
mixing of herbs and different
substances was not new, but the
technology throughout The
Renaissance allowed for new
methods of heating, mixing and
purifying liquids to be used.
What do you think the picture above shows?
What could it have been used for?
What kind of operation are the surgeons performing here?
Trepanning, or trephining is when a circular
disk of the skull (cranium) is removed. This
was usually done in the Renaissance to
relieve pressure on the brain. In The Middle
Ages it was thought that trephining could
cure madness.
In the Renaissance many doctors thought
that this surgical process could cure
recurring migraines (headaches). A hand
drill and/or circular saw was used to
complete the process.Images to the left:
Buch der Cirurgia Hantwirckung der Wundartzny, Hieronymus Brunschwig, 1525
Courtesy of the Clendening History of Medicine Library,
University of Kansas Medical Centre
Trepanning equipment as illustrated in one of Pare’s publications. The
instrument worked in the same way as a hand drill. As the handle was turned
so the ‘bit’ at the end would spin and cut into the cranium.
Courtesy of the Clendening History of
Medicine Library, University of
Kansas Medical Centre
Why do you think that the images of the human body have been added to the cover of this text?
Vesalius had mapped out the human body and
provided a complete human anatomy by 1543 with
the publication of the Fabric of the Human Body.
Knowledge of the structure of the body is
invaluable to surgeons whose job it is to repair the
body. Many surgeons still relied upon descriptions
of anatomy given by Galen and other ‘earlier’
anatomists, yet many were willing to accept new
descriptions of the structure of the body, written by
anatomists who had and were carrying out many
human dissections.
Pare appreciated the need to test and prove a
theory and to share those theories with others.
This illustrates the Renaissance attitude of
many doctors and scientists of the time.
Andreas Vesalius had accurately
illustrated the body layer by layer.
Surgeons made great use of these
illustrations and referred to drawings that
depicted likely areas of infection and
malformation.
In this way they were able to better
operate on areas of the body where
tumours, growths and abnormalities
formed. By knowing what lay beneath
bone, skin and tissue, surgeons could
perform more accurate surgery and repair the body afterwards
in a much more efficient way. Students of surgery could also
study surgical methods before, during and after lectures and
dissections.
I was born in France in 1510. My
father was a Barber Surgeon and I
followed in his footsteps by training
as a Barber Surgeon myself in 1533.
However, in 1534 I became surgeon
to the Hotel-Dieu, the only public
hospital in the whole of France. I left
the Hotel-Dieu in 1537 to become a
military surgeon. It was during this
time that I learnt a lot about surgery
as I had to deal with many terrible
wounds – often caused by muskets.
In 1552 I was appointed surgeon to
King Henri II of France. I now had
official royal approval for my work
and continued to write medical
texts. In 1545 I published my first
work upon the Method of Treating
Wounds.
In 1575 my Collected Works was
published and in 1585 The Apology
and Treatise of Ambroise Pare.
This last text was based upon my
own life experience and the
methods of treatment I had adopted
.
I was born in France in 1510. My
father was a Barber Surgeon and I
followed in his footsteps by training
as a Barber Surgeon myself in 1533.
However, in 1534 I became surgeon
to the Hotel-Dieu, the only public
hospital in the whole of France. I left
the Hotel-Dieu in 1537 to become a
military surgeon. It was during this
time that I learnt a lot about
surgery as I had to deal with many
terrible wounds – many caused by
muskets.
Extension:
Describe and explain the connection between the images in your own words.
(What do they tell you about Pare’s work?)
Your
Thoughts