gatot trimulyadi= chitin and chitosan
DESCRIPTION
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF IRRADIATED CHITOSAN IN INDONESIAGatot Trimulyadi Rekso Center for Research and Development of Isotopes and Radiation TechnologiesNational Nuclear Energy Agency, Jakarta, IndonesiaTRANSCRIPT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF IRRADIATED CHITOSAN IN INDONESIA
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso
Center for Research and Development of Isotopes and Radiation TechnologiesNational Nuclear Energy Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is the world's largest archipelago with around 13,000 islands, of which 6.000
are inhabited, and occupies a 5,100-km stretch from the Indian to the Pacific Ocean.
With a total land area of almost 195 million hectares, it is the largest member country of
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the most important country
in Asia regarding of ocean and lands those rich of natural polymer material.
Center for Research and Development of Isotopes and Radiation Technologies (PATIR)
which was established in December 20, 1966 the Pasar Jumat Atomic Energy Research
Complex,
Shell seafood waste such as prawn shell, crabs shells are abundantly found in Indonesia.
Utilization of the fishery waste mentioned above to be useful product is suggested not
only to recycle the fishery waste but also to reduce the environmental pollution and to
improve the economic situation such as to preparing of the field employee occupation,
to bring socio-economic benefit...
The remarkable rapid and successful expansion of prawn processing industry in
Indonesia suggests the possibility of utilizing prawn-processing waste as raw material
for the manufacture of many valuable products such as chitin and chitosan. The last
news about production shrimps in Indonesia an official of the Directorate General of
Fishery affairs, M. Rahmat Ibrahim said in Semarang, Central Java, August 31, 2006
(ANTARA News) - Indonesia’s shrimp production in 2006 had been projected at
350,000 tons, consisting of 110,000 tons of tiger prawn and 240 thousand tons of
"vaname" shrimps. The shrimp producing areas are located in 27 provinces, Some
150,500 hectares of land, comprising 93,500 hectares for tiger prawn and 57,000
hectares for "vaname" shrimps were needed to reach the projected shrimps production,
Rahmat said, adding that the shrimp business would absorb some 194,316 workers.
THE RESEARCH HAVE BEEN DONE
1. Study on irradiation of condition chitosan for growth promoter of red chili
(Capcinum Annum ) plant
ABSTRACT
Studies on irradiation of chitosan as growth promoters of red chili (Capcinum Annum)
plant have been done. Chitosan with 80, 5 % degree of deacetylation was irradiated in
dry solid, wet and aqueous solution at a dose of 50 kGy by gamma ray from Co-60
source. The irradiated chitosan was dissolved in 300 mL of water. The solution that
contains concentration of 50 ppm chitosan was sprayed to red chili plant three times a
week for each plant. The result showed that irradiation of chitosan in an aqueous
solutions give the highest decreasing of molecule weight from 1. 5740 104 become
0.7450 104 . Irradiation of chitosan in dry solid conditions gives the highest degree of
height growth of plant to 50.2 % and the degree of growth promotion to 92.6 %. The
field data of using irradiated chitosan for red chili plant shows of the increase in
production yield was around 60 % higher than without using irradiated chitosan.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Irradiated chitosan as growth promoter of red chili plant
Table 1 illustrated the effect of irradiated chitosan at different condition of chitosan during
irradiation on red chili plant growth .
Table 1. Effect of condition of chitosan when irradiated on height of red chili plants after 3 month
No
Condition
of chitosan
when
irradiated
at 50 kGy
Height of plants (cm) Average
height of
plants (cm)
Growth of height
of the plant
degree (%)
Plant number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
2
3
4
Non
irradiated
Dry
Wet
Liquid
34 36 35 37 33 34 35 39 34 34
50 56 58 60 52 53 52 55 52 53
42 48 50 56 57 58 55 52 59 40
48 42 44 50 42 43 44 40 42 40
35,1 1,34
54,1 2,72
51,7 5,96
43,5 2,40
18,2
82,1
74,0
46,4
Control (without
chitosan )
32 28 33 29 27 29 29 28 32 30 29,7 1,12 0
The data shows in Table 1 clearly demonstrated that the irradiated chitosan can
effectively help developing of height of the plants faster than that of without irradiation
(0 kGy) and control (without chitosan).
In this experiment, chitosan with condition of dry solid state when irradiated was the
most effective as red chili plant growth compare with wet and liquid chitosan. It was
because when chitosan irradiated in liquid or wet state radical occurs from radiolysis of
water damaged the active side of chitosan .
Table 2. Illustrated the effect of different condition of chitosan when irradiated as
growth promoter for red chili plants .
Table 2. Growth promotion degree of irradiation chitosan on red chili plants
No Condition of
chitosan when
irradiated at 50
kGy
Average dry weight of chili plants (g) Growth promotion
degree (%)
1
2
3
4
non irradiated
dry
wet
liquid
21,2
30,8
27,2
24,5
69,6
146,4
117,6
96,0
Control (without chitosan): 12,5 0,0
Results in table 2. Showed the remarkable effect of the growth promotion of the
irradiated chitosan on red chili plants. In the dry condition of chitosan when irradiated
attained the highest increase of growth promotion degree (146,4%). The marked lower of
growth promotion degree of chitosan when irradiated in liquid or wet state compare with
dry condition, because the radicals form from radiolysis of water damaged the site
active of functional group chitosan.
2. THE FIELD TEST AND ECONOMIC ANALISYS FOR TOMATO PLANT.
The main problem of tomato farm level is low yield compared to potential production.
Objective of the research was to increasing of the yield production of tomato with more
short time of harvest by using treatment with irradiated chitosan and waste of chitin
process. The field test was conducted at Cianjur, West Java, from October 2007 to May
2008.
Randomized complete block design was used with two replication. The were two method
treatment packaged was used. First is farmer packaged technology as usually and second
by irradiated chitosan method.
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Table 1. Treatment of farmer packaged and irradiated chitosan packaged for area 1Ha
No Treatment and Fertilizer Farmer packaged Irradiated chitosan packaged
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
7
Seedling
Block for planting
Distance between plant
Fertilizer Used
-Urea
-ZA
-KCl
Irradiated chitosan
Waste of chitin process
Fungicide
Insecticide
3 week
110 cm x 600 cm (24
plants/block)
70 cm x 50 cm
100 kg
300 kg
100 kg
-
-
2 L
10 L
2 week
110 cm x 600 cm (24
plants/block)
70 cm x 50 cm
50 kg
150 kg
50 kg
100 L
200 L
-
5 L
The total crop of the harvest of potato using irradiated chitosan and waste of chitin process
compare with common method by the farmer packaged technology shows in Table 2.
The yield of the harvest was divide to two quality results, firs the big fruit with weight more than
40 g/ fruit and second the small-medium fruit if the weight of the fruit less than 40 g/fruit.
Table 2. The total crops of the harvest using irradiated chitosan + chitin waste
process compare with commons method by the farmer for area 1 Ha
No Treatment-Packaged Yield of big size
fruit (t/ha)
Yield of small-
medium size fruit
(t/ha)
Total yield
of harvest
(t/ha)
1
2
The farmer packaged
technology
Irradiated chitosan packaged
technology
20.76
37.27
20.09
17.86
40.85
55.13
5
As can be seen in Table 4. The combination of irradiated chitosan and waste of chitin showed
strong effect of total yield of the harvest tomato plant. Visual observation shows that roots and
leaves were found to develop at a faster rate . Results of field test showed that by spraying water
contents of dry state irradiated chitosan made the productivity increase around of 35 %.
Economic Analysis for tomato plants.
There are three part of cost for production cost for cultivation of tomato plant:
1. Cost for land preparation
2. Cost for seedling and plantation
3. Cost for take care of the plans and harvesting
A. PRODUCTION COST (1ha)
1. Cost for land preparation for area 1 ha.
No Items
Cost (Rp)
Farmer common
packaged
technology
Irradiated`Chitosan
packaged
technology
1
2
3
4
5
6
Land cleaning
Preparation of block for planting
Lime applied 1000 kg x Rp200,-
Labor for lime applied (2 xRp50.000,-)
Base fertilizer 20.000 kg x Rp 100,-
Labor for base fertilizer 6 x Rp50.000,-
Rp. 500.000,-
Rp. 800.000,-
Rp. 200.000,-
Rp. 100.000,-
Rp.2.000.000,-
Rp. 300.000,-
Rp. 500.000,-
Rp. 800.000,-
Rp. 200.000,-
Rp. 100.000,-
Rp.2.000.000,-
Rp. 300.000,-
Total cost for land preparation Rp.3.900.000,- Rp.3.900.000,-
2. Cost for seedling and plantation
6
No Items
Cost (Rp)
Farmer
common
packaged
technology
Irradiated`Chitosan
packaged
technology
1
2
3
4
Tomato seeds (250 gr)
Poly bag plastic 15 kg x Rp 15.000,-
Covering plastic 75 m x Rp.5000,-
Labor for seedling and plantation 3
person x 5 days x Rp.50.000,-
Rp.300.000,-
Rp.225.000,-
Rp.375.000,-
Rp.750.000,-
Rp.300.000,-
Rp.225.000,-
Rp.375.000,-
Rp.750.000,-
Total Cost for seedling and plantation Rp.1.650.000,- Rp.1.650.000,-
3. Cost for take care of the plants for 4 months and harvesting
No Items
Cost (Rp)
Farmer common
packaged
technology
Irradiated Chitosan
packaged
technology
1
2
3
Bamboo for sustain of plant 100 piece x
Rp5000,-
Fertilizer :
- NPK: 300 x Rp.6000,-
- KCl : 100 x Rp.5.000,-
- Urea : 100 kg x Rp.6000,-
- Leaf . Fert 10 kg x Rp15.000,-
Rp. 500.000,-
Rp. 1.800.000,-
Rp. 500.000,-
Rp. 600.000,-
Rp. 150.000,-
Rp. 500.000,-
Rp. 900.000,- (half)
Rp 250.000,_(half)
Rp 300.000,- (half)
-
7
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Irradiated Chitosan : 100 L x Rp30.000,-/ L
Chitin waste : 200 L x Rp 1200,-
Insecticide : 10 L x Rp.150.000,-
Fungicide : 30 kg x Rp.50.000,-
Bactericide : 1 kg x Rp.500.000,-
Labor : 5 person x 4 month x
Rp.500.000/month
Machinery (Sprayer, bucketed)
-
-
Rp. 1.500.000,-
Rp. 1.500.00,-
Rp. 500.000,-
Rp.10.000.000,-
Rp. 2.000.000,-
Rp .3.000.000,-
Rp. 240.000,-
Rp 750.000,-
-
-
Rp.10.000.000,-
Rp. 2.000.000,-
Cost for take care of the plans and harvesting
Rp 19.050.000 Rp. 17.940.000
4. Total production cost
Farmer common
packaged technology
Irradiated Chitosan
packaged technology
Cost (1) + (2) + (3) Rp. 24.600.000,- Rp.23.490.000,-
Miscellaneous expense (10%) Rp. 2.460.000,- Rp. 2.349.000,-
Total Production Cost Rp. 22.140.000,- Rp.21.141.000,-
B. YIELD OF THE CROP SALES CALCULATION
No Treatment-
Packaged
Sales of big size
fruit (Rupiah)
Sales of small-medium
size fruit (Rupiah)
Total Sales of
total harvest
(Rupiah)
1
2
Farmer common
packaged technology
Irradiated Chitosan
packaged technology
20,760 kg x Rp 2500,-
= Rp 51.900.000,-
37,270 kg x Rp 2500,-
= Rp 93.175.000
20,090kg x Rp 1750,- =
Rp 35.157.500
17,860 kg x Rp 1750,- =
Rp 31.255.000
Rp. 87.057.500
Rp124.430.000
C. PROFIT ANALYSIS
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Profit analysis = Sales – Total production cost
Farmer common
packaged technology
Irradiated Chitosan packaged
technology
Sales Rp. 87.057.500,- Rp 124.430.000,-
Total Production Cost Rp. 22.140.000,- Rp. 21.141.000,-
Profit Rp. 64.917.500,- Rp.103.289.000,-
D. BREAK EVENT POINT (BEP).
BEP = Total Production Cost Total Plant
Farmer common
packaged technology
Irradiated Chitosan packaged
technology
Total Production Cost Rp. 22.140.000,- Rp. 21.141.000,-
Total Plant 15,000 15,000
BEP Rp. 1.476,- Rp. 1.409,-
E. RETURN OF INVESTMENT ( ROI)
ROI (%) = Net Profit x 100% Total Prod. Cost
Farmer common
packaged technology
Irradiated Chitosan packaged
technology
Net Profit Rp. 64.917.500,- Rp.103.289.000,-
Total Production Cost Rp. 22.140.000,- Rp. 21.141.000,-
ROI (%) 293.21 488.57
F. BENEFIT COST RATIO (B/C)
B/C = Total Sales
9
Total Prod. Cost
Farmer common
packaged technology
Irradiated Chitosan packaged
technology
Total Sales Rp. 87.057.500,- Rp 124.430.000,-
Total Production Cost Rp. 22.140.000,- Rp. 21.141.000,-
B/C 3.93 5.88
Conclusion
The result shows that by using of irradiated chitosan packaged technology give more
profit almost twice compare using Farmer common packaged technology and ROI, B/C
shows a better value that mean have a better prospect for cultivation of tomato plant.
The BEP value of using Irradiated Chitosan packaged technology was Rp. 1.409,- and by
using Farmer common packaged technology was Rp. 1.476,-
THE RESEARCH STILL IS DOING.
Study on oligo chitosan as additive for food preservation : Tofu, fish ball and noodles.
The first step we study of antimicrobial activity of chitosan .
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY TESTS OF CHITOSAN.
Antimicrobial activity tests were done by measuring the minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of chitosan.
Microorganism was used in this experiment are Escherechia coli and Salmonella thypi by
concentration 108 cfu/ml. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory (MIC) of
chitosan to Escherechia coli and Salmonella thypi are between 100 – 300 μg/ml
chitosan.and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of chitosan to Escherechia
coli and Salmonella thypi are 1000 to 1200μg/ml. MIC and MBC of the chitosan depend
on the initial concentration of acetic acid are used in this experiment.
Table 1. Effect of chitosan concentration and acetic acid on the concentration of bacteria.
10
Bacteri
aChitosan
(%)Acetic acid(%)
MIC(µg/ml)
MBC(µg/ml)
Begining Suspensioncolony/ml
Ending Suspensioncolony/ml
E.coli 1 0,65 100 600 109 0E.coli 0,2 0,15 300 800 108 <10
S. thypi 1 0,65 100 800 108 102
S.thypi 0,5 03 275 >1000 1010 102
Table 2.The observation of the muddiness on the the several Blanco sample
BakteriaChitosan + media TSB
Acetic Acid 0,65% + TSB
media
Acetic Acid0,15% + TSB
media
Acetic Acid0,3% + TSB
mediaE.coli + - + +E.coli + - + +
S. thypi + - + +S.thypi + - + +
Picture1.
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Picture 2.
Picture 3.
Pictures 1, 2 and 3. Quantitative Antimicrobial activity test of Escherichia coli and
Salmonella thypi bacteria by dilution method.
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