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FS 19: Nationalism in Western Europe, c. 1799-1890

Hilary 2013

Convenors:

Dr Abigail Green, Brasenose College

Dr Oliver Zimmer, University College

Classes meet on Wednesdays at 11.00 am in the Platnauer Room, Brasenose College.

I. Course outline

The tumultuous events of the last decade of the twentieth century and the first years of

this century have shown vividly the enduring power and influence of nationalism on the

states and peoples of Europe. This Further Subject sets out to explore a central aspect of

modern European history, and to introduce students to some of the genuinely seminal

texts in the canon of contemporary political and social thought. Few political ideologies

have exercised so long or so consistent an influence over the lives of contemporary

Europeans as nationalism, making the search for its intellectual foundations - and the

incongruities it spawned - all the more vital for an understanding of modern history, and

of the European condition. The course traces the concept of nationalism to its modern

origins and studies its evolution over the nineteenth century. This was the crucial period

when nationalism entered the mainstream of European politics and came to dominate the

political agenda of the continent, as witnessed by the political unifications of Italy and

Germany.

This is not a straightforward political history of the nineteenth century. Rather, its

purpose is to trace the evolution of an ideology, primarily through the founder-texts of its

most influential exponents in Italy, Germany and France, those parts of Europe where

nationalism is now most readily identified with both state and people. The set texts

include the seminal works of Hegel, Mazzini, Renan, Treitschke, Michelet, Fichte and

Gioberti. Their visions will be tested against their opponents, Marx and the Catholic

Church among them. A continuing theme of the course is the shift of nationalist ideology

from being the child of the revolutionary Left – culminating in the 1848 Revolutions –

towards its identification with the Right and the forces of state authority by the end of the

period. The thoughts of nationalist writers on the roles of religion, gender, the nature of

the state, and the place of the past in shaping cultural identities will all be studied in

depth. Crucially, we will explore the role of history and memory in the construction of

nationhood – not just through the stirring narratives of seminal historians like Michelet

and Treitschke, but also through iconic paintings depicting events from both the recent

and more distant past. The music of Strauss and Verdi highlights the role of culture in

national and political argument at this time.

This complex reality will be set alongside the ideas of the leading, contemporary

theorists of nationalism as a political ideology, including Benedict Anderson, John

Breuilly, Ernest Gellner and Anthony D. Smith. In this way, it is hoped to reveal the

richness, potency and complexity of the concept of nationalism in the era of its definition,

and to test current thinking against its founder-texts. Tutorials will provide the essential

background, and no previous knowledge of the period is required. All texts are in English

translation.

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Bibliography

I. PRIMARY SET TEXTS

A) Prescribed Texts

Cesare Balbo, Storia d’Italia 2 vols. (Turin, 1830) Vol I, Libro I pp. 1-6., Libro II, pp.

323-341, 348-352 (the Lombard communes). English translation on the web.

Derek Beales, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy (London, 1981) pp. 136-154.

Otto von Bismarck, Bismarck. The man and the Statesman. Being the reflections and

reminiscences of Otto Prince von Bismarck. (trans. A. J. Butler) (London, Smith Elder &

Co, 1898) Volume I, Chapter 13: Dynasties and Stocks. pp. 314-323

John Breuilly, Austria, Prussia and Germany 1806-1871 (Harlow, 2002), Documents no.

28, 29 – 30, 32 – 37.

Gustav J. Droysen, The Policy of Denmark towards the Duchies of Schleswig-Holstein,

from the year 1806 to the breaking out of the war in March 1848 (London, 1850), 97 pp.

& xviii.

Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Addresses to the German Nation [1807], trans. R. F. Jones & G.

H. Turnbull (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1922), pp. 136-138, 143-145.

Julius Ficker, Das Deutsche Kaiserreich in seinem universalen und nationalen

Beziehungen. Vorlesungen gehalten im Ferdinandeum zu Innsbruck (1861) reproduced in

Friedrich Schneider (ed.) Universalstaat oder Nationalstaat. Macht und Ende des Ersten

deutschen Reiches (Universitäts-Verlag Wagner, Innsbruck, 1941) pp.21-22, 31-32, 110-

132. English translation on the web.

Vicenzo Gioberti, della nazionalità italiana (Livorno, 1847) pp. 9-27, 35-41, 47-57, 63-

68, 72-75, 82-88, 94-101. English translation on the web.

G.W.F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History. Introduction: Reason in

History. Translated by H.B. Nisbet and with an Introduction by D. Forbes (Cambridge,

1975), pp. 44-124 (‘The Realisation of Spirit in History’, 1830)

Alphonse de Lamartine, History of the Girondists, 3 vols. (trans. H.T. Ryde, London,

1847-1848): Vol II: Book XXXIII, chapters 1-14, pp. 281-292; chapter 16 pp. 294-296;

chapter 25 pp. 3020307; Book XXXIV chapter 10 pp. 314-316; chapters 21-24, pp. 327-

331. (the trial of Louis XVI); Vol III: Book XLII, chapters 17-21, pp. 293-301, 304-307;

BOOK XLIX, chapter 4, pp. 472-473; Book LX, chapter 5, pp. 492-493; BOOK LXI

chpaters 15-16, pp. 542-546. Ythe Terror and its place in history)

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Félcité de Lammenais, The People's Prophecy (trans. Cuthbert Reavely, London, Andrew

Dakers, 1943) 19-126.

Friedrich List, "The National System of Political Economy [1841-1844]" (New York:

Augustus M. Kelley Publishers, 1966), pp. xiii-xxiv, 119-325, 365-435.

Karl Marx, ‘The Eighteen Brumaire of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte,’ in Surveys from

Exile, ed. Ed. David Fernbach (London, 1977 – bit many editions) pp.143-249)

Giuseppe Mazzini, Life and Writings (London, 1891). Vol. 1, pp. 38-52 (Instructions for

the members of Young Italy), 79-144 (Faith and the future); Vol. 4, pp. 305-78 (An essay

on the duties of man); Vol. 5, pp. 331-66 (On the Encyclia of Pope Pius IX).

P. R. Mendes-Flohr, J. Reinharz, P. Mendes-Flohr (eds.), The Jew in the Modern World:

A Documentary History (New York, 1997), pp. 343 – 349

Jules Michelet, History of France (trans. G.H. Smith, London, 1845-47) Vol I, pp. 119-

154. (Jeanne d’Arc and the regeneration of a people).

Jules Michelet, The People (trans. Charles Cooks, London, 1846) pp. 27-66, 97-130, 198-

267.

Roger Price, 1848 in France (London, 1975) Part I Documents 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Part II

Documents 12, 13, 14.

Ernest Renan, 'What is a Nation?', in G. Eley & R. G. Suny (eds.), Becoming National: A

Reader (OUP, 1996), pp. 42-57.

Heinrich Karl Ludolf v. Sybel, Über die neueren Darstellungen der deutschen Kaiserzeit

(1859), reproduced in Friedrich Schneider (ed.) Universalstaat oder Nationalstaat. Macht

und Ende des Ersten deutschen Reiches (Universitäts-Verlag Wagner, Innsbruck, 1941)

pp.8-18. [to be translated]. English translation on the web.

H v. Treitschke, Politics. Translated by Blanche Dugdale & Torben de Bille. 2 vols.

(London: Macmillan, 1916), I: pp. 270 – 302 (chapter on ‘Races, Tribes, and Nations’)

[History Fac. Library: M 022.4 TREI]

H. v. Treitschke, History of Germany in the 19th

century. Translated by Eden & Ceder

Paul (London: Jarrold & Son, 1915), parts I (‘Germany after the Peace of Westphalia, pp.

3-119) & III (‘The Rise of Prussia, pp. 313-476). [Ratcliffe Camera: S.Hist.7G.95.3]

Debate in the Parliament of the Duchy of Nassau on a Motion for the Complete

Emancipation of the Jews in the Duchy (1846) (9 pp)

http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=343

Daniel Schenkel: Excerpts from The German Protestant Association (1868) (6 pp) http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=457

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Resolution of the Katholikentag in Aachen (1862) (14 pp)

http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=248

B) Prescribed Images

Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Medieval City on a River (1815), Gothic Church on a Rock by

the Sea (1815)

Caspar David Friedirch: Man and Woman contemplating the Moon (1818-25); The

wanderer above the mists (1817-18); Oak Tree in the Snow (1829)

Anton von Werner: The Kaiser Proclamation in Versailles (various versions)

Jacques-Louis David; Napoleon at the Saint Bernard Pass (1801)

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Napoleon on his imperial throne (1806)

Eugene Delacroix, The 28th

July: Liberty leading the people (1830)

Paul Delaroche, Joan of Arc and the Cardinal of Winchester (1824)

Francois Gerard, The Entry of Henri IV into Paris, 22 March 1594 (1817)

Francesco Hayez: The Conspiracy of the Lampugnani (1826); The Sicilian Vespers

(1821-2)

Giuseppe Dotti, The Oath of Pontida (1846)

Copies of all these images are readily available on the internet, but please contact the

convenor if you require more specific instruction

C) Prescribed Music

Ernst Moritz Arndt, "The German's Fatherland" (1813)

For the text: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/arndt-vaterland.html.

Verdi: Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves (Va pensiero…), Nabucco (1842). Libretto and

Music. For Libretto see: http://lyricstranslate.com/en/Chorus-Hebrew-Slaves-Chorus-

Hebrew-Slaves.html

Johann Strauss: Radeztky March, Op. 228 (1848)

Recordings of all 3 pieces are readily available on You Tube

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II. SECONDARY READING

A. Theoretical work on nationalism

Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London, Verso, 1983)

Ida Blom, Karen Hagemann, and Catherine Hall (eds), Gendered Nations, Nationalisms

and Gender Order in the Long Nineteenth Century

John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State (Manchester, Manchester University Press,

1993, 2nd

edn)

Ernest Gellner, Nations and nationalism (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1983)

Antonio Gramsci, Chapter 3, ‘Notes on Italian History,’ in Selections from the Prison

Notebooks, ed.and trans. Quintin Hoare & Geoffrey Nowell Smith (London, 2003) pp.

44-122.

Eric Hobsbawm, ‘Introduction’ & ch. By Hobsbawm in Eric Hobsbawm and Terence

Ranger (eds) The invention of tradition (Cambridge, CUP, 1983)

George Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality: Middle-Class Morality and Sexual Norms in

Modern Europe (New York: Howard Fertig, 1985)

Roland Robertson, pp.98-105 of ‘The Universalism-Particularism issue’, in Robertson

(ed.), Globalization. Social Theory and Global Culture (London, 1992)

Anthony D. Smith, The ethnic origins of nations (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1986)

Anthony D. Smith, ‘State-making and nation-building’, in John Hall (ed.), States in

History (Oxford 1986), 228 – 63.

Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: the modernization of rural France 1870-1914

(London, Chatto and Windus, 1977)

Hans-Ulrich Wehler, The German Empire 1871-1918 (Leamington Spa, Berg 1985)

Robert H. Wiebe, Who we are. A history of popular nationalism (Princeton and Oxford,

Princeton University Press, 2002), Chapter 1: Thinking about Nationalism pp.1-11

Nira Yuval-Davis. Gender & Nation. (London: Sage, 1997), pp.1-25.

Oliver Zimmer, Nationalism in Europe 1890 – 1940 (Basingstoke, 2003), chapter 1.

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A. France

General

Agulhon, M., Marianne into Battle: Republican imagery and symbolism in France, 1789-

1880 (Cambridge, 1981).

Atkin, N. and Tallett, F. eds. The Right in France, 1789-1997 (London, 1997).

Brubaker, Citizenship and nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, Mass. 1992).

Bury, J.P.T. & Tombs, R., Thiers, 1797-1877. A political life (London, 1982).

Crook, M. ed. Revolutionary France (Oxford, 2002).

Furet, F., Revolutionary France, 1770-1880 (Basingstoke, 1998).

Gibson, R., A Social History of French Catholicism, 1789-1914 (London, 1989).

Gildea, R., The Past in French History (New Haven & London, 1994).

Hazareesingh, S., Political Traditions in Modern France (Oxford, 1994).

Hollier, D. ed, A New History of French Literature (London, 1989).

Judt, Tony, Marxism and the French Left. Studies on Labour and Politics in France,

1830-1981 (Oxford, 1986).

McPhee, P., ‘Popular culture, symbolism and rural radicalism in 19th

century France,’

Australian Journal of Politics and History, 5 (1978) pp. 238-253.

Pierre Nora, Realms of Memory. The Construction of the French Past. Vols. I – III (New

York, 1996 – 1998).

Tombs, R., France, 1814-1914 ( London, 1996).

Weber, E., My France. Politics, Culture, Myth (Cambridge, Mass. 1991).

1814-1851

Agulhon, M., The Republic in the Village. The people of the Var from the French

Revolution to the Second Republic (Cambridge, 1982).

Agulhon, M., The Republican Experiment, 1848-1852 (Cambridge, 1983).

Allen, J.S., Popular French Romanticism. Authors, Reader and Books in 19th

century

(Syracuse, 1981).

Berenson, E., Populist Religion and Left-Wing Politics in France, 1830-1852 (London,

1984).

Braudel, F., The Identity of France, 2 vols. ((London, 1988 &1990).

Devlin, J., The Superstitious Mind. French Peasants and the supernatural in the 19th

century (London, 1987).

Englund, S., ‘The ghost of nation past,’ Journal of Modern History, 64 (1992) pp. 299-

320.

Fortescue, W., Alphonse de Lamartine. A political biography (New York, 1983).

Fortescue, W., ‘Poetry, politics, publicity and the writing of History: Lamartine’s

Histoire des Girondins,’ European History Quarterly, 17 (1987) pp. 259-284.

Furet, F., Interpreting the French Revolution (Cambridge, 1981).

Hazareesingh, S., The Legend of Napoleon (London, 2005).

Johnson, D., Guizot. Aspects of French History, 1787-1874 (London, 1963).

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Lebrun, R.A., Joseph de Maistre. An intellectual militant (Kingston & Montreal, 1988).

McPhee, P., The Politics of Rural Life: political mobilization in the French countryside,

1846-1852 (Oxford, 1992).

Price, R., ‘Popular disturbances in the French provinces after the July Revolution,’

European Studies Review, 1 (1971) pp. 323-250.

Rémond, R., The Right in France, vol. I

Sahlins, P., Boundaries: the making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees (Berkeley,

1989).

Sahlins, P., Forest Rites. The war of the Demoiselles in 19th

century France (Cambridge,

Mass. 1994).

1851- c. 1890

Anderson, R.D., Education in France, 1848-70 (Oxford, 1975).

Auspitz, C., The Radical Bourgeoisie: The Ligue de l’Enseignement and the Origins of

the Third Republic, 1866-1885 (Cambrdige, 1982).

Barrows, S., Distorting Mirrors. Visions of the Crowd in Late 19th

Century France

(London, 1981).

Biddiss, M., Father of Racist Ideology. The social and poltical thought of Count

Gobineau (London, 1970).

Miquel Cabo and Fernandon Molina, ‘The Long Winding Road of Nationalization:

Eugen Weber’s Peasants into Frenchmen’, European History Quarterly, vol. 39, no.

2 (2009), 264-86.

Ford, C., Creating the Nation in Provincial France. Religion and Political Identity in

Brittany (Princeton, 1993).

Greenberg, L., Sisters of Liberty. Marseille, Lyon and the return to a centralized state

(Cambridge, Mass. 1971).

Hazareesingh, S., The Saint-Napoleon: celebrations of sovereignty in 19th

century France

(Cambridge, Mass. 2004).

Hazareesingh, S., From subject to citizen: the Second Empire and the emergence of

modern French democracy (Princeton, 1998).

Judt, Tony, Socialism in Provence, 1871-1914 (Cambridge, 1979).

Lehning, J., Peasant and French. Cultural Contact in Rural France in the 19th

Century

(Cambridge, 1995).

Roberts, J., ‘The Paris Commune from the Right,’ English Historical Review, supplement

6 (1973).

Tombs, R., ed. Nationhood and Nationalism in France from Boulangism to the Great

War (London, 1991).

Weber, E., Peasants into Frenchmen: the Modernisation of Rural France (Berkley,

1977).

Zeldin, T., France, 1848-1945, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1973).

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B. Germany

General

David Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany 1780-1918

(Oxford 1997).

J. Breuilly, The Formation of the First German Nation-State, 1800 – 1871

(Basingstoke, 1996)

John Breuilly, ‘Nationalism and the History of Ideas’, Proceedings of the British

Academy, vol. 105 (1999), pp. 187-223.

T. Nipperdey, Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck (Dublin, 1996).

H. Schulze, The Course of German Nationalism: From Frederick the Great to

Bismarck (Cambridge, 1994).

J. J. Sheehan, German History 1770-1866 (Oxford, 1989), chs. 4 – 6.

J. Sperber (ed.) Germany, 1800-1870 (Oxford, 2004), especially chs. 1-3, 5-8, 10.

H.-U. Wehler, The German Empire 1871-1918 (Leamington Spa: Berg, 1985)

Revolutionary & Napoleonic period

F. M. Barnard, Herder’s Social and Political Thought: From Enlightenment to

Nationalism (Oxford, 1965).

T.C.W.Blanning, The French Revolution in Germany: Occupation and Resistance in

the Rhineland 1792-1802 (Oxford, 1983).

T.C.W.Blanning, The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime

Europe 1660-1789 (Oxford, 2002), introduction & chs. 6 & 8.

John Breuilly, 19th

-century Germany: Politics, Culture and Society 1780-1918

(London, 2001).

O. Dann & John Dinwiddy (eds.) Nationalism in the Age of the French Revolution

(London, 1988), Chapters by Segbert & Dumont.

B. Giesen, Intellectuals and the Nation: Collective Identity in a German Axial Age

(Cambridge, 1998), chs. 2 & 3.

G. P. Gooch, Germany and the French Revolution (New York: Longmans, Green and

Co., 1927).

M. Hughes, Nationalism and Society: Germany 1800-1945 (London: Arnold, 1988).

H. James, A German Identity: 1770 to the present (London, 1989), chs. 1 & 2.

E. Kedourie, Nationalism (Oxford, 1960 and later editions)

Matthew Levinger, Enlightened Nationalism: The transformation of Prussian

Political Culture, 1806-1848 (Oxford, 2000).

M. Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution

(Basingstoke, 1994), esp. chs. 16 & 17.

Ute Planert, “From Collaboration to Resistance: Politics, Experience and Memory of the

Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Southern Germany”, Central European

History, vol. 39 (2006), 676-705.

J. J. Sheehan, ‘State and nationality in the Napoleonic period’, in John Breuilly (ed), The

State of Germany, pp. 47-59.

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J. J. Sheehan, German History 1770-1866 (OUP, 1989), chs. IV - VI.

W. Simon, ‘Variations in Nationalism during the Great Reform Period in Prussia’,

JMH, vol. 59 (January 1954), pp. 305-21.

Germany’s Path to National Unification: 1848 – 1871

C. Applegate, A Nation of Provincials. The German Idea of Heimat (Berkeley, 1991).

R. M. Berdahl, ‘New Thoughts on German Nationalism’, AHR, vol. 77 (February

1972), pp. 65-80.

D. Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780-1918

(Oxford, 1997), chs. 4-6.

D. Blackbourn. & R.J. Evans (eds.), The German Bourgeoisie: Essays on the Social

History of the German Middle Class from the late Eighteenth to the early Twentieth

Century (London, 1991)

J. Breuilly, ‘Nations and Nationalism in Modern German history’, The Historical

Journal, 33/3 (1990), 659-75.

J. Breuilly, ‘State-building, modernisation and liberalism from the late Eighteenth

century to unification: German peculiarities’, European History Quarterly, 22 (1992),

257-84.

J. Breuilly, ‘Sovereignty and boundaries: modern state formation and national

identity in Germany’, in Mary Fulbrook (ed.), National histories and European

History (London, 1993), pp. 94-140.

J. Breuilly, The Formation of the First German Nation-State, 1800-1871 (London,

1996).

W. Carr, ‘The unification of Germany’, in John Breuilly, The State of Germany, pp.

80-102.

A. Green, Fatherlands: State-building and nationhood in nineteenth-century Germany

(Cambridge, 2001).

A. Green, ‘The Federal Alternative? A New View of Modern German History?’, HJ,

vol. 46 (2003), pp. 187-202.

A Green,‘Representing Germany? The Zollverein at the World Exhibitions 1851-1862’,

JMH 75 (12/2003) 836-863 Mark Hewitson, Nationalism in Germany, 1848-1866: Revolutionary Nation (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2012).

H. James, A German Identity: 1770 to the present day (London, 1989), ch. 3.

D. Langewiesche, ‘Germany and the national question in 1848’, in John Breuilly,

The State of Germany, pp. 60-79.

D. Langewiesche, Liberalism in Germany (1999).

Quataert, Jean, Staging Philanthropy. Patriotic women and the national imagination in

dynastic Germany, 1813-1916 (Michigan, 2001)

H. Schulze, (ed.), Nation-building in Central Europe (Leamington Spa, 1987)

J. J. Sheehan, ‘What is German History?’ Reflections on the Role of the Nation in

German History and Historiography’, Journal of Modern History, 53 (March 1981),

pp. 1-23.

J. J. Sheehan, German History 1770-1866, ch. XIV.

J. J. Sheehan German Liberalism in the nineteenth century (London, 1982).

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J. Sperber, ‘Festivals of National Unity in the German Revolution of 1848-49’, Past and

Present, 136 (1992), 114-38.

See also 'Documents on German unification:

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/germanunification.html

Post-unification and the Kulturkampf

Margaret Lavinia Anderson, Practicing Democracy: Elections and Political Culture in

Imperial Germany (Princeton, 2000), esp. chs. 4 & 5.

Alon Confino, The Nation as a Local Metaphor. Württemberg, Imperial Germany, and

National Memory, 1871-1918 (Chapel Hill, 1997).

Geoff Eley, “State Formation, Nationalism, and Political Culture: Some Thoughts on the

Unification of Germany,” in From Unification to Nazism: Reinterpreting the German

Past, ed. G. Eley (London, 1986), 61-79

M. Jefferies, Contesting the German Empire, 1871-1918 (Oxford, 2008).

H. W. Smith, German Nationalism and Religious Conflict: Culture, Politics, Ideology

1870 – 1914 (Princeton, 1995).

O. Zimmer, ‘Beneath the Culture War: Corpus Christi Processions and Mutual

Accommodation in the Second German Empire’ Journal of Modern History 82 (June

2010), 288-334.

C. Italy:

General

S.J. Woolf, A History of Italy, 1700-1860 (London, 1979).

H. Hearder, Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento, 1790-1870 (London, 1983).

Italy in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 2000) ed . J.A. Davis.

A. Lyttleton, ‘The national question in Italy,’ The National Question in Europe in

Historical Context (Cambridge, 199£0 eds. M. Teich and R. Porter.

L. Riall, ‘Elite resistance to state formation: the case of Italy,’ National Histories and

European History (London, 1993).

Special issue on Alberto Mario Banti’s interpretation of the “Risorgimento” in Nations

and Nationalism, vol. 15 (July 2009).

Silviana Patriarcha, ‘Indolence and regeneration: tropes and tensions of Risorgimento

nationalism’ American Historical Review 2005.

http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/110.2/patriarca.html

1815-1848

Bolton King, A History of Italian Unity, 1814-1871 (London, 1899) vol. I.

D. Beales, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy (London, 1981).

S.J. Woolf (ed), The Italian Risorgimento (London, 1969).

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L. Riall, The Italian Risorgimento. State, society and national unification (London,

1994).

J.A. Davis, Conflict and Control. Law and Order in Nineteenth Century Italy (London,

1988).

J.A. Davis, Merchants, Monopolists and Contractors: a study of each activity and society

in Bourbon Naples (New York, 1981).

Maurizio Isabella, Risorgimento in Exile. Italian Emigres and the Liberal International in

the Post-Napoleonic era (Oxford, 2009)

The Church & Society

O. Chadwick, The Popes and the European Revolution (Oxford, 1981) chapter 8.

F. Coppa, Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli and Papal Politics in European Affairs (Albany,

1990).

A.J. Reinerman, Austria and the Papacy in the Age of Metternich (Washington DC, 1979-

89) 2 vols.

A.J. Reinerman, ‘The failure of popular counter-revolution in Risorgimento Italy: the

case of the centurions, 1831-1847,’ Historical Journal, 34 (1991) pp. 21-41.

M. Broers, ‘Sexual Politics and Political Ideology under the Savoyard Monarchy, 1814-

1821,’ The English Historical Review, 114 (1999) pp. 607-35.

E.E.Y. Hayes, Revolution and the Papacy, 1799-1846 (London, 1960).

E.E.Y. Hayes, Pio Nono (London, 1954).

The Restoration

R. Grew, A Sterner Plan for Italian Unity. The National Society in the Risorgimento

(Princeton, 1963).

C. Lovett, The Democratic Movement in Italy, 1830-1876 (Cambridge, Mass., 1982).

The following chapters, all in:

Napoleon’s Legacy. Problems of Government in Restoration Europe (Oxford and New

York, 2000) eds. D. Laven and L. Riall:

M. Meriggi, ‘State and society in post-Napoleonic Italy,’ pp. 49-64.

M. Broers, ‘The Restoration in Piedmont-Sardinia, 1814-1848,’ pp.151-66.

J.A. Davis, ‘Cultures of interdiction: the politics of censorship in Italy from Napoleon to

the Restoration,’ pp. 237-56.

C. A. Bayly and Eugenio F. Biagini (eds) Giuseppe Mazzini and the globalization of

democratic nationalism 1830-1920 (Oxford, 2008)

Clive Emsley, Gendarmes and the State in Nineteenth Century Europe (Oxford, 1999),

chapter 11, ‘Variations: Caraabinieri,’ pp. 191-207.

K.R. Greenfield, Economics and Liberalism in the Risorgimento. A Study of Nationalism

in Lombardy, 1814-1848 (Baltimore, 1934).

S.C. Hughes, Crime, Disorder and the Risorgimento. The Politics of Policing in Bologna

(Cambridge, 1994).

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D. Laven, Venice and Venetia under the Habsburgs, 1815-1835 (Oxford, 2002).

M. Petrusewicz, ‘Society against the state: peasant brigandage in Southern Italy,’

Criminal Justice History, 8 (1987) pp. 1-20.

W.K. Hancock, Ricasoli and the Risorgimento in Tuscany (New York, 1969).

R.J. Rath, ‘The Habsburgs and the great depression in Lombardy-Venetia, 1814-18,’

Journal of Modern History, 13 (1941) pp. 18-34.

R.J. Rath, The Provisional Austrian Regime in Lombardy-Venetia, 1814-15 (Austin and

London, 1969).

The Revolutions of 1848-49

P. Ginsborg, Daniel Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848-49 (Cambridge, 1979).

P. Ginsborg, ‘Peasants and revolutionaries in Venice and the Veneto, 1848,’ Historical

Journal, 17 (1974).

Society and Politics in the Age of the Risorgimento (Cambridge, 1991) eds. J.A. Davis

and P. Ginsborg.

D. Mack Smith, Cavour (London, 1985).

D. Mack Smith, Garibaldi (London, 1957).

D. Mack Smith, Mazzini (London, 2003).

G.M. Trevelyan, Garibaldi’s Defence of the Roman Republic Lodnon, 1920).

S. Soldani, ‘From Divided Memory to Silence. The 1848 Celebrations in Italy,’ 1848: A

European Revolution? (Basingstoke, 2000) ed. A. Körner.

C. A. Bayly and Eugenio F. Biagini (eds) Giuseppe Mazzini and the globalization of

democratic nationalism 1830-1920 (Oxford, 2008)

Post Unification.

M. Clark, Modern Italy, 1872-2000 (London, several editions).

C. Duggan, Crispi (Oxford, 2002).

C. Seton-Watson, Italy. From Liberalism to Fascism (London, 1963).

[Copies of all these images are readily available on the internet, but please contact the

convenor if you require more specific instruction

III. CLASSES

Teaching for this course will consist of 8 weekly classes structured as follows:

Week 1: Modern theorists of Nationalism

The first class will serve as an introduction to the problematic of nations and nationalism

by focusing on leading modern theorists of nationalism. As a guide to the issues

addressed in this class, we have selected five key texts. Anderson, Gellner and Smith

speak for themselves; Breuilly provides important insights into the interaction between

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nationalism and power; Wiebe provides a very useful critique of the anti-national

assumptions that underpin most modern work on nationalism.

Prescribed reading:

Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London, Verso, 1983)

Ernest Gellner, Nations and nationalism (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1983)

John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State (Manchester, Manchester University Press,

1993, 2nd

edn)

Eric Hobsbawm, Introduction and chapter by Hobsbawm, in E. Hobsbawm & T. Ranger

(eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: CUP, 1983).

Debate between AD Smith and E Gellner in Nations and Nationalism, vol. 2 (November

1996).

Anthony D. Smith, The ethnic origins of nations (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1986)

Anthony D. Smith, “Gastronomy or geology? The role of nationalism in the

reconstruction of nations”, Nations and Nationalism, vol. 1 (March 1995), 3 – 24.

Anthony D.Smith, ‘State-making and nation-building’, in John Hall (ed.) States in

History (Oxford 1986), 228-63.

Roland Robertson, pp.98-105 of ‘The Universalism-Particularism issue’, in Robertson

(ed.), Globalization. Social Theory and Global Culture (London, 1992)

Robert H. Wiebe, Who we are. A history of popular nationalism (Princeton and Oxford,

Princeton University Press, 2002), Chapter 1: Thinking about Nationalism pp.1-11

Introductory Reading:

Oliver Zimmer, Nationalism in Europe 1890 – 1940 (Basingstoke, 2003), chapter 1.

Chris Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World (2004), Chapter 6: Nation, Empire and

ethnicity. Essential introduction if you want a global perspective.

Week 2: Contemporary Theorists of the Nation

The second class explores how influential views of national identity and nationhood

developed during the period covered by the course, and to contrast them with the recent

scholarship discussed in Week 1. The class will also explore the well known opposition

between the ‘ethnic’ ideas of nationhood presented by Hegel and Treitschke, and the

more ‘civic’ nationalism of Mazzini and Renan, although List’s economic vision

undercuts this distinction.

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Set texts:

G.W.F. Hegel

Friedrich List

Treitschke, Politics

Renan

Mazzini: “Instructions for the members of Young Italy”

Secondary Reading

F.M. Barnard, 'National Culture and Political Legitimacy: Herder and Rousseau', Journal

of the History of Ideas 49 (1983), PP. 231-53

J.C. Eade (ed), Romantic Nationalism in Europe (Canberra, 1983). Introduction

A. K. Fahrmeir, ‘Nineteenth-Century German Citizenships: A Reconsideration', HJ, vol.

40, no. 3 (1997), pp. 721-752.

John Plamenatz, 'Two Types of Nationalism', in E. Kamenka (ed.), Nationalism: The

nature and Evolution of an idea (London, 1976), pp. 23-36.

A.D. Smith, 'Neo'classicist and romantic elements in the emergence of Nationalist

Conceptions', in A.D. Smith (ed.), Nationalist Movements (London, 1976), pp.

Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge

MA, 1992), pp. 1 - 72.

Bernard Yack, 'The Myth of the Civic Nation', Critical Review 10/2 (1996), pp. 193-211.

These two classes focusing on theories of nationalism are followed by three classes

looking at the ways in which Germans, Italians and Frenchmen imagined the history

and identity of their own nation.

Week 3: History & Memory: Germany

Set texts

Johann Gottlieb Fichte

Ernst Moritz Arndt [words and music]

Heinrich von Treitschke, History of Germany in the 19th

century

Heinrich Karl Ludolf v. Sybel

Julius Ficker

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Otto v. Bismarck

Set images

Karl Friedrich Schinkel Medieval City on a River (1815); Gothic Church on a Rock by

the Sea (1815)

Caspar David Friedirch: Man and Woman contemplating the Moon (1818-25); The

wanderer above the mists (1817-18); Oak Tree in the Snow (1829)

Anton von Werner: The Kaiser Proclamation in Versailles (various versions)

Secondary Reading:

C. Applegate, A Nation of Provincials: The German Idea of ‘Heimat’(Berkeley,1990).

Stefan Berger, The search for Normality: National Identity and Historical

Consciousness in Germany since 1800 (1997)

Jefferson S. Chase, ‘The homeless nation: the exclusion of Jews in and from early

nineteenth century German historical fiction’, in Bryan Cheyette and Nadia Valman

(eds.), The image of the Jew in European liberal culture, 1789-1914 (2004)

Christopher Clark, ‘The wars of liberation in Prussian memory: reflections on the

memorialization of War in Early Nineteenth-Century Germany’, Journal of Modern

History, Vol 68, No. 3 (Sept., 1996) 550-576

A. Confino, ‘The Nation as a Local Metaphor: Heimat, National Memory and the

German Empire, 1871-1918’, History and Memory, vol. 5 (1993), pp. 46-86.

A. Green, Fatherlands: State-Building and Nationhood in Nineteenth-Century

Germany (Cambridge: CUP, 2001), chs. 3, 7, 8.

Kevin Cramer, The Thirty Years War and German Memory in the Nineteenth Century

(2007)

G. G. Iggers, The German Conception of History (Middletown, Conn., 1983)

Claudia Keisch (ed.), Spirit of an Age: nineteenth century paintings from the

Nationalgalerie, Berlin (London, 2001)

P. Mazón, 'Germania Triumphant: The Niederwald National Monument and the

Liberal Moment in Imperial Germany', GH, vol. 18, no. 2 (2000), pp. 162-192.

G. L. Mosse, The nationalization of the masses: Political symbolism & Mass movements

in Germany from the Napoleonic wars through the Third Reich (1975), chs. 2 – 6.

G. Penny,'Fashioning Local Identities in an Age of Nation-Building: Museums,

Cosmopolitan Visions, and Intra-German Competition', German History, vol. 17, no.

4 (1999), pp. 489-505.

Week 4: History & Memory: France

Set texts

Alphonse de Lamartine

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Jules Michelet, History of France

Set images

Jacques-Louis David; Napoleon at the Saint Bernard Pass (1801)

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Napoleon on his imperial throne (1806)

Eugene Delacroix, The 28th

July: Liberty leading the people (1830)

Paul Delaroche, Joan of Arc and the Cardinal of Winchester (1824)

Francois Gerard, The Entry of Henri IV into Paris, 22 March 1594 (1817)

Secondary Reading:

R. Gildea, The Past in French History (New Haven and London, 1994), especially

Introduction and chapters 1 and 3.

Pierre Nora, Realms of Memory… (New York, 1996-98). **various essays in vols. I –

III**

C. Rearick, ‘Festivals in Modern France: The experience of the Third Republic’, in

Journal of Contemporary History 12 (1977), 435 – 460

D. G. Troyansky, ‘Monumental Politics: National History and Local Memory in French

Monuments aus Morts in the Department of Aisne since 1870’, FHS, vol. 15 (1987),

121-41.

Agulhon, M., Marianne into Battle: Republican imagery and symbolism in France, 1789-

1880 (Cambridge, 1981).

Week 5: History & Memory: Italy

Set texts:

Giuseppe Mazzini, ‘Faith and the Future.’

Vicenzo Gioberti, pp. 9-27, 35-41, 47-57, 63-68.

Cesare Balbo, Vol I, Libro I pp. 1-6., Libro II, pp. 323-341, 348-352

Set images

Francesco Hayez: The Conspiracy of the Lampugnani (1826); The Sicilian Vespers

(1821-2)

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Giuseppe Dotti, The Oath of Pontida (1846)

Set music

Verdi: Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves (Va pensiero…), Nabucco (1842). Libretto and

Music. For Libretto see: http://lyricstranslate.com/en/Chorus-Hebrew-Slaves-Chorus-

Hebrew-Slaves.html

Secondary Reading:

Adrian Lyttelton, ‘Creating a national past: history, myth and image in the Risorgimento’,

in Albert Russell Asoli & Krystyna von Henneberg (eds), Making and remaking Italy.

The cultivation fo national identity around the Risorgimento (Oxford, 2001)

L. Riall, The Italian Risorgimento (London, 1994) chapters 1, 5 and 6.

J. Davis, ‘Remapping Italy’s path to the twentieth century,’ JMH (1994).

S. Soldani, ‘From divided memory to silence. The 1848 celebrations in Italy,’ in A.

Körner (ed) 1848: A European Revolution? International Ideas and National

Memories of 1848 (Basingstoke, 2004) pp. 143-163.

J. Dickie, ‘The notion of Italy,’ in Z.G. Baranski and R.J. West (eds), The Cambridge

Companion to Modern Italian Culture (Cambridge, 1991) pp. 17-33.

Articles by Alberto Banti and Lucy Riall in C. A. Bayly and Eugenio F. Biagini (eds)

Giuseppe Mazzini and the globalization of democratic nationalism 1830-1920

(Oxford, 2008),

Special issue on Alberto Mario Banti’s interpretation of the “Risorgimento” in Nations

and Nationalism, vol. 15 (July 2009).

Silviana Patriarcha, ‘Indolence and regeneration: tropes and tensions of Risorgimento

nationalism’ American Historical Review 2005.

In addition, you are recommended to view the film Il piccolo Garibaldino, made in

1909. See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbLFToLPtYo

For commentary on this film and the role of early film in Italian nation-building, see

Mario Musumeci, & Sergio Toffetti, (eds), De La presa di Roma a Il piccolo garbaldino.

Risorgimento, massoneria e istituzioni: l’immagine della nazione nel cinema muto (1905

1909)/ From La presa di Roma to Il piccolo garibaldino: the Risorgimento, freemasonry

and institutions: Italy in silent films (1905-1909) (Gangemi Editore 2007). The book

contains a DVD, with the film with English subtitles.

Week 6: Revolutions of 1848 & nationality/nationalism

Moving on from theories of nationalism both general and historically specific, this class

provides a documentary case study of nationalist politics in action, focusing on the

revolutions of 1848. This critical period has been seen as a turning point in the history of

nineteenth century nationalism. It saw the liberal vision of a Springtime of the Peoples

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collapse in the face of the competing interests of rival nationalisms, while the experience

of revolution forced idealistic German and Italian nationalists to confront the realities of

established military and political power.

Set Texts:

Gustav J. Droysen

John Breuilly, documents no. 28, 29 – 30, 32 – 37

Roger Price, Part I Documents 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; Part II Documents 12, 13, 14.

Karl Marx

Giuseppe Mazzini, ‘On the Encyclia of Pope Pius IX,’

Derek Beales, pp. 136-154

Set music

Johann Strauss: Radeztky March, Op. 228 (1848)

Secondary Reading:

Johnathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848-1851 (Cambridge, 1994).

Germany

Jonathan Sperber, 'Festivals of national unity in the German revolution of 1848-9' Past

and Present, 36 08/1992,

Brian E. Vick, Defining Germany. The 1848 Frankfurt Parliamentarians and National

Identity (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 2002)

France

Agulhon, M., The Republican Experiment, 1848-1852 (Cambridge, 1983).

Price, R., ‘Popular disturbances in the French provinces after the July Revolution,’

European Studies Review, 1 (1971) pp. 323-250.

Italy

S.J. Woolf, A History of Italy 1700-1860 (London, 1979) chs. 3 – 4.

P. Ginsborg, ‘Peasants and revolutionaries in Venice and the Veneto, 1848,’ HJ 27

(1974).

Week 7: Nation & Religion

This class explores the complex relationship between religion and nationhood: the secular

nationalism of figures like Mazzini and the universalist aspirations of the Catholic church

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appear to demonstrate a fundamental conflict between religion and nationhood, but in

practice religion and nationhood often went hand in hand. Thus Gioberti envisaged a

unified Italy headed by the Papacy, while in Germany the attempt of Protestant historians

and politicians like Heinrich von Treitschke to appropriate the national narrative led

Catholics like Julius Ficker to propound an alternative vision of German history, and

prompted bitter controversy after unification over the position of Jews in the new German

polity.

Set texts:

Julius Ficker, pp.128-131

Mendes-Flohr, J. Reinharz, P. Mendes-Flohr (eds.), pp. 343 – 349.

Debate in the Parliament of the Duchy of Nassau on a Motion for the Complete

Emancipation of the Jews in the Duchy (1846)

Daniel Schenkel: Excerpts from The German Protestant Association (1868).

Resolution of the Katholikentag in Aachen (1862).

Giuseppe Mazzini ‘An essay on the duties of man’

Vicenzo Gioberti, Gioberti, della nazionalità italiana (Livorno, 1847), pp. 72-75, 82-88,

94-101.

Félcité de Lammenais

Jules Michelet, The People

Secondary Reading:

On Nationalism

A.Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism

(Cambridge 1997), esp. Introduction.,

A.D. Smith, Chosen Peoples: Sacred Sources of National Identity (Oxford 2003)

Clark & Kaiser (eds.), Culture Wars. Secular-Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth-century

Europe (Cambridge 2003), esp. chs. 1 & 2, 3 (France), 8 (Italy) and 9 (Germany)

On Jews and Nationalism

Shmuel Almog, Nationalism and antisemitism in Modern Europe 1815-1914 pp.1-72

Jacob Katz, From Prejudice to destruction: antisemitism 1700-1933

France, Germany, Italy

Judith Kalman, Rethinking anti-semitism in nineteenth century France (CUP, 2009)

Caroline Ford, Creating the nation in provincial France (Princeton, UP 1993)

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Caroline Ford, Divided Houses. Religion and gender in modern France (Cornell, 2005)

Pierre Nora, Realms of Memory, vol. I, pp. 109-44.

Michael Gross, The War against Catholicism: Liberalism and the anti-Catholic

Imagination in nineteenth-century Germany (Michigan, 2004).

Helmut Walser Smith, German nationalism and religious conflict. Culture, ideology,

politics 1870-1914 (Princeton, 1994).

H. Walser Smith (ed.) Protestants, Catholics and Jews in Germany, 1800-1914 (Oxford:

Berg, 2001). Introduction, Parts 1 & 2.

V. Viaene, ‘The Roman Question. Catholic mobilisation and Papal diplomacy during the

pontficiate of Pius IX (1846-1878), in The Black International, 1870-1878. The Holy

See and Militant Catholicism in Europe, (Leuven University Press 2002) 135-177.

O. Zimmer, ‘Beneath the Culture War: Corpus Christi Processions and Mutual

Accommodation in the Second German Empire’ Journal of Modern History 82 (June

2010), 288-334.

Week 8: Nationalism in the Habsburg Empire

So far, the course has focused on nationalism in central and western Europe. Drawing on

seminal general works as well as detailed case studies, the last class will seek to compare

and contrast this experience with the national movements that developed within the

Habsburg Empire in terms of their motivations and ideological orientations. The label of

‘separatist nationalism’ that has commonly been used to capture nationalism in Eastern

and South-Eastern Europe cannot do justice to the complex and widely varying

nationalist aspirations that practices that were elaborated within this particular imperial

context. The topic itself remains hotly contested, as does the question of the Habsburg

Empire’s approach to the national minorities under its jurisdiction.

Prescribed reading:

Miroslav Hroch,, Social Preconditions of National Revival in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of

the Social Composition of Patriotic Groups among the Smaller European Nations, new edn.

(New York, 2000).

Michael John, ‘“We Do Not Even Possess Our Selves”: On Identity and Ethnicity in

Austria, 1880-1937’, Austrian History Yearbook, 30 (1999), pp. 17-64.

Pieter M. Judson and Marsha L. Rozenblit (eds.), Constructing Nationalities in East

Central Europe (Oxford: Berghahn, 2005).

Derek Sayer, ‘The Language of Nationality and the Nationality of Language: Prague 1780-1920’,

Past and Present, 153 (1996), pp. 164-210.

Solomon Wank, ‘Some Reflections on the Habsburg Empire and Its Legacy in the Nationalities Question’, Austrian History Yearbook, vol. XXVIII (1997), pp.

Further recommended reading:

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Karl F. Bahm, ‘Beyond the Bourgeoisie: Rethinking Nation, Culture, and Modernity in

Nineteenth-Century Central Europe’, Austrian History Yearbook, vol. XXIX (1998), pp.

19-35.

Mark Biondich, ‘Stjepan Radić, Yugoslavism, and the Habsburg Monarchy’, Austrian

History Yearbook, vol. XXVII (1996), pp. 109-31.

James Bjork, Neither German nor Pole: Catholicism and National Indifference in a

Central European Borderland (2008)

John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State, 2nd

edn. (Manchester, 1993), pp. 123-148.

Garry B. Cohen, ‘Neither Absolutism nor Anarchy: New Narratives on Society and

Government in Late Imperial Austria’, Austrian History Yearbook, vol. XXIX (1998), pp.

37-61.

Laurence Cole (ed.) Different paths to the nation. Regional and national identities in

Central Europe and Italy, 1830-1870 (Palgrave, 2007)

Istvan Deak, Beyond Nationalism: A Social & Political History of the Habsburg Officer

Corps 1848 – 1918 (Oxford: OUP, 1990)

Miroslav Hroch, Social Preconditions of National Revival in Europe: A Comparative

Analysis of the Social Composition of Patriotic Groups among the Smaller European Nations,

new edn. (New York, 2000), chs. 9&13.

Pieter M. Judson, Exclusive Revolutionaries: liberal politics, social experience and

national identity in the Austrian Empire 1848-1914

Robert A. Kann, The Multi-National Empire: nationalism and national reform in the Habsburg

monarchy, 1848-1918, 2 vols. (New York, 1950)

Robert A. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526-1918 (Berkeley and LA, 1974).

Jeremy King, Budweisers into Czechs and Germans: A Local History of Bohemian Politics, 1848

– 1948 (Princeton UP, 2001).

Jiřií Kořalka, ‘Historiography of the Countries of Eastern Europe: Czechoslovakia’, American

Historical Review, vol. 97 (October 1992), pp. 1026-40.

Alexander J. Motyl, Revolutions, Nations, Empires: Conceptual Limits and theoretical

Possibilities (New York, 1999)

Claire E. Nolte, The Sokol in the Czech lands to 1914: training for the nation (2002,

Palgrave)

Derek Sayer, ‘The Language of Nationality and the Nationality of Language: Prague 1780-1920’,

Past and Present, 153 (1996), pp. 164-210.

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Alan Sked, The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire 1815 – 1918 (London:

Pearson, 2001).

Scott Spector, Prague Territories: National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Franz

Kafka’s Fin de Siècle Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).