Galileo (satellite navigation) 1

Galileo (satellite navigation)

Galileo logo

Galileo is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) currently beingbuilt by the European Union (EU) and European Space Agency (ESA).The €20 billion project is named after the famous Italian astronomerGalileo Galilei. One of the political aims of Galileo is to provide ahigh-accuracy positioning system upon which European nations canrely, independently from the Russian GLONASS and US GPS systemswhich can be disabled for commercial users in times of war orconflict.[1]

When in operation, it will use two ground operations centres, nearMunich, Germany and in Fucino, Italy. The system was initiallyexpected to become operational by 2012, but that date has beenrepeatedly moved back. As of 2011, initial service is expected around2014 and completion by 2019.[2]

Galileo will be a free service. It is intended to provide horizontal and vertical positions measurements withmetre-class precision, and better positioning services at high latitudes than GPS and GLONASS. As a further feature,Galileo will provide a global Search and Rescue (SAR) function. To do so, each satellite will be equipped with atransponder, which is able to transfer the distress signals from the user's transmitter to the Rescue Co-ordinationCentre, which will then initiate the rescue operation. At the same time, the system will provide a signal to the user,informing them that their situation has been detected and that help is on the way. This latter feature is new and isconsidered a major upgrade compared to the existing GPS and GLONASS navigation systems, which do not providefeedback to the user.[3] The use of basic (low-accuracy) Galileo services will be free and open to everyone. Thehigh-accuracy capabilities will be available for paying commercial users and for military use.

The first satellites will bear the names of eleven-year-old Thijs from Belgium and nine-year- old Natalia fromBulgaria who are the first winners of the European Comission's Galileo children's drawing competition. Competitionwinners from the remaining 25 Member States will name the satellites which will be launched until 2019.[4]

HistoryIn 1999, the different concepts (from Germany, France, Italy and the United Kingdom) for Galileo were comparedand reduced to one by a joint team of engineers from all four countries. The first stage of the Galileo programme wasagreed upon officially on 26 May 2003 by the European Union and the European Space Agency. The system isintended primarily for civilian use, unlike the United States system, which the U.S. military runs and uses on aprimary basis. The U.S. reserves the right to limit the signal strength or accuracy of GPS, or to shut down publicGPS access completely, so that only the U.S. military and its allies would be able to use it in time of conflict. Until2000, the precision of the signal available to non-U.S.-military users was limited (due to a timing pulse distortionprocess known as selective availability). The European system will only be subject to shutdown for military purposesin extreme circumstances. It will be available at its full precision to both civil and military users.The European Commission had some difficulty funding the project's next stage, after several allegedly "per annum" sales projection graphs for the project were exposed in November 2001 as "cumulative" projections (which for each year projected, necessarily included all previous years of sales). The attention that was brought to this multi-billion euro exponentially growing error in sales forecasts resulted in a general awareness in the Commission and elsewhere that the program did not have near the return on investment that had been presented to the investors and decision-makers up until that point.[5] Additionally, following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the United States Government wrote to the European Union opposing the project, arguing that it would end the ability of the United

Galileo (satellite navigation) 2

States to shut down satellite navigation in times of military operations. On 17 January 2002 a spokesman for theproject stated that, as a result of U.S. pressure and economic difficulties, "Galileo is almost dead."[6] A few monthslater, however, the situation changed dramatically. Partially in reaction to the pressure exerted by the U.S.Government, European Union member states decided it was important to have a satellite-based positioning andtiming infrastructure that the US could not easily turn off in times of political conflict.[7]

The European Union and the European Space Agency agreed in March 2002 to fund the project, pending a review in2003 (which was finalised on 26 May 2003). The starting cost for the period ending in 2005 is estimated at€1.1 billion. The required satellites (the planned number is 30) will be launched throughout the period 2006–2010and the system will be up and running and under civilian control from 2010. The final cost is estimated at €3 billion,including the infrastructure on Earth, which is to be constructed in the years 2006 and 2007. The plan was for privatecompanies and investors to invest at least two-thirds of the cost of implementation, with the EU and ESA dividingthe remaining cost. An encrypted higher-bandwidth Commercial Service with improved accuracy would be availableat an extra cost, with the base Open Service freely available to anyone with a Galileo-compatible receiver. Costs forthe project have run 50% over initial estimates.[8]

In June 2004, in a signed agreement with the United States, the European Union agreed to switch to a modulationknown as BOC(1,1) (Binary Offset Carrier 1.1) allowing the coexistence of both GPS and Galileo, and the futurecombined use of both systems. The European Union also agreed to address the "mutual concerns related to theprotection of allied and U.S. national security capabilities."[9]

The first experimental satellite, GIOVE-A, was launched in 2005 and was followed by a second test satellite,GIOVE-B, launched in 2008. The first four operational satellites for navigation will be launched in 2011 and oncethis In-Orbit Validation (IOV) phase has been completed, additional satellites will be launched. On 30 November2007 the 27 EU transportation ministers involved reached an agreement that it should be operational by 2013,[10] butlater press releases suggest it was delayed to 2014.[11]

Early 2007, the EU had yet to decide how to pay for the system and the project was said to be "in deep crisis" due tolack of more public funds.[12] German Transport Minister Wolfgang Tiefensee was particularly doubtful about theconsortium's ability to end the infighting at a time when only one testbed satellite had been successfully launched.Although a decision was yet to be reached, on 13 July 2007[13] EU countries discussed cutting €548m ($755m,£370m) from the union's competitiveness budget for the following year and shifting some of that cash to other partsof the financing pot, a move that could meet part of the cost of the union's Galileo satellite navigation system.European Union research and development projects could be scrapped to overcome a funding shortfall.In November 2007, it was agreed to reallocate funds from the EU's agriculture and administration budgets[14] and tosoften the tendering process in order to invite more EU companies.[15]

In April 2008, the EU transport ministers approved the Galileo Implementation Regulation. This allowed the €3.4bnto be released from the EU's agriculture and administration budgets.[16] This will allow the issuing of contracts tostart construction of the ground station and the satellites.In June 2009, the European Court of Auditors published a report, pointing out governance issues, substantial delaysand budget overruns that led to project stalling in 2007, leading to further delays and failures.[17]

In October 2009, the European Commission cut the number of satellites from 28 to 22, with plans to order theremaining six at a later time. It also announced that the first OS, PRS and SoL signal will be available in 2013 andthe CS and SOL sometime later. Current budget for 2006-2013 period planned for €3.4 billion was also consideredas insufficient.[18] The think tank Open Europe has estimated the total cost of Galileo from start to completion, andthen running it over a 20 year period, at a €22.2 billion, which will be borne entirely by taxpayers. Under theoriginal estimates (from 2000) this cost would have been €�7.7 billion, of which only €2.6 billion was to be borneby taxpayers and the rest by private investors.[19]

In November 2009, a ground station for Galileo was inaugurated near Kourou (French Guiana).[20]

Galileo (satellite navigation) 3

The launch of the first four in-orbit validation (IOV) satellites is currently planned for the 2nd half of 2011, while thelaunch of full operational capability (FOC) satellites is planned to start in late 2012.As of March 2010 it was verified that the budget for Galileo would only be available to provide the 4 IOV and 14FOC satellites by 2014, with no funds currently committed to bring the constellation above this 60% capacity.[21]

Paul Verhoef, the then current satellite navigation program manager at the European Commission indicated that thislimited funding would have serious consequences commenting at one point "To give you an idea, that would meanthat for three weeks in the year you will not have satellite navigation" in reference to the currently proposed 18vehicle constellation.In July 2010 the European Commission estimated further delays and additional costs of the project to grow up to€1.5-€1.7 billion and moved the estimated date of completion to 2018. After it's completed, the system will need tobe subsidized by governments at €750 million per year.[22] An additional €1.9 billion was planned to be spentbringing the system up to the full complement of 30 satellites (27 operational + 3 active spares).[8] [23]

In December 2010 EU ministers in Brussels have voted Prague (Czech Republic) as the headquarters of the Galileoproject.[24] In January 2011, infrastructure costs up to 2020 were estimated at €5.3 billion. In that same month,Wikileaks revealed the opinion of CEO of German satellite company OHB-System, Berry Smutny. He is quotedsaying that Galileo "is a stupid idea that primarily serves French interests".[25] The BBC understands 500m euros(£440m) will become available to make the extra purchase, taking Europe's version of GPS from 18 operationalsatellites in the next few years to 24.[26]

First two Galileo In-Orbit Validation satellites will be launched by Soyuz flown from French Guiana in October2011[27]

International involvementIn September 2003, China joined the Galileo project. China was to invest €230 million (USD 302 million, GBP 155million, CNY 2.34 billion) in the project over the following years.[28]

In July 2004, Israel signed an agreement with the EU to become a partner in the Galileo project.[29]

On 3 June 2005 the EU and Ukraine signed an agreement for Ukraine to join the project, as noted in a pressrelease.[30]

As of November 2005, Morocco also joined the programme.On 12 January 2006, South Korea joined the programme.In November 2006, China abandoned the programme and decided to develop an independent global navigationsystem: Beidou navigation system.[31]

On 30 November 2007, the 27 member states of the European Union unanimously agreed to move forward with theproject, with plans for bases in Germany and Italy. Spain did not approve during the initial vote, but approved it laterthat day. This greatly improves the viability of the Galileo project: "The EU's executive had previously said that ifagreement was not reached by January 2008, the long-troubled project would essentially be dead."[32]

On 3 April 2009, Norway too joined the programme pledging €68.9 million toward development costs and allowingits companies to bid for the construction contracts. Norway while not a member of the EU is a member of theESA.[33]

Galileo (satellite navigation) 4

Political implications of Galileo project

Tension with the United States

Letter from Paul Wolfowitz to the Ministers of the EU statesfrom December 2001 as part of the US-lobbying campaign

against Galileo

Galileo is intended to be an EU GNSS civilian system thatallows all users access to it. GPS is a US GNSS militarysystem that provides location signals that have high accuracyto US military users, while also providing somewhat accuratelocation signals to others. The GPS had the capability to blockthe "civilian" signals while still being able to use the"military" signal (M-band). A primary motivation for theGalileo project was international concern that the US coulddeny others access to GPS during political disagreements.[7]

Since Galileo was designed to provide the highest possibleaccuracy (possibly even greater than GPS) to anyone, the USwas concerned that an enemy could use Galileo signals inmilitary strikes against the US (some weapons like missilesuse GNSS systems for guidance). The frequency initiallychosen for Galileo would have made it impossible for the USto block the Galileo signals without also interfering with theirown GPS signals. The US did not want to lose their GNSScapability with GPS while denying enemies the use of GNSS.Some US officials became especially concerned whenChinese interest in Galileo was reported.[34]

Some US officials have threatened to shoot down Galileosatellites in the event of a major conflict in which Galileo wasused in attacks against American forces.[35] The EU's stance isthat Galileo is a neutral technology, available to all countriesand everyone. At first, EU officials did not want to change their original plans for Galileo, but have since reached acompromise, that Galileo was to use a different frequency. This allowed the blocking/jamming of one GNSS systemwithout affecting the other, giving the US a greater advantage in conflicts in which it has the electronic warfareupper hand.[36] However, the frequency difference also makes it possible to jam the GPS without affecting theGalileo.

Galileo (satellite navigation) 5

GPS and Galileo

Comparison of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo andCompass (medium earth orbit satellites)satellite navigation system orbits with the

International Space Station orbit, the HubbleSpace Telescope orbit, Geostationary Earth Orbit

and the nominal size of the Earth. The Moon'sorbit is 9.1 times larger (in radius and length)

than geostationary orbit.[37]

One of the reasons given for developing Galileo as an independentsystem was that GPS is widely used worldwide for civilianapplications, which until 2000 had Selective Availability (SA) enabled(and could be re-enabled). This could intentionally render the locationsgiven via GPS inaccurate. Galileo's proponents argued that civilinfrastructure, including aeroplane navigation and landing, should notrely solely upon GPS.

On May 2, 2000, SA was disabled by the then President of the UnitedStates Bill Clinton, and in late 2001, the entity managing the GPSconfirmed that they never intend to enable selective availabilityagain.[38] Though Selective Availability still exists, on 19 September2007, the US Department of Defense announced that the new GPSsatellites will not be capable of implementing SelectiveAvailability.[39] This means the wave of Block IIF satellites launchedin 2009 (and all subsequent GPS satellites) do not support SA. As oldsatellites are replaced in the GPS modernization program, SA willcease to exist. The modernization programme also containsstandardized features that allow GPS III and Galileo systems tointer-operate, allowing a new receiver to utilise both systems toimprove accuracy. By combining GPS and Galileo, it can create an even more accurate GNSS system.

Final system description

Galileo satellites

• 30 in-orbit spacecraft (including 3 spares)• orbital altitude: 23,222 km (MEO)• 3 orbital planes, 56° inclination, ascending nodes separated by 120° longitude (9 operational satellites and one

active spare per orbital plane)• satellite lifetime: >12 years• satellite mass: 675 kg• satellite body dimensions: 2.7 m x 1.2 m x 1.1 m• span of solar arrays: 18.7 m• power of solar arrays: 1,500 W (end of life)

Services

The Galileo system will have five main services:• Open Access Navigation: This will be 'free to air' and for use by the mass market; Simple timing and positioning

down to 1 metre.• Commercial Navigation (Encrypted): High accuracy to the centimetre; Guaranteed service for which service

providers will charge fees.• Safety Of Life Navigation: Open service; For applications where guaranteed accuracy is essential; Integrity

messages will warn of errors.

Galileo (satellite navigation) 6

• Public Regulated Navigation (Encrypted): Continuous availability even in time of crisis; Government agencieswill be main users.

• Search And Rescue: System will pick up distress beacon locations; Feasible to send feedback, confirming help ison its way.

Other secondary services will also be available.

The conceptEach satellite will have two types of atomic clocks 4 in total (2 rubidium frequency standards and 2 passivehydrogen masers) - critical to any sat-nav system and a number of other components. These clocks will provide anaccurate timing signal for a receiver to calculate the time that it takes the signal to reach the target. This informationis used to calculate the position of the receiver by trilaterating the difference in received signals from multiplesatellites.For more information of the concept of global satellite navigation systems, see GNSS and GNSS positioningcalculation.

Satellite system

Galileo satellite test beds: GIOVE

GIOVE-A was successfully launched28 December 2005.

In 2004 the Galileo System Test Bed Version 1 (GSTB-V1) project validated theon-ground algorithms for Orbit Determination and Time Synchronisation(OD&TS). This project, led by ESA and European Satellite NavigationIndustries, has provided industry with fundamental knowledge to develop themission segment of the Galileo positioning system.[40]

• GIOVE-A is the first GIOVE (Galileo In-Orbit Validation Element) testsatellite. It was built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL), andsuccessfully launched on 28 December 2005 by the European Space Agencyand the Galileo Joint. Operation of GIOVE-A ensured that Galileo meets thefrequency-filing allocation and reservation requirements for the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), aprocess that was required to be complete by June 2006.

• GIOVE-B, built by Astrium and Thales Alenia Space, has a more advanced payload than GIOVE-A. It wassuccessfully launched on 27 April 2008 at 22:16 UTC (4.16 a.m. (Baikonur time) aboard a Soyuz-FG/Fregatrocket provided by Starsem.

A third satellite, GIOVE-A2, was originally planned to be built by SSTL for launch in the second half of 2008.[41]

Construction of GIOVE-A2 was terminated due to the successful launch and in-orbit operation of GIOVE-B.The GIOVE Mission[42] [43] segment operated by European Satellite Navigation Industries is exploiting theGIOVE-A/B satellites to provide experimental results based on real data to be used for risk mitigation for the IOVsatellites that will follow on from the testbeds. ESA organised the global network of ground stations to collect themeasurements of GIOVE-A/B with the use of the GETR receivers for further systematic study. GETR receivers aresupplied by Septentrio as well as the first Galileo navigation receivers to be used to test the functioning of the systemat further stages of its deployment. Signal analysis of GIOVE-A/B data has confirmed successful operation of all theGalileo signals with the tracking performance as expected.

Galileo (satellite navigation) 7

In-Orbit Validation (IOV) satellitesThese testbed satellites will be followed by four IOV Galileo satellites that will be much closer to the final Galileosatellite design. The Search & Rescue feature is not installed. The first two satellites are scheduled to launch on 20October 2011 from Guiana Space Centre using Soyuz launchers.[44] [45] Once this In-Orbit Validation (IOV) phasehas been completed, the remaining satellites will be installed to reach the Full Operational Capability. Those 4 IOVGalileo satellites were constructed by Astrium Gmbh and Thales Alenia Space.

Full Operational Capability (FOC) satellitesOn 7 January 2010, it was announced that the contract to build the first 14 FOC satellites was awarded to OHBSystem and Surrey Satellite Technology Limited (SSTL). Fourteen satellites will be built at a cost of 566M euros($811M; £510M).[46] Arianespace will launch the satellites for a cost of 397M euros ($569M; £358M). TheEuropean Commission announced also that the contract of 85 million euros for the System support coveringindustrial services required by ESA for integration and validation of Galileo System was awarded to Thales AleniaSpace. Thales Alenia Space subcontract performances to Astrium Gmbh and security to Thales Communications.

Science projects using GalileoIn July 2006, an international consortium of universities and research institutions embarked on a study of potentialscientific applications of the Galileo constellation. This project, dubbed GEO6 [47], is a 360-degree study oriented tothe scientific community in its broader sense, aiming to define and implement new applications of Galileo.Among the various GNSS users identified by the Galileo Joint Undertaking [48], the GEO6 [47] project addresses theScientific User Community (UC).The GEO6 [47] project aims at fostering possible novel applications within the scientific UC of GNSS signals, andparticularly of Galileo.The AGILE [49] project is an EU-funded project devoted to the study of the technical and commercial aspects ofLocation-based Services (LBS). It includes technical analysis of the benefits brought by Galileo (and EGNOS); alsostudying the hybridisation of Galileo with other positioning technologies (network-based, WLAN, etc.). Within theseproject, some pilot prototypes were implemented and demonstrated.On the basis of the potential number of users, potential revenues for Galileo Operating Company or Concessionaire(GOC), international relevance, and level of innovation, a set of Priority Applications (PA) will be selected by theconsortium and they will be developed within the time frame of the same Project.These applications will help to increase and optimise the use of the EGNOS services as well as the opportunitiesoffered by the Galileo Signal Test-Bed (GSTB-V2) and the Galileo (IOV) phase.

Galileo (satellite navigation) 8

Coins

European Satellite Navigationcommemorative coin

The European Satellite Navigation project was selected as the main motifof a very high value collectors' coin: the Austrian European SatelliteNavigation commemorative coin, minted on 1 March 2006. The coin has asilver ring and niobium “pill”, colour gold-brown. In the reverse, theniobium portion depicts navigation satellites orbiting the Earth. The ringshows different modes of transport (an aeroplane, a car, a container ship, atrain and a lorry) for which satellite navigation was developed.

Notes and references

Notes

[1] "Why Europe needs Galileo" (http:/ / www. esa. int/ esaNA/ GGG0H750NDC_galileo_0.html). ESA. 2010-04-12. . Retrieved 2010-04-21.

[2] Launch of first 2 operational Galileo IOV Satellites (http:/ / ec. europa. eu/ enterprise/ policies/ satnav/ galileo/ satellite-launches/ index_en.htm)

[3] "What is Galileo?" (http:/ / www. esa. int/ esaNA/ GGGMX650NDC_galileo_0. html). ESA. 2010-04-11. . Retrieved 2010-12-21.[4] European children will name Galileo satellites constellation - Press release, 1 September 2011 (http:/ / europa. eu/ rapid/ pressReleasesAction.

do?reference=IP/ 11/ 999& format=HTML& aged=0& language=EN& guiLanguage=en)[5] Van Der Jagt, Culver "Galileo: The Declaration of European Independence" a presentation at the Royal Institute of Navigation November 7,

2001[6] Guardian.co.uk (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ uk_news/ story/ 0,3604,1102126,00. html)[7] Johnson, Chalmers (2007). Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic. Holt, p. 235.[8] Taverna, Michael A.. Aviation Weekly. http:/ / www. aviationweek. com/ aw/ generic/ story_channel. jsp?channel=space& id=news/ awst/

2011/ 01/ 24/ AW_01_24_2011_p39-284139. xml.[9] US-EU Agreement on Galileo (http:/ / useu. usmission. gov/ Article. asp?ID=E671D95A-FC0B-4AC5-BDCD-7F89291D2670)[10] "'Unanimous backing' for Galileo" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ science/ nature/ 7120041. stm). BBC. 2007-11-30. . Retrieved

2010-04-19.[11] "Commission awards major contracts to make Galileo operational early 2014" (http:/ / europa. eu/ rapid/ pressReleasesAction.

do?reference=IP/ 10/ 7& language=en). 2010-01-07. . Retrieved 2010-04-19.[12] EU: Galileo project in deep 'crisis' (http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2007/ TECH/ 05/ 08/ galileo. troubles. ap/ index. html), CNN[13] MSN.com (http:/ / www. msnbc. msn. com/ id/ 19750947/ )[14] EU agrees 2008 budget to include Galileo financing — EUbusiness.com - business, legal and financial news and information from the

European Union (http:/ / www. eubusiness. com/ news-eu/ 1195858921. 15)[15] "Galileo 'compromise' is emerging" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ science/ nature/ 7109971. stm). BBC News. 23 November 2007. .

Retrieved 3 May 2010.[16] "Galileo legal process ticks over" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ sci/ tech/ 7335833. stm). BBC News. 7 April 2008. . Retrieved 3 May

2010.[17] European Court of Auditors - Special Report on the management of the Galileo programme's development and validation phase (http:/ / eca.

europa. eu/ portal/ pls/ portal/ docs/ 1/ 2760294. PDF)[18] Aviation Week - Europe Cuts Galileo Sats Order (http:/ / www. aviationweek. com/ aw/ generic/ story_generic. jsp?channel=space&

id=news/ Gal102609. xml& headline=Europe Cuts Galileo Sats Order)[19] "The EU’s Galileo satellite project could cost UK taxpayers £2.6 billion more than originally planned" (http:/ / www. openeurope. org. uk/

media-centre/ pressrelease. aspx?pressreleaseid=142) (Press release). openeurope.org.uk. 17 October 2010. . Retrieved 24 November 2010.[20] Inauguration of site of Galileo station at Kourou (http:/ / www. esa. int/ esaNA/ SEMYN6TP82G_galileo_0. html), official website of esa[21] Initial Galileo Validation Satellites Delayed (http:/ / www. spacenews. com/ civil/ 100310-initial-galileo-validation-satellites-delayed. html)[22] "EU Expects Galileo Project Costs to Explode" (http:/ / www. spiegel. de/ international/ europe/ 0,1518,721761,00. html). Spiegel. 2011. .[23] "Galileo’s navigation control hub opens in Fucino" (http:/ / www. esa. int/ esaCP/ SEM4JMSRJHG_index_1. html#subhead5). ESA.

2010-12-20. . Retrieved 2010-12-20.[24] Prague To Host EU Satellite Navigation Agency (http:/ / www. rferl. org/ content/ prague_galileo_agency/ 2245066. html) - Radio Free

Europe, 13 December 2010[25] http:/ / www. aftenposten. no/ spesial/ wikileaksdokumenter/ article3985655. ece[26] "Europe's Galileo sat-nav in big cash boost" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ science-environment-13871198). BBC News. 22 June 2011. .[27] http:/ / www. esa. int/ esaNA/ SEMUD11T1PG_galileo_0. html

Galileo (satellite navigation) 9

[28] China joins EU's satellite network (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ business/ 3121682. stm) - BBC News, 19 September 2003[29] Press release (http:/ / www. eu-del. org. il/ hebrew/ 6180 press release Israel 18052005. pdf)[30] Press release (http:/ / europa. eu/ rapid/ pressReleasesAction. do?reference=IP/ 05/ 666& format=HTML& aged=0& language=EN&

guiLanguage=en)[31] Marks, Paul. "China's satellite navigation plans threaten Galileo" (http:/ / www. newscientist. com/ article/

dn10472-chinas-satellite-navigation-plans-threaten-galileo. html). NewScientist.com. . Retrieved 2006-11-09.[32] "'Unanimous backing' for Galileo" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ science/ nature/ 7120041. stm). BBC News. 30 November 2007. .

Retrieved 3 May 2010.[33] GPSdaily.com (http:/ / www. gpsdaily. com/ reports/ Norway_joins_EUs_Galileo_satnav_project_999. html)[34] "EU, U.S. split over Galileo M-code overlay" (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_m0BPW/ is_12_13/ ai_n27579865). GPS World.

FindArticles.com. December 2002. . Retrieved 2008-12-09.[35] "US Could Shoot Down EU Satellites if Used by Foes in Wartime" (http:/ / www. spacedaily. com/ news/ milspace-04zc. html). AFP.

October 24, 2004. . Retrieved 2008-12-09.[36] Giegerich, Bastian (2005). "Satellite States - Transatlantic Conflict and the Galileo System" (http:/ / www. allacademic. com/ / meta/

p_mla_apa_research_citation/ 0/ 7/ 2/ 1/ 4/ pages72145/ p72145-1. php). Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International StudiesAssociation, Hilton Hawaiian Village, Honolulu, Hawaii, Mar 05, 2005. Unpublished Manuscript. .

[37] Orbital periods and speeds are calculated using the relations 4π²R³ = T²GM and V²R = GM, where R = radius of orbit in metres, T = orbitalperiod in seconds, V = orbital speed in m/s, G = gravitational constant ≈ 6.673×10−11 Nm²/kg², M = mass of Earth ≈ 5.98×1024 kg.

[38] Selective Availability (http:/ / www. faa. gov/ about/ office_org/ headquarters_offices/ ato/ service_units/ techops/ navservices/ gnss/ gps/policy/ availability/ index. cfm). Retrieved August 31, 2007.

[39] "DoD Permanently Discontinues Procurement Of Global Positioning System Selective Availability" (http:/ / www. defenselink. mil/releases/ release. aspx?releaseid=11335). DefenseLink. 18 September 2007. . Retrieved 2007-12-17.

[40] Galileo System Test Bed Version 1 experimentation is now complete (http:/ / www. esa. int/ esaNA/ SEM6KYP3K3E_index_0. html), ESANews release, 7 January 2005

[41] GIOVE-A2 to secure the Galileo programme (http:/ / www. esa. int/ esaCP/ SEM8LNN0LYE_index_0. html), ESA News release, 5 March2007

[42] GIOVE mission core infrastructure (http:/ / www. esa. int/ esaNA/ SEMWL4N0LYE_index_0. html), ESA press release, 26 February 2007.[43] One year of Galileo signals; new website opens (http:/ / www. esa. int/ esaNA/ SEMUGJRMTWE_galileo_0. html), ESA press release, 12

January 2007.[44] "Galileo: Europe prepares for October launch" (http:/ / www. esa. int/ esaNA/ SEM9IVMSNNG_galileo_0. html) (Press release). esa.int. 23

May 2011. . Retrieved 10 June 2011.[45] "Launch site ready for first Galileo launch" (http:/ / ec. europa. eu/ enterprise/ newsroom/ cf/ itemlongdetail. cfm?item_id=5052& lang=en&

tpa=0& displayType=news), "European Commission: Enterprise & Industry Latest News", April 11, 2011, accessed May 3, 2011.[46] Amos, Jonathan (7 January 2010). "EU awards Galileo satellite-navigation contracts" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ science/ nature/

8442090. stm). BBC News date= 7 January 2010. .[47] http:/ / www. gnss-geo6. org/[48] http:/ / www. galileoju. com[49] http:/ / www. galileo-in-lbs. com/

References• The Galileo Project – GALILEO Design consolidation, European Commission, 2003• Guenter W. Hein, Jeremie Godet, et al.: Status of Galileo Frequency and Signal Design (http:/ / ec. europa. eu/

dgs/ energy_transport/ galileo/ doc/ galileo_stf_ion2002. pdf), Proc. ION (http:/ / www. ion. org/ ) GPS 2002.• Jean-Luc Issler, Gunter W. Hein, et al.: Galileo Frequency and Signal Design (http:/ / www. gpsworld. com/

gpsworld/ article/ articleDetail. jsp?id=61244). GPS World, vol. 14, no. 6, June, 2003, pp. 30–37.• Dee Ann Divis: Military role for Galileo emerges (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ org/ news/ 2002/

020514-gps. htm). GPS World, May 2002, Vol. 13, No. 5, p. 10.• Dr Richard North: Galileo - The Military and Political Dimensions. 2004.• Jaizki Mendizabal; Roc Berenguer; Juan Melendez (2009). GPS and Galileo (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=t1lBTH42mOcC& printsec=frontcover& dq=GPS+ and+ GALILEO#v=onepage& q& f=false). McGrawHill. ISBN 978-0071598699.

Galileo (satellite navigation) 10

Further reading• Psiaki, M. L., “Block Acquisition of weak GPS signals in a software receiver”, Proceedings of ION GPS 2001, the

14th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Salt Lake City, Utah,September 11–14, 2001, pp. 2838–2850.

• Bandemer, B., Denks, H., Hornbostel, A., Konovaltsev, A., “Performance of acquisition methods for Galileo SWreceivers”, European Journal of Navigation, Vol.4, No. 3, pp 17–9, July 2006

• Van Der Jagt, Culver W. Galileo : The Declaration of European Independence : a dissertation (2002). CALL#JZ1254 .V36 2002, Description xxv, 850 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. + 1 CD-ROM

External links

Official websites• European GNSS Supervisory Authority (GSA) (http:/ / www. gsa. europa. eu/ ) – Europa• Official website (http:/ / www. esa. int/ esaNA/ galileo. html) – ESA

Other• News and Information (http:/ / www. galileo-navigationssystem. com/ indexe. htm) – Host Europe• The GEO6 project (http:/ / www. gnss-geo6. org/ ) – EU-funded project devoted to the investigation in scientific

applications using GNSS, particularly GALILEO• PACIFIC Project (http:/ / www. prs-pacific. eu/ ) – PACIFIC• GREAT project (http:/ / www. greatproject. org/ ) – EU-funded project to develop GALILEO Receivers for Mass

Market Applications• AGILE project (http:/ / www. galileo-in-lbs. com/ ) – EU-funded project devoted to the analysis of LBS

applications and how Galileo will contribute to enhance them• u-blox 6 GALILEO GPS chips and modules (http:/ / www. u-blox. com/ en/ u-blox-6-technology. html) –

Receiver chips and modules to simultaneously track GPS (GLONASS) and GALILEO satellites• NTLab GALILEO + GPS + GLONASS chips (http:/ / www. ntlab. com/ ) – First chips to simultaneously track

GPS, GALILEO and GLONASS satellites.

Press coverage

• Green light for Galileo project (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ sci/ tech/ 1893022. stm) - BBC News, 26 March2002

• China joins EU's satellite network (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ business/ 3121682. stm) - BBC News, 19September 2003

• EU-US strike sat-navigation deal (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ science/ nature/ 3839809. stm) - BBC News, 26June 2004

• Europe presses ahead on sat-navigation (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ science/ nature/ 4085651. stm) - BBCNews, 10 December 2004

• Four Galileo spacecraft ordered (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ science/ nature/ 4115761. stm) - BBC News, 21December 2004

• Dead heat for Galileo companies (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ science/ nature/ 4308975. stm) - BBC News, 1March 2005

• Consortia combine to run Galileo (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ science/ nature/ 4627661. stm) - BBC News,27 June 2005

• Q&A: Europe's Galileo project (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ sci/ tech/ 4555276. stm) - BBC News, 26December 2005

Galileo (satellite navigation) 11

• Europe launches Galileo satellite (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ science/ nature/ 4555298. stm) - BBC News, 28December 2005

• First Galileo signals received (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ science/ nature/ 4610452. stm) - BBC News, 13January 2006

• First commercial Galileo receiver (http:/ / www. edn. com/ article/ CA6373171. html) - EDN, 18 September 2006• EU seeks input on use of Galileo navigation system (http:/ / www. cbc. ca/ technology/ story/ 2006/ 12/ 11/

tech-galileo. html) - CBC, 11 December 2006• Galileo System in Deep Crisis (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ sci/ tech/ 6634285. stm) - BBC News, 8 May 2007• Galileo Project in deep crisis (http:/ / edition. cnn. com/ 2007/ TECH/ 05/ 08/ galileo. troubles. ap) - CNN, 8 May

2007• Galileo firms miss key deadline (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ science/ nature/ 6644697. stm) BBC News, 10

May 2007• EU looks to public funds for satellite system (http:/ / www. cbc. ca/ technology/ story/ 2007/ 06/ 08/

tech-galileo-funding. html), CBC News, 10 June 2007• Galileo demo sat to be despatched (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ sci/ tech/ 7278616. stm), BBC News, 6 March

2008

Article Sources and Contributors 12

Article Sources and ContributorsGalileo (satellite navigation)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=456387776  Contributors: (, 0x00ed, 213.253.39.xxx, 84user, ABF, Abdull, Adimovk5, Adrian.benko, Agij,Ahoerstemeier, Albedo, Aleef, AliaksandrAA, Amara1990, Amrad, Ani td, Apau98, Apoc2400, Armando, ArséniureDeGallium, Arttulaine, Asimsky, Avidius, AxelBoldt, Basilicofresco,Benandorsqueaks, Bennelliott, Betdud, Biggles621k, BillC, Boson, Braisim, Brianh6630, Bricktop, Browndwarf, Burzmali, By78, Cabalamat, CaribDigita, Cate, Cavrdg, Cco, Cenarium, Chmyr,Chrysalis, Cindero, Ckatz, Cmapm, Cmglee, Cogiati, Conversion script, Countersubject, Cuaxdon, CyrilleDunant, Dale Arnett, DanMS, Davandron, Dave420, David.Monniaux, DavidMCEddy,Dawn Bard, Decltype, Denelson83, DerHexer, Dirkbb, Donreed, Download, Driftwoodzebulin, Dual Freq, Dulciana, EAi, Ec5618, Edroeh, Edward, El C, Ellmist, EncMstr, Error, Fatla00,Federico123, Foxandpotatoes, Freewol, Fuzheado, Gaius Cornelius, Gcm, Ge0rge, Geozapf, Ghalas, Gloriamarie, Godefroy, Gpsmobiletracker, GraemeLeggett, Grafen, GrandDrake, Gregmc12,GregorB, Gutza, Hapsiainen, Harald Hansen, Hashar, Hede2000, Heilme, Hektor, Henrygb, Heron, Ian Dunster, Ian Pitchford, Icarus, Icowrich, Imagine Reason, IoannisKaramitros, JLogan,Jackaranga, Jaranda, Jason Creighton, Jasonanaggie, Jeltz, JettaMann, Jiri Svoboda, Jmchuff, Jmchugh, Joe Jarvis, John, John Yesberg, Johndrinkwater, Joseph Solis in Australia, Josephf,Jpatokal, Kaihsu, Kamil101, Kasos fr, Kim Bruning, Kinema, Kingpin13, Knotnic, KnowLondon, Koavf, Kozuch, Kravietz, Laurent Simon, Lc bur20, Leo TheKing, Lightmouse, LittleDan,Lloyd Wood, Lord British, Lorentey, Lotje, Luen, M4gnum0n, Magnus Manske, MainBody, Manuel Anastácio, Marek69, Marian Dan, MarioS, Markus Kuhn, MartinBiely, Maver1ck,Mbroersma, MegaSloth, Miaow Miaow, Michael Zimmermann, MichaelWheeley, Miguel.mateo, Millerliu0414, Minesweeper, Mmeijeri, Mnw2000, Motmot, Mrand, Ms2ger, Mtmsmile, NachoInsular, NeuronExMachina, Ng.j, Nicphillips, Nightstallion, Nova77, Obradovic Goran, Ojw, Oliver Lineham, One half 3544, Ottestad, PEHowland, PRRfan, Pandemonium, Parabellum101,Parmaestro, Pascal yuiop, Paul1337, PaulHanson, Pauli133, Per Abrahamsen, Peter Winnberg, Pgurfil, Phoenix-forgotten, Phooto, Piccolo Modificatore Laborioso, Pietrow, PikkuHiirri98,Pimlottc, Pizza1512, PizzaMan, Porkrind, Prodego, PseudoSudo, QuantumEleven, Quemann, RPHv, Radagast, RadioFan, Rama, Rearden9, Rettetast, Ricciov, Rich Farmbrough, Rillian,Rjwilmsi, Rkarlsba, Rookkey, Rps, SJK, SLi, SRP, Sardanaphalus, Savlonn, Sayden, SchuminWeb, Schusch, Scubarrie, Sdaull, Sdsds, Seabhcan, Searchme, Shd, Simpleton72, SiobhanHansa,Sleske, So God created Manchester, Ssolbergj, Stewacide, Stoph, StuffOfInterest, Sukee3, Svick, Tbackstr, Tedp, Telempe, Tero, The Anome, The Thing That Should Not Be, The idiot,Themanwithoutapast, Thenestor, Thue, Tim!, Tls, TomK32, TomTheHand, Trefynwy, TrufflesTheLamb, Twilsonb, TypoBoy, U5K0, UsagiYojimbo, Val42, Vanished user 39948282, Vanswift,VirgilHilts, Voidvector, Voidxor, Wernher, Whkoh, Wik, Wiki.london, Wikimono111, Willotter, Wireless friend, Wk muriithi, Wknight94, Wolfgang Kufner, Woohookitty, Xionbox, Ysangkok,Zyxw, Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason, 421 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Galileo logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Galileo_logo.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: -File:Galileo - Wolfowitz - Letter.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Galileo_-_Wolfowitz_-_Letter.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: -Image:Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: CmgleeFile:Giovea.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Giovea.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: -File:2006 Austria 25 Euro European Satellite Navigation back.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2006_Austria_25_Euro_European_Satellite_Navigation_back.jpg License: unknown  Contributors: -

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