fruit and vegetables harvesting, handling and storage

482

Upload: haris-setiawan

Post on 11-May-2015

14.111 views

Category:

Education


8 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 1.Fruit and Vegetables

2. Fruit and VegetablesHarvesting, Handlingand StorageA. K. Thompson 3. 2003 by Blackwell Publishing LtdEditorial Ofces:Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UKTel: +44 (0)1865 776868Iowa State Press, a Blackwell Publishing Company, 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USATel: +1 515 292 0140Blackwell Publishing Asia, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, AustraliaTel: +61 (0)3 8359 1011The right of the Author to be identied as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designsand Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any formor by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.First published 2003 by Blackwell Publishing LtdLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataThompson, A. K. (A. Keith)Fruit and vegetables : harvesting, handling, and storage / A.K. Thompson. p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 1-4051-0619-0 (Hardback : alk. paper)1. Fruit--Postharvest technology. 2. Vegetables--Postharvest technology. I. Title.SB360.T45 2003634.046--dc212003009287ISBN 1-4051-0619-0A catalogue record for this title is available from the British LibraryTypeset in Minion and produced byGray Publishing, Tunbridge Wells, KentPrinted and bound in the UK using acid-free paperby The Bath Press, Bath, AvonFor further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website:www.blackwellpublishing.com 4. Contents(Colour plate section falls between pages 206 and 207)Preface xvAcknowledgements xvii1.Preharvest factors on postharvest life 1Introduction 1Nutrients1Organic production 3Rootstock4Light5Day length 5Temperature5Water relations6Tree age 6Flowering time 6Harvest time 6Preharvest infection 7Chemical treatments72.Assessment of crop maturity 9Introduction9Field methods 9Postharvest methods123.Harvesting and handling methods19Introduction 19Crop damage19Harvesting 21Field transport244.Precooling 25Introduction 25Heat removal 26Precooling methods 265.Packaging31Introduction 31Types of packaging 32Package recycling38Modied atmosphere packaging 38 5. viContents6. Postharvest treatments47 Introduction47 Minerals47 Astringency removal 48 Antioxidants48 Sprout suppressants 48 Fruit coating 49 Antiethylene51 Salicylic acid51 Curing51 Hot water treatment 52 Vapour heat treatment 52 Degreening527. Storage 53 Store management and organization 53 Store design and method 54 Refrigerated storage59 Controlled atmosphere stores61 Hypobaric storage 698. Disease control 71 Introduction71 Legislation 71 Microorganism control 72 Chemical application methods73 Non-fungicidal methods of disease control 759. Safety80 Introduction80 Micotoxins81 Bacterial toxins82 Safety in controlled atmosphere stores84 Toxicity of packaging material85 Packhouse safety8510.Fruit ripening conditions 86 Introduction86 Changes during fruit ripening 87 Controlled atmosphere storage on ripening 91 Design of ripening rooms92 Ethylene on ripening92 Sources of ethylene 93 Alternative gases to ethylene 95 6. Contentsvii11. Marketing and transport97Marketing97Marketing systems98Cooperative marketing associations100Market analysis 101Branding101National transport102International trade 103Cold chain103Transport by sea103International transport by airfreight 110Temperature monitoring111International quarantine11212. Postharvest technology of fruits and vegetables 115Introduction115Acerolas115Ackee, akee 116African breadfruit116Amelanchier 117Amaranth117American grapes 117Anise, anis 117Aus, cubios118Apples118Apricot 134Arracacha, Peruvian parsnip 135Arrowroot 136Asian pears, Japanese pears, nashi136Asian spinach 137Asparagus 139Atemoyas140Aubergines, egg plants141Avocados, alligator pear, midshipmens butter 142Babacos 147Bamboo shoots 148Banana passionfruit 148Bananas 149Barbados cherries, West Indian cherries 166Beefsteak fungus166Beetroots, red beet 167Belle apples, Jamaican honeysuckle, water lemons168Biriba, wild soursop168Bitter gourd, pepino, kerela, bitter cucumber, balsam pear168Bitter yam, cluster yam 169Blackberries, brambles169Blackcurrants 170Black radish171Black sapotes 172 7. viii Contents Blueberries, bilberries, whortleberries172 Blewit, eld blewit173 Bottle gourds, white owered gourds173 Boysenberries174 Breadfruits174 Broad beans, horse beans, Windsor beans175 Broccoli, calabrese176 Brussels sprouts 177 Cabbages 178 Caimetos, star apples179 Calamondnis, Philippine limes180 Canistel, egg fruit180 Cape gooseberries, physalis, Peruvian cherry 180 Capsicums, sweet peppers, bell peppers 181 Carambola, star fruit183 Carrots184 Cashew apples186 Cassava, monioc, tapioca, yuca 186 Cauliower 189 Cauliower fungus191 Celeriac, turnip rooted celery 191 Celery 192 Cep, penny bun boletus 193 Chanterelles 193 Chard, spinach beet194 Chayotes, christophines, chocho194 Cherimoyas 195 Cherries, sweet cherries 195 Chervil196 Chicory, whitloof, radicchio 197 Chilles, hot peppers, peppers, cherry peppers, bird chillies 198 Chinese artichokes 198 Chinese bayberries 199 Chinese cabbage199 Chinese chives 200 Chinese kale, kale 200 Chinese pears201 Chinese radishes, Japanese radishes201 Chinese water chestnut, biqi 201 Chinese yams 202 Chives 202 Citron 203 Clementines203 Cloudberries, baked-appled berries 203 Coconuts, waternuts, jelly coconuts204 Collards, kale 204 Coriander205 Courgettes, summer squash, zucchini, baby marrow 205 Cranberries206 8. Contents ixCress, watercress 207Cucumber208Custard apples, bullocks heart 209Damsons 210Dates 210Dewberries213Dill213Durians 213Easy peeling citrus fruits215Elderberries215Elephant foot yam, elephant yam, suran215Emblic, Indian gooseberries 216Endives, escaroles, frisee216Enoki-take mushrooms, winter mushroom, velvet shank 216Fairy ring toadstool217Feijoas, pineapples guava 217Fennel218Field mushroom218Fig leaf gourds, malibar gourds 218Figs218Gages, green gages220Garlic220Genips, Spanish limes 221Giant taro221Ginger221Globe artichokes222Golden apple, otaheite apple223Gooseberries223Governors plum 224Granadillas, giant granadillas224Granadillos, sweet granadillas224Grapes225Grapefruits 227Greater yam, Lisbon yam, white yam, water yam, Asiatic yam229Green beans, kidney beans, snap beans, common beans 230Guavas232Hawthorne 234Hog plum, yellow mombin 234Horn of plenty234Horse mushroom234Horseradish 234Huckleberries 235Hyssop235Intoxicating yam, Asiatic bitter yam235Jaboticaba236Jackfruit, jaca 236Jerusalem artichoke 237Jews ear 237Jujube, Chinese jujube237 9. x ContentsJujube, Indian jujube, ber238Kale239Kiwanos, horned melons, melano239Kiwifruits, Chinese gooseberries, yang tao239Kohlrabi, turnip rooted cabbage 241Kumquats242Langsat, lanzon, duku 242Leeks 243Lemons244Lemon balm246Lesser yam, Asiatic yam, lesser Asiatic yam 247Lettuces247Lima beans, butter beans, Burma beans 250Limes 251Limequats 253Litchi, lychee253Loganberries255Longan255Longkong, longong 257Loquats, Japanese medlars 257Lotus roots 258Lovi lovi 258Maitake 258Malay apple, pomerac, jambos, Malacca apple 258Mamey, mamay apple, mammey apple259Mandarins 259Mangoes 260Mangosteen267Marrow, squash268Matricaria270Medlar270Melons, cantaloupes, musk melons270Methi 273Mint273Monstera273Mora, Andes berry 273Morles274Mulberries274Mume, Japanese apricot274Mushrooms, cultivated mushroom275Mustard, white mustard278Nameko278Naranjilla, lulo, toronja 278Nectarines279Oca 279Okra, gumbo, ladys nger 280Olives281Onions, bulb onions 282Oranges 286 10. Contents xiOrtanique, temple oranges, murcotts290Oyster mushrooms, hiratake mushroom290Papa criolla, criolla291Papayas, pawpaws 291Papayuela, mountain papaya 294Parasol mushrooms, parasol fungus294Parsley294Parsnips 295Passionfruits, maracuya296Pe-tsai, pak choi, pak choy, celery cabbage297Peaches297Pears299Peas, garden peas, mange tout, snow peas, sugar peas 302Pepinos, mishqui, tree melons304Persimmons, kaki, sharon fruit, date plums 305Pineapples 306Pink-spored grisette, rose-gilled grisette 308Pitahaya, dragon fruit 309Plantains309Plums311Pomegranates 313Potatoes 314Potato yams320Prickly pear, tuna, Indian g, barberry g, cactus fruit 320Pummelos, pumelos, pomelo, shaddock321Pumpkin322Queensland arrowroot, edible canna 322Quinces322Radishes, salad radishes 323Rambutan 324Raspberries325Redcurrants, whitecurrants 326Red whortleberries, cowberries, mountain cranberries 326Rhubarb327Rose apple, pommarosa327Saffrom milk cap 327Salak, snake fruit 328Salsify328Sapodillas, sapota, zapota, chico chiko328Sapote mamey, mamey zapote 330Satsumas 331Savory, summer savory332Scarlet runner beans, runner beans 332Scorzonere 332Seville oranges, bitter oranges333Shaggy ink cap, lawyers wig 333Shallots 334Shiitake 334Sloes335 11. xii Contents Snake gourds335 Sorrel, Jamaican sorrel, roselle336 Sorrel, French sorrel 336 Sour cherries 336 Soursop, graviola, guanabana337 Spanish plum, Jamaican plum, red mombin 337 Spinach 337 Spring onions, green onions, escallion, scallions 338 Strawberries339 Strawberry guava, cattley guava 341 Straw mushrooms, paddy straw mushrooms342 Sugar cane, noble cane342 Summer white button mushroom342 Swamp taro, giant swamp taro, gallan343 Swedes, rutabagas 344 Sweetcorn, babycorn 344 Sweet passionfruit346 Sweet potatoes347 Sweetsops, sugar apples, custard apples 348 Tamarillos, tree tomatoes 349 Tamarind350 Tangerines351 Tannia, new cocoyam 351 Taro, dasheen, eddoe, cocoyam, malanga, old cocoyam 351 Tayberries353 Tomatoes353 Topee tambo 357 Trufes 357 Turnips 357 Turnip greens 358 Turnip rooted parsley, hamburgh parsley 358 Uglifruits, mineolas, minneolas, tangelos 358 Ullocu, ulloco359 Velvet shank359 Watermelon359 Water spinach, tong cai, kang kong361 West Indian gooseberries, otahiete gooseberries 361 White radishes, Japanese radishes, mooli, daikon361 White sapote, zapote361 White yams, negro yams, guinea yams 362 Wild cucumbers, pepinos 363 Winged beans363 Wood blewits364 Wood mushroom 364 Yacon, jiquima, aricuma 364 Yam bean, jicama365 Yams366 Yampies, cush cush, elephant yams, Indian yams366 Yanagimatsutake mushrooms 367 12. Contents xiiiYellow yams, twelve months yams 367Youngberries368Zapotes chupa chupa 369Appendix: glossary of terms 371Abbreviations 371Carbon dioxide and oxygen in controlled atmosphere stores 371Concentration of chemicals and ethylene in a store371Film thickness371Humidity372Hypobaric storage 372References 373Index445 13. To Elara, Maya, Ciaran, Caitlin and Cameronto whom I owe much more than they will ever know 14. PrefaceThe technology involved in getting fresh produce fromone retailer is different; the fresh produce section isthe eld to the consumer has been the subject of usually the rst section inside a supermarket. Thisdetailed research for over a century. It is enormously book therefore covers the whole range of produce fromcomplicated because many of the crops are highly per-the major sellers to those that are of minor importanceishable and variable. This variability militates against in industrial countries and to those that may becomesimple solutions. The fresh produce trade would pre- important in the future. The parts on the latter groupfer not to be involved with this variation and com-of produce (often referred to by names such as exoticplexity: they would prefer to be able to look up their or queer gear by the trade in the UK) will also giveparticular crop on a chart, which will say it should besome ideas to those in the trade of what crops mightharvested, packaged and stored in a certain way. Infor-be developed for the future.mation in this form is readily available but will rarely During the Second World War, Winston Churchillgive the best results in terms of preserving the quality concluded a long and rambling oration with the words,of the crop. The objective of this book is to provide aI am sorry to have made such a long speech, but I didrange of options from which the produce technologist not have time to write a shorter one. During her timecan select. Additionally it puts into context our cur- as British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher alwaysrent state of knowledge on postharvest technology andinsisted that brieng notes from ofcials should be nothus identies areas where research is needed. longer than half a page. There is an enormous litera- The work is based on a selective review of theture on postharvest science and technology of fruitsliterature and my experiences since I was rst and vegetables. Scientists have written much of this forformally involved in postharvest technology in 1967. other scientists not only to contribute to the scienticSince that time postharvest technology has taken meliterature, but also to gain recognition or even pro-all over the world doing short consultancies and motion. To extract from this literature information thatlong-term assignments, of up to three years, meeting is useful to the industry in a concise form is a prohib-particular challenges in research, training and devel- itive task. There are high losses and variable quality inopment of the fruit and vegetable industry. Although the fruits and vegetables offered to the consumer. Onemuch of my time has been spent as an academic andsolution to this problem is to provide those concernedgovernment or United Nations adviser, I have alwayswith the technology of marketing these crops with eas-worked closely with the horticultural industry. Theily accessible information. This, in part, means infor-information in this book and the way that it is pre- mation that is brief, easily understood and directly tosented are therefore largely what is required by the the point. In this book I have tried to achieve this. Iindustry. Also, there is increasing pressure for univer- have searched relevant reviews and original researchsities to provide graduates who are more relevant to papers in order to extract relevant data and present itthe needs of industry and most students of posthar-in a form that should be easily accessible to all thosevest technology will eventually work in the industry orworking in the industry.in some way be associated with it; so the book will also The book is an update of one I wrote with Brianserve their needs. Clarke, which was published by Blackwells in 1996, but For the produce technologists in Europe and it is more focused on technology. The nal chapter isNorth America, the range of fruit and vegetables withbased on the collected memoirs of Professor C.W.which they come into contact is constantly increasing. Wardlaw, published in 1938, when he and his col-One of the reasons for this is that retailers are com- leagues did so much research on the postharvest tech-peting for customers and therefore they need con-nology of fruit and vegetables and the work of Dr J.M.stantly to nd an edge to attract new customers. Fresh Lutz and Dr R.E. Hardenburg published in thefruit and vegetables are a major factor in showing thatUnited States Department of Agriculture Bulletin 66. 15. AcknowledgementsTo Mr Allen Hilton, Dr Wei Yuqing, Dr Dick Sharples,Dr Nick Smith, Mr Derek Plilchar, Mr Gary BradburyProfessor Don Tindall, Dr Sulafa Musa, Dr Bob Booth,and Mr Graham Clampin for technical help andDr Andy Medlicott, Dr Robin Tillet, Dr Jamesadvice.Ssemwanga, Mr David Bishop, Mr Devon Zagory, Mr.I wish to express my deep appreciation to Dr ChrisTim Bach, Silsoe Research Institute, FAO Rome,Bishop who proof-read the book due to difculties ofWIBDECO St. Lucia and Positive Ventilation Limitedcommunication while I was working in a village in thefor use of photographs and other illustrative material. Central Lowlands of Eritrea.To Dr Graham Seymour, Dr John Stow, Mr John Love, 16. Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and StorageA. K. ThompsonCopyright 2003 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd1Preharvest factors on postharvest lifeIntroduction rain [A + S] = total rainfall in August andSeptemberThe quality of a crop at harvest can have a major effect leaf N = level of nitrogen in the leaveson its postharvest life. There are numerous factorsfruit P= level of phosphorus in the fruit.involved and these factors frequently interact, givingcomplex interrelationships. In tree crops, fruit pro-duced on the same tree and harvested at the same timeNutrientsmay behave differently during marketing or when The soil type and its fertility affect the chemical com-stored. The issues that inuence produce quality position of a crop. Excess or deciency of certain ele-include obvious things, such as harvest maturity and ments from the crop can affect its quality and itscultivar or variety, but also the climate and soil in postharvest life. Many storage disorders of apples arewhich it was grown, chemicals which have been applied associated with an imbalance of chemicals within theto the crop and its water status. Many of these factors fruit at harvest (Table 1.1).can also interact with time such as when fertilizers orThe relation between the mineral composition ofirrigation is applied or the weather conditions near to fruits and their quality and behaviour during storagethe time of harvest. is not always predictable (Table 1.2), but in some cases An equation was proposed (David Johnson, per- the mineral content of fruits can be used to predictsonal communication 1994) to predict the probabil- storage quality. For good storage quality of Coxsity of low temperature breakdown in apples in Orange Pippin apples it was found that they requiredstorage where variance accounted for 56%. This the following composition (on a dry matter basis) forequation was based on preharvest factors such as tem- storage until December at 3.5C or 4.5% calcium withperature, rainfall and nutrient level in the leaves andfruit of the trees as follows: Table 1.1 Storage disorders and other storage characteristics of Coxs Orange Pippin apples in relation to their mineral content (source: Rowe8.2 + 4.5 Tmax [J] 2.9 Tmax [A S] + 0.11 rain1980) [A + S] 16.4 leaf N 3.9 fruit P Composition in mg per 100 gwhere: Disorder NP CaMg K/CaTmax [J] = mean daily maximum temperatureBitter pit 5 >30in JuneBreakdown