future archives

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FUTURE ARCHIVES ANNIKA POUSI the atlas of the north This project observes the area through the official strategies in a variety of scales: the Arctic councils declarations, Norways High North strategy, Finnmarks regional strategy and finally zooming into an example city. I plan to map and visualize the strategies, and by comparing plans from different times or scales many contradictions can be found and analyzed. By comparing the strategy-maps to the existing situations in the past I hope to find some patterns that would also enable me to make a mapping projection of the future situation based on the current strategies.

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FUTURE ARCHIVES

ANNIKA POUSI

the atlas of the north

This project observes the area through the official strategies in a variety of scales: the Arctic councils declarations, Norways High North strategy, Finnmarks regional strategy and finally zooming into an example city. I plan to map and visualize the strategies, and by comparing plans from different times or scales many contradictions can be found and analyzed. By comparing the strategy-maps to the existing situations in the past I hope to find some patterns that would also enable me to make a mapping projection of the future situation based on the current strategies.

Member states

Observers

arctic strategies THE KIRUNA DECLARATION 2013

AIMS OF THE DECLARATION / 4 CATEGORIES

WHO CAME TO KIRUNA?

RUSSIAMinister of Foreign Affairs

FINLAND Minister of Foreign Affairs

SWEDENMinister of Foreign Affairs

DENMARKMinister of Foreign Affairs

NORWAYMinister of Foreign AffairsICELAND

DirectorGeneral

CANADAMinister for the Arctic Council

USASecretaryof State

USA / CANADA / ICELAND / DENMARK / NORWAY / SWEDEN / FINLAND / RUSSIA

FRANCE / GERMANY / THE NETHERLANDS / POLAND / SPAIN / UK / CHINA / ITALY / JAPAN / SOUTH KOREA / SINGAPORE / INDIA

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS

STRONGARCTIC COUNCIL

ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT

CLIMATE CHANGE

Arctic councilThe Arctic Council consists of eight Arctic States: Canada, Denmark (Greenland and the Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the US (Alaska). Six international organisations representing Arctic Indigenous Peoples have permanent participant status as well as other big nations who have applied for a status as an observer. .

The Kiruna Declaration is the Arctic Council’s Vision for the Arctic for the next two years. The Kiruna Senior Arctic Officials’ Report to Ministers were approved by the Arctic Ministers in Kiruna 15 May 2013. The next meeting, and next vision will be done in 2015.

AIMS OF THE DECLARATION / 4 CATEGORIES

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS

STRONGARCTIC COUNCIL

the norwegian government’s high north strategies

The Norwegian Government’s High North Strategy

Nye byggesteiner i nord

The High North -Visions and strategies

2006

2009

2011

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Discovering ot the huge Snøhvit gas fields Exploration drilling activity

in the eastern Barents Sea

The Norwegian authorities opened the Barents Sea in the Arctic for exploration

1981

DrillingSnøhvit

Snøhvit:Productionstart

Major new gas field discoveries

New operational area in Harstad

the correlation between arctic strategies and statoil activities

parlamentary elections / leading partyHøyre labour party

OSLOMinistry ofForeign Affairs

Counties NORDLAND / TROMS / FINNMARK / SVALBARD

Major new gas field discoveries

New operational area in Harstad

" The High North is Norway's number one foreign policy priority. " - Jonas Gahr Støre Minister of Foreign Affairs 2012

"The seas north of the Norwegian mainland contain considerable fossil fuel and renewable fisheries resources. They have enormous economic potential which, if managed properly, will have great significance, both for the region and for the rest of the world."

The sentence found on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs's website shows how the official attitude is that the northern resources are there to be exploited. In the 2011 vision climate change is mentioned, not as a threat, but as a fact, that will bring more economic posibilities for Norway.

Norway defines its high north to be the three northernmost countires and Svalbard, but the strategy has effects on both international and national level, and includes visions for cooperation on large scales.

strategies from the ministry of foreign affairs

new minister, same strategies?

The new foreign minister, Børge Brende gave his first official speech in the 14th Session of the Barents Euro-Arctic Council in Tromsø, 29 October 2013.

The main point of the speech continue with the same line as the previous governments strategies, but they stregthen the pressure for development more and more. The north remains high priorty and now also high tension, as he states that taking advantage of the resources is a crucial part of the future of the Barents cooperation.

Using words like environmental challenges instead of highly pollutive, he implies that development must go on, and the environmental challenges are something that can be faced during the processes.

MAIN POINTS

- Developing the significant resource potential is increasingly important for the Barents cooperation. HOW?funding, transport and infrastructure, border-crossing facilities, stable and predictable conditions- Action Plan on Climate Change for the Barents Cooperation- Border obstacles should be reduced as much as possible- Find the right balance between safeguarding the interests of indigenous peoples and promoting mining

+14

+10

+6

The High North -Visions and strategies 2011 -

Oil & gas fields+ spin-off effects

Important fishery areas(cod, halibut & haddock)

Mining activities

Marine areas: co-operation in monitoring

Safeguearding:indigenous peoples interests

Population / human precense in all parts of the territory

Center for research

legend

+10

Climate change up to 2100 +14

+6

Current shipping route

Current shipping route (summer)

Future shipping route?

Military presence

Military co-operationwith NATO & Russia

Barents region

Northern dimension

arctic council

Land along the coast of Barents Sea

EU; Russia, Norway & Iceland

Canada, Greenland, Faroe Islands, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, US

co-operation

The main elements in the High North vision strategy are co-operations between different actora in a variety of fields.

The main co-operation is inside the organizations: Arctic council, Barents co-operation and the Northern dimension. In addition co-operation is mentioned in military actions and possible damage controll (oil spills etc.).

The strategy is heavily leaning on the future energy production, and is preparing for increased pressure on the area, that previously was 'low tension'.

county strategies by finnmark fylkeskommune

VADSØFinnmarkfylkeskommune

finnmark fylkeskommune in vadsø

large scale industry

diversity

The county scale strategies are done approximately every four years. This chapter is looking into two of them.

Fylkesplan for Finnmark 2006-2009, and later extended to be valid until 2011, is presenting a county scale vision and strategies for Finnmark. The regional planstrategi 2012-2016 is collecting together all the different strategies that are now executed as individual documents: for example energy strategy, mineral strategy, fishery strategy, different cultural strategies and strategy for internationa competence.

The vision text is very general and doesn't cange much in the next strategy, but in the actual strategies and more specific descriptions several aims have radically shifted in another direction.

These changes may or may not be really happening, but instead they describe the changes in the ideals and aims very clearly.

The Finnmark fylkeskommune is politically ruled by the fylkestinget. It has 35 member and the premises are located in Vadsø.

Fylkestinget has elections every four years. The current season is 2011-2015 and the leading party is Arbeidspartiet.

The fylkeskommune states that the strategies are not plans and vi-sions as themselves, but more of a tool to organize different strategies and regional planning during one election period.

finnmark fylkeskommune in vadsø

cover photos - representing changes in the ideals

fylkesplan for finnmark 2006-2009 (11)

regional planstrategi for finnmark 2012-2016

Melkøya / gas fieldsindustry

king crabs oil fields fishery culture

large scale industry

diversity

TROMSØUNN

fylkesplan for finnmark 2006-2009 (11)

legend

culture

health care

trade & industry education

transport

threats

Museum

Barents cultural co-operation area

Sametinget

Hospital

Health care center

Health care network

Tromsø University hospital

Main economical zones

Oil and gas fields

Main tourism economic areas

Economic possibility: The Sami

Year round food production

Economic possibility: Food tourism

Proposed windpower

More flight routes in the Barents area

Better public transport network

New harbour in Vadsø

Oil pollution along the searoutesKola Nuclear Power Plant: Risk for fallout over parts of Norway

Arctic learning center

Decentralized higher education /Finnmark University College in Alta

Multilingual education

Reindeer pastures / moving patterns

AREAL PLAN

Expences

Education & health care

Towards west -Tromsø eastern hub - Kirkenes

Locus of economy and cultureGate to Russia

Coastal zone

Line of development

Economy & tourism

regional planstrategi for finnmark 2012-2016

Main economical zones

Oil and gas fields

Offshore drilling

Melkøya

Fishery &production of fresh fish

Proposed wind power

Primary industries /processing of fish

trade & industry health care transport

competence & education

culture

Hospital

Health care center

Videregående schools

Evenly spread education network

Proposed tidal power

Powerline connections to wind power plants

Mining development

Securing ring effects from different industries

Aim for more winter tourism

Evenly spread health care network

More flight routes in the Barents area

Better public transport network

Harbour development

Wanted new train connections

Hurtigruten

Cultural co-operation area

Sametinget

Cultural network in settlements:Venues for sport, music, art & theatre

legend

energy

Given their own strategyeconomy

Russia & North Calotte areaMore evenly spread to different directions

compared to 2006

networks

Equal networks in all parts of Finnmark in culture, health care and education

2006

2012

Russia = economical possibilities

Fishing industry is important

More flights

Kirkenes hub

Windpower

Tourism //2006 coastline2012 more winter tourism

Threats: oils & nuclear

Reindeer pastures

Multilinguality

Sami tourism

Network:culture

Network:health care

Tidal power

Mineral strategy

Gas fields //2006 planning2012 money

Planning newrailway connections

AREAL PLAN

TRADE &INDUSTRY

CULTURE

ENVIRONMENT

HEALTH CARE

EDUCATION

TRANSPORT

AREAL PLAN

TRADE &INDUSTRY

CULTURE

THREATS

HEALTH CARE

COMPETENCE

& EDUCATION

TRANSPORT

2006-2009 (11) 2012-2016

what has changed in six years?

contents of the document / based on the space that is given to them

disappeared some changes same new

Mineral strategy

Planning newrailway connections

Tidal power

Gas fields //2006 planning2012 money

Tourism //2006 coastline2012 more winter tourism

Threats: oils & nuclear

Reindeer pastures

Multilinguality

Sami tourism

Russia = economical possibilities

Fishing industry is important

More flights

Kirkenes hub

Windpower

Network: culture

Network: health care

The 2006 strategy is leaning more towards the east as a possibility for trade and cultural co-operation whereas the 2012 strategy expresses a more evenly distributed economical zone for the whole North Calotte area. The most radical change can be seen in the disappearance of the sami and reindeer culture in the 2012 strategy -they are mentioned as important values in the vision, but are then forgotten in the actual strategies. Instead a new mineral strategy is introduced.

across scales comparisonacross scales comparison

Human presence/population

Oil

Mining

Indigenous peopleCulture

Reindeer

Military presence

FisheryTransport

Healthcare

Global warming

Environment

Co-operation

Co-operation

Co-operation

Environment

Indigenous people

across scales comparison

Human presence/population

Oil

Mining

Indigenous peopleCulture

Reindeer

Military presence

FisheryTransport

Healthcare

Global warming

Environment

Co-operation

Co-operation

Co-operation

Environment

Indigenous people

The common goals

These three factor appear in all of the strategies,but approaches may vary.

The NOT SO common goals

global warming

Threat or possibility?

Oil, gas and mining

These economic possibilities are strongest in the Norwegian scale, seen as a possibility for the whole country. The Kiruna declaration is more concerned about the environmental issues.

Indigenous people’s rights

Mentioned in all strategies, but in fact get very little concrete attention. Is it a goal or just a mandatory part of the vision?

sources

Arctic strategies

Kiruna declaration. The Eighth Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council. May 15, 2013.

Norwegian high north strategies

Thorvald Stoltenberg. Nordic cooperation on Nordic and security policy. Meeting of Nordic foreign ministers. 2009.

county strategies

Arctic Council. http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/. 1.11.2013.

UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Projected temperature changes, 2000 to 2100 scenario. 2005.

The High North - visions and strategies. The Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2011.

EY. Arctic Oil and Gas. EYs Global Oil & Gas Center. 2013.

Fish stocks. http://www.fisheries.no. Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs. 1.11.2013

World Wildlife Fund. http://worldwildlife.org/places/arctic. 15.10.2013

Mining. http://www.nrk.no/sapmi/her-leter-gruveselskapene-1.11223508. NRK Sápmi. 1.11.2013.

Statoil, Snøhvit. http://www.statoil.com/en/Pages/default.aspx. 30.10.2013.

UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Projected temperature changes, 2000 to 2100 scenario. 2005.

Regional planstrategi for Finnmark 2012-2016. Finnmark fylkeskommune. 2012.

Fylkesplan for Finnmark 2006-2009 (11). Finnmark fylkeskommune. 2006.

Regionale kulturstrategier for Finnmark 2008-2014. Finnmark fylkeskommune. 2008. Energistrategier for Finnmark 2010-2013. Finnmark fylkeskommune. 2010.

Fiskeri- og havbruksstrategier for 2011-2014 "Et hav av kvalitet". Finnmark fylkeskommune. 2011.

Regional vindkraftplan. Finnmark fylkeskommune. 2013.

Helse Finnmark. http://www.helse-finnmark.no/. 25.10.2013.

Mining. http://www.nrk.no/sapmi/her-leter-gruveselskapene-1.11223508. NRK Sápmi. 1.11.2013.

Statoil. http://www.statoil.com/en/Pages/default.aspx. 30.10.2013.

Reindriftsforvaltningen. https://kart.reindrift.no/reinkart/. 27.11.2013.

Transport Finnmark. http://www.boreal.no/. 1.11.2013.

The High North. http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/campaigns/the-high-north.html?id=450629. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1.11.2013.

County politics. http://www.ffk.no/emner-og-tjenester/politikk/. Finnmark fylkeskommune. 1.11.2013

14th Session of the Barents Euro-Arctic Council, Tromsø, 29 October 2013. http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/whats-new/Speeches-and-articles/speeches_articles/2013/14th-session-of-the-barents-euro-arctic-.html?id=744822