future archives
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FUTURE ARCHIVES
ANNIKA POUSI
the atlas of the north
This project observes the area through the official strategies in a variety of scales: the Arctic councils declarations, Norways High North strategy, Finnmarks regional strategy and finally zooming into an example city. I plan to map and visualize the strategies, and by comparing plans from different times or scales many contradictions can be found and analyzed. By comparing the strategy-maps to the existing situations in the past I hope to find some patterns that would also enable me to make a mapping projection of the future situation based on the current strategies.
Member states
Observers
arctic strategies THE KIRUNA DECLARATION 2013
AIMS OF THE DECLARATION / 4 CATEGORIES
WHO CAME TO KIRUNA?
RUSSIAMinister of Foreign Affairs
FINLAND Minister of Foreign Affairs
SWEDENMinister of Foreign Affairs
DENMARKMinister of Foreign Affairs
NORWAYMinister of Foreign AffairsICELAND
DirectorGeneral
CANADAMinister for the Arctic Council
USASecretaryof State
USA / CANADA / ICELAND / DENMARK / NORWAY / SWEDEN / FINLAND / RUSSIA
FRANCE / GERMANY / THE NETHERLANDS / POLAND / SPAIN / UK / CHINA / ITALY / JAPAN / SOUTH KOREA / SINGAPORE / INDIA
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS
STRONGARCTIC COUNCIL
ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT
CLIMATE CHANGE
Arctic councilThe Arctic Council consists of eight Arctic States: Canada, Denmark (Greenland and the Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the US (Alaska). Six international organisations representing Arctic Indigenous Peoples have permanent participant status as well as other big nations who have applied for a status as an observer. .
The Kiruna Declaration is the Arctic Council’s Vision for the Arctic for the next two years. The Kiruna Senior Arctic Officials’ Report to Ministers were approved by the Arctic Ministers in Kiruna 15 May 2013. The next meeting, and next vision will be done in 2015.
the norwegian government’s high north strategies
The Norwegian Government’s High North Strategy
Nye byggesteiner i nord
The High North -Visions and strategies
2006
2009
2011
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Discovering ot the huge Snøhvit gas fields Exploration drilling activity
in the eastern Barents Sea
The Norwegian authorities opened the Barents Sea in the Arctic for exploration
1981
DrillingSnøhvit
Snøhvit:Productionstart
Major new gas field discoveries
New operational area in Harstad
the correlation between arctic strategies and statoil activities
parlamentary elections / leading partyHøyre labour party
OSLOMinistry ofForeign Affairs
Counties NORDLAND / TROMS / FINNMARK / SVALBARD
Major new gas field discoveries
New operational area in Harstad
" The High North is Norway's number one foreign policy priority. " - Jonas Gahr Støre Minister of Foreign Affairs 2012
"The seas north of the Norwegian mainland contain considerable fossil fuel and renewable fisheries resources. They have enormous economic potential which, if managed properly, will have great significance, both for the region and for the rest of the world."
The sentence found on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs's website shows how the official attitude is that the northern resources are there to be exploited. In the 2011 vision climate change is mentioned, not as a threat, but as a fact, that will bring more economic posibilities for Norway.
Norway defines its high north to be the three northernmost countires and Svalbard, but the strategy has effects on both international and national level, and includes visions for cooperation on large scales.
strategies from the ministry of foreign affairs
new minister, same strategies?
The new foreign minister, Børge Brende gave his first official speech in the 14th Session of the Barents Euro-Arctic Council in Tromsø, 29 October 2013.
The main point of the speech continue with the same line as the previous governments strategies, but they stregthen the pressure for development more and more. The north remains high priorty and now also high tension, as he states that taking advantage of the resources is a crucial part of the future of the Barents cooperation.
Using words like environmental challenges instead of highly pollutive, he implies that development must go on, and the environmental challenges are something that can be faced during the processes.
MAIN POINTS
- Developing the significant resource potential is increasingly important for the Barents cooperation. HOW?funding, transport and infrastructure, border-crossing facilities, stable and predictable conditions- Action Plan on Climate Change for the Barents Cooperation- Border obstacles should be reduced as much as possible- Find the right balance between safeguarding the interests of indigenous peoples and promoting mining
The High North -Visions and strategies 2011 -
Oil & gas fields+ spin-off effects
Important fishery areas(cod, halibut & haddock)
Mining activities
Marine areas: co-operation in monitoring
Safeguearding:indigenous peoples interests
Population / human precense in all parts of the territory
Center for research
legend
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Climate change up to 2100 +14
+6
Current shipping route
Current shipping route (summer)
Future shipping route?
Military presence
Military co-operationwith NATO & Russia
Barents region
Northern dimension
arctic council
Land along the coast of Barents Sea
EU; Russia, Norway & Iceland
Canada, Greenland, Faroe Islands, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, US
co-operation
The main elements in the High North vision strategy are co-operations between different actora in a variety of fields.
The main co-operation is inside the organizations: Arctic council, Barents co-operation and the Northern dimension. In addition co-operation is mentioned in military actions and possible damage controll (oil spills etc.).
The strategy is heavily leaning on the future energy production, and is preparing for increased pressure on the area, that previously was 'low tension'.
county strategies by finnmark fylkeskommune
VADSØFinnmarkfylkeskommune
finnmark fylkeskommune in vadsø
large scale industry
diversity
The county scale strategies are done approximately every four years. This chapter is looking into two of them.
Fylkesplan for Finnmark 2006-2009, and later extended to be valid until 2011, is presenting a county scale vision and strategies for Finnmark. The regional planstrategi 2012-2016 is collecting together all the different strategies that are now executed as individual documents: for example energy strategy, mineral strategy, fishery strategy, different cultural strategies and strategy for internationa competence.
The vision text is very general and doesn't cange much in the next strategy, but in the actual strategies and more specific descriptions several aims have radically shifted in another direction.
These changes may or may not be really happening, but instead they describe the changes in the ideals and aims very clearly.
The Finnmark fylkeskommune is politically ruled by the fylkestinget. It has 35 member and the premises are located in Vadsø.
Fylkestinget has elections every four years. The current season is 2011-2015 and the leading party is Arbeidspartiet.
The fylkeskommune states that the strategies are not plans and vi-sions as themselves, but more of a tool to organize different strategies and regional planning during one election period.
finnmark fylkeskommune in vadsø
cover photos - representing changes in the ideals
fylkesplan for finnmark 2006-2009 (11)
regional planstrategi for finnmark 2012-2016
Melkøya / gas fieldsindustry
king crabs oil fields fishery culture
large scale industry
diversity
fylkesplan for finnmark 2006-2009 (11)
legend
culture
health care
trade & industry education
transport
threats
Museum
Barents cultural co-operation area
Sametinget
Hospital
Health care center
Health care network
Tromsø University hospital
Main economical zones
Oil and gas fields
Main tourism economic areas
Economic possibility: The Sami
Year round food production
Economic possibility: Food tourism
Proposed windpower
More flight routes in the Barents area
Better public transport network
New harbour in Vadsø
Oil pollution along the searoutesKola Nuclear Power Plant: Risk for fallout over parts of Norway
Arctic learning center
Decentralized higher education /Finnmark University College in Alta
Multilingual education
Reindeer pastures / moving patterns
AREAL PLAN
Expences
Education & health care
Towards west -Tromsø eastern hub - Kirkenes
Locus of economy and cultureGate to Russia
Coastal zone
Line of development
Economy & tourism
regional planstrategi for finnmark 2012-2016
Main economical zones
Oil and gas fields
Offshore drilling
Melkøya
Fishery &production of fresh fish
Proposed wind power
Primary industries /processing of fish
trade & industry health care transport
competence & education
culture
Hospital
Health care center
Videregående schools
Evenly spread education network
Proposed tidal power
Powerline connections to wind power plants
Mining development
Securing ring effects from different industries
Aim for more winter tourism
Evenly spread health care network
More flight routes in the Barents area
Better public transport network
Harbour development
Wanted new train connections
Hurtigruten
Cultural co-operation area
Sametinget
Cultural network in settlements:Venues for sport, music, art & theatre
legend
energy
Given their own strategyeconomy
Russia & North Calotte areaMore evenly spread to different directions
compared to 2006
networks
Equal networks in all parts of Finnmark in culture, health care and education
2006
2012
Russia = economical possibilities
Fishing industry is important
More flights
Kirkenes hub
Windpower
Tourism //2006 coastline2012 more winter tourism
Threats: oils & nuclear
Reindeer pastures
Multilinguality
Sami tourism
Network:culture
Network:health care
Tidal power
Mineral strategy
Gas fields //2006 planning2012 money
Planning newrailway connections
AREAL PLAN
TRADE &INDUSTRY
CULTURE
ENVIRONMENT
HEALTH CARE
EDUCATION
TRANSPORT
AREAL PLAN
TRADE &INDUSTRY
CULTURE
THREATS
HEALTH CARE
COMPETENCE
& EDUCATION
TRANSPORT
2006-2009 (11) 2012-2016
what has changed in six years?
contents of the document / based on the space that is given to them
disappeared some changes same new
Mineral strategy
Planning newrailway connections
Tidal power
Gas fields //2006 planning2012 money
Tourism //2006 coastline2012 more winter tourism
Threats: oils & nuclear
Reindeer pastures
Multilinguality
Sami tourism
Russia = economical possibilities
Fishing industry is important
More flights
Kirkenes hub
Windpower
Network: culture
Network: health care
The 2006 strategy is leaning more towards the east as a possibility for trade and cultural co-operation whereas the 2012 strategy expresses a more evenly distributed economical zone for the whole North Calotte area. The most radical change can be seen in the disappearance of the sami and reindeer culture in the 2012 strategy -they are mentioned as important values in the vision, but are then forgotten in the actual strategies. Instead a new mineral strategy is introduced.
across scales comparisonacross scales comparison
Human presence/population
Oil
Mining
Indigenous peopleCulture
Reindeer
Military presence
FisheryTransport
Healthcare
Global warming
Environment
Co-operation
Co-operation
Co-operation
Environment
Indigenous people
across scales comparison
Human presence/population
Oil
Mining
Indigenous peopleCulture
Reindeer
Military presence
FisheryTransport
Healthcare
Global warming
Environment
Co-operation
Co-operation
Co-operation
Environment
Indigenous people
The common goals
These three factor appear in all of the strategies,but approaches may vary.
The NOT SO common goals
global warming
Threat or possibility?
Oil, gas and mining
These economic possibilities are strongest in the Norwegian scale, seen as a possibility for the whole country. The Kiruna declaration is more concerned about the environmental issues.
Indigenous people’s rights
Mentioned in all strategies, but in fact get very little concrete attention. Is it a goal or just a mandatory part of the vision?
sources
Arctic strategies
Kiruna declaration. The Eighth Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council. May 15, 2013.
Norwegian high north strategies
Thorvald Stoltenberg. Nordic cooperation on Nordic and security policy. Meeting of Nordic foreign ministers. 2009.
county strategies
Arctic Council. http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/. 1.11.2013.
UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Projected temperature changes, 2000 to 2100 scenario. 2005.
The High North - visions and strategies. The Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2011.
EY. Arctic Oil and Gas. EYs Global Oil & Gas Center. 2013.
Fish stocks. http://www.fisheries.no. Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs. 1.11.2013
World Wildlife Fund. http://worldwildlife.org/places/arctic. 15.10.2013
Mining. http://www.nrk.no/sapmi/her-leter-gruveselskapene-1.11223508. NRK Sápmi. 1.11.2013.
Statoil, Snøhvit. http://www.statoil.com/en/Pages/default.aspx. 30.10.2013.
UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Projected temperature changes, 2000 to 2100 scenario. 2005.
Regional planstrategi for Finnmark 2012-2016. Finnmark fylkeskommune. 2012.
Fylkesplan for Finnmark 2006-2009 (11). Finnmark fylkeskommune. 2006.
Regionale kulturstrategier for Finnmark 2008-2014. Finnmark fylkeskommune. 2008. Energistrategier for Finnmark 2010-2013. Finnmark fylkeskommune. 2010.
Fiskeri- og havbruksstrategier for 2011-2014 "Et hav av kvalitet". Finnmark fylkeskommune. 2011.
Regional vindkraftplan. Finnmark fylkeskommune. 2013.
Helse Finnmark. http://www.helse-finnmark.no/. 25.10.2013.
Mining. http://www.nrk.no/sapmi/her-leter-gruveselskapene-1.11223508. NRK Sápmi. 1.11.2013.
Statoil. http://www.statoil.com/en/Pages/default.aspx. 30.10.2013.
Reindriftsforvaltningen. https://kart.reindrift.no/reinkart/. 27.11.2013.
Transport Finnmark. http://www.boreal.no/. 1.11.2013.
The High North. http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/campaigns/the-high-north.html?id=450629. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1.11.2013.
County politics. http://www.ffk.no/emner-og-tjenester/politikk/. Finnmark fylkeskommune. 1.11.2013
14th Session of the Barents Euro-Arctic Council, Tromsø, 29 October 2013. http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/whats-new/Speeches-and-articles/speeches_articles/2013/14th-session-of-the-barents-euro-arctic-.html?id=744822