from dna to protein chapter 8. terminology genetics genome chromosome gene locus alleles...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
From DNA to Protein
Chapter 8
![Page 2: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Terminology
• Genetics• Genome• Chromosome
• Gene • Locus• Alleles
• Genotype/Phenotype
• Heredity
![Page 3: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Living cells must accomplish two general tasks to multiply and survive – DNA replication– Gene expression
• Expression involves two process– Transcription– Translation
– Flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein
![Page 4: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Polymer of nucleotides
• Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases
– AT and CG
• Antiparallel
• New nucleotides can only be added to the “free” 3’ end
DNA
![Page 5: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
DNA synthesis involves anabolic polymerization
Monomers (Triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides) provide required energy for DNA synthesis
![Page 6: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
One DNAdouble helix.
Semi-conservative DNA replication
Two identical DNAdouble helixes, eachwith one parentalstrand (blue) and onenew strand (pink).
Replication produces two DNA double helixesEach contains one original strand and one new strand
![Page 7: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• DNA replication in bacteria is bi-directional – due to closed circular chromosome– replication forks eventually meet and two
complete loops are separated
![Page 8: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Bacterial DNA is attached at several points to the cell membrane– Enzymes need for replication are membrane
proteins
![Page 9: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Topoisomerase (DNA gyrase)
• Helicase
• Primase
• DNA polymerases
• DNA Ligase
![Page 10: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Bacteria replication involves methylation of daughter stands– Methylase
– Adds methyl group (-CH3) to nitrogenous bases (typically adenine)
• Methylation functions:– Initiation of DNA repliction– Control of genetic expression – Protection from viral infection– Repair of DNA
![Page 11: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
DNA Replication
• As DNA unwinds, it creates a replication fork
• As nucleotides are added, the replication fork moves down the parental strand
![Page 12: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
– Leading strand• Is synthesized CONTINUOUSLY as the DNA
polymerase moves towards the replication fork
– Lagging strand • Is synthesized DISCONTINUOUSLY in pieces
as DNA polymerase moves away from the replication fork
• Okazaki fragments
![Page 13: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Single Strand Binding Proteins
![Page 14: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• DNA contains the instructions for protein synthesis – Genes
• RNA carries out the instructions
• Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein
![Page 15: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Central Dogma of Molecular Biology– DNA Transcribed RNA – RNA Translated Protein
![Page 16: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Gene Expression
• Transcription– RNA polymerase synthesizes complementary mRNA from
DNA template– Cytoplasm of prokaryotes and the nucleus of eukaryotes
![Page 18: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Concurrent RNA transcription
Multiple copies of RNA can be transcribed simultaneously
![Page 19: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Eukaryotic DNA is more complex– Requires post-
transcriptional modifications
– Spliceosome– Cap and tail
![Page 20: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Translation– The language of mRNA is in the form of codons
• Three nucleotides situated next to each other on DNA
– Sequence of codons determines sequence of amino acids in the protein
– 64 codons make up the “alphabet”• 61 are sense codons• 3 “stop codons”
![Page 21: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
•The site of translation is the ribosome
![Page 22: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• tRNA brings appropriate amino acid to site of translation• Each tRNA has an anticodon
– complementary sequence to the mRNA codon
![Page 23: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
In a prokaryotes, many molecules of mRNA can by transcribed simultaneously
Why can translation begin before transcription is completed in a prokaryote but not in a eukaryote?
![Page 27: From DNA to Protein Chapter 8. Terminology Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Locus Alleles Genotype/Phenotype Heredity](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081520/5697bf831a28abf838c867aa/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
template DNA strand
complementaryDNA strand
DNA
gene
codons
anticodons
amino acids
mRNA
tRNA
methionine glycine valineprotein