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Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants

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Page 1: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants

Page 2: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

What’s in the Water?

Dissolved organics and inorganics Particulate organics and inorganics Gases – oxygen and carbon dioxide Anthropogenic inputs, effects

Page 3: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

"any biological, chemical, or physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired uses."

Water Pollution

44% of lakes,37% of rives unsafe for recreation due to toxic water pollutants32% of estuaries.

Page 4: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

1) Biological pathogens

2) Physical pollutants

3) Chemical pollutants

Basic Types of Pollution

Page 5: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Viruses

Protozoa

Parasites

Bacteria

Pathogens

TyphoidCholeraDysentery

HepatitisPolio

Schistosomiasis

Amoebic dysentery

Giardiasis

Each year, about 1.5 million Americans become ill as a result of bacterial contamination in drinking water

Page 6: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Physical Pollutants

Sediment

Heat

erosion, deforestation, agriculture

electric power plants – O2, thermal shock

chokes and fills lakes, reservoirs

reduced photosynthesis

½ of water withdrawn

Page 7: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Chemical Pollutants

Page 8: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Nutrients

Chemical Pollutants

Nitrogen Phosphorus

NO3-

NH4+

HPO4-2

H2PO-

animal wastes, agricultural runoff, and sewage

Page 9: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

ArsenicErosion of natural deposits; runoff from orchards, runoff from glass & electronics production wastes, treated lumber, groundwater

MercuryErosion of natural deposits; discharge from refineries and factories; runoff from landfills, coal burning

LeadCorrosion of household plumbing systems; erosion of natural deposits, paint, fuels

Heavy Metals and Metalloids

Page 10: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Metal Common Health Effects

Lead

behavioral problemshigh blood pressure, anemiakidney damagememory and learning difficultiesmiscarriage, decreased sperm productionreduced IQ

Mercury

blindness and deafness brain damagedigestive problemskidney damagelack of coordinationcognitive degeneration

Arsenic

breathing problemsdeath if exposed to high levelsdecreased intelligenceknown human carcinogen: lung and skin cancernausea, diarrhea, vomitingperipheral nervous system problems

Page 11: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Lead found in blood sample from 1 of 10 Washingtonians

Arsenic found in urine samples from 4 of 10 Washingtonians

Mercury found in hair samples from 10 of 10 Washingtonians

Mercury, Arsenic, and Lead

Page 12: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Mercury Nitrate

Symptoms included tremors, emotional instability, insomnia, dementia and hallucinations

Wonderland

Page 13: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Petroleum

Chemical Pollutants

three to six million metric tons

Exxon Valdez - 300,000 birds and 2,500 otters were killed

Spills account for about 5% of petroleum entering waterways.

oil changes, bilge cleaning and ship maintenance, recreational boating.

Page 14: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

2-cycle engines emit 30 times more hydrocarbonsIn its exhaust compared to 4 cycle engines.

Conventional Outboard Motors: 25-30% of their fuel unburned

75 percent reduction in outboard hydrocarbon emissions by 2006

Four cycle outboards easily meet the EPAs 2006 emissions standards, and they are also quieter and up to 40 percent more fuel efficient than two stroke motors. However, they are also 30 percent more expensive, heavier and more complex, making maintenance more difficult.

Outboard Motors

Page 15: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Organic Chemicals

PesticidesIndustry

Solvents/CleaningFlame Retardants

DDTPCBs

TCE /PCEPBDE

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6100179

Potentially highly toxicPersistent in the environment

Page 16: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Where does it come from?

Page 17: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Population Dynamics

YearYear Urban Urban PopulationPopulation

% of Total % of Total PopulationPopulation

17901790 201, 656201, 656 55

18601860 6,216,5186,216,518 2020

19201920 54, 263, 28254, 263, 282 5151

19901990 187,053,487187,053,487 7575

20002000 222,353,453222,353,453 7979

IndustrialRevolution

In 1987 the Clean Water Act was reauthorized with newprovisions to address a new source of pollution, urbanization

Page 18: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Two Basic Avenues of Water Pollution

Point source pollution

Specific entry pointIndustrial dischargesSewage treatment plantsLandfills

Non-point source pollution

Diffuse sourcesDifficult to trace, regulate

Page 19: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Non-point Source Pollution

Lawns, GardensGolf CoursesAgriculture

Urban Runoff

FertilizersPesticidesAnimal WastesOil, gas, rubber

Golf Courses Agriculture Urban

Page 20: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Point Source Pollution

Factories/IndustryWastewater Treatment

LandfillsUnderground Storage Tanks

Mines

Page 21: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Factories and Wastewater treatment

Often located near waterways (pollute and dilute)

1900 40% of river pollution1968 80% of river pollution

1972 Passage of the Clean Water Act

Page 22: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Landfills

Prior to the 1970s

Dissolved pollutants = leachate

Paint, solvents, oil, cleaning agents

Page 23: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Underground Storage Tanks

Gasoline, solvents

Steel – corrosion - Leaking

Page 24: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Butler Plaza was formerly the location of the Stengal Airfield, which was an old US Army Air Corps pilot training center that was founded in 1942. An oil house with underground storage tanks (USTs) included a 10,000 gallon tank and a 4,000 gallon tank containing 90-octane fuel. After World War II, the training center was closed. Butler Plaza was built on top of the old hanger area in 1974.

In 1985, the DEP Northeast District requested that the Operation Response Section conduct a groundwater contamination source identification study for volatile organic contamination (VOC) found in two private wells in a residential area. They were contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE).

The supply wells were shut down and all areas were hooked to city water. Evaluation of groundwater monitoring data indicated that the Floridan aquifer had been impacted by VOC contamination in two areas.

According to the groundwater investigation reports, the primary source of the chlorinated solvent-related groundwater contamination is in the vicinity of one of the old airfield hangers formerly located at a spot covered by the Butler Plaza.

Gainesville

Page 25: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Two Basic Avenues of Water Pollution

Point source pollution

Specific entry pointIndustrial dischargesSewage treatment plantsIndustryLandfillsUSTs

Non-point source pollution

Diffuse sourcesDifficult to trace, regulate

Page 26: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Point and Non-Point Pollution

Example

Page 27: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Superior

Michigan

Erie

OntarioHuron

Page 28: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Shallowest of the Great Lakesaverage depth = 62 feet

Most populated

agriculture

Largest population density of Great Lakes

Page 29: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Heavy Metals

Point and Non-Point Source Pollution

Industrial Chemicals

Petroleum

Nutrients and Pesticides

Page 30: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

A Dead Lake?

Non-point Source Pollution

Blue-green algaephytoplankton

O2

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Page 31: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Point Sources

lip papillomas

petroleum, PCBs, PAHs

Page 32: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Cuyahoga River Fire (1969)

Petrochemicals

Page 33: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Clean Water Act: 1972

Page 34: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

End of Lecture 22

Page 35: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen
Page 36: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Determining Water Quality

Page 37: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

BiologicalMetals

NutrientsOrganic Chemicals

TurbidityTemperature/Dissolved O2

pH Salinity

Basic Water Quality Parameters

Page 38: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Turbidity and Biological Contaminants

Often related to dissolved or suspended organic materials

Organic materials are consumed by heterotrophic microorganisms

Higher turbidity levels are often associated with higher levels of disease-causing microorganisms such as viruses, parasites and some bacteria.

Page 39: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

BOD measures the rate of oxygen uptake by micro-organisms in a sample of water at a fixed temperature (20°C) and over a given period of time in the dark.

Biological Oxygen Demand

pristine rivers will have a 5-day BOD below 1 mg/l.

Moderately polluted rivers BOD values in the range of 2 to 8 mg/l.

efficiently treated municipal sewage has a value of 20 mg/l.

Untreated sewage varies, but average around 600 mg/l in Europe and as low as 200 mg/l in the U.S

Due to microbial breakdown of organic materials in water

Page 40: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

pH, Temperature, Oxygen, and Salinity

Page 41: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

pH

Page 42: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

pH (hydrogen)

Low pH = High H+

H+

pH 2 = 0.01 g H+/ L pH 8 = 0.00000001 g H+/ L

Acid: any substance whichincreases the hydrogen ionconcentration in water.

Page 43: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

H2PO4- HPO4

2-pH

Low pH High pH

Availability and Form of Nutrients or Metals

Fe, Zn, Mg, Mn, Cu, Al, S, N, Mo

Micronutrients and metals generally more available at lower pH

High H+ conc. low H+ conc.

Page 44: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Cr2O3 + 6H+ 2Cr3+ + 3H2O

InsolubleIn water

solubleIn water

Availability and Form of Metals

Dissolution of metal oxides increases their mobility

Page 45: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Temperature

municipal

industrial

Industrial Coolingasphalt and concrete pavement

Page 46: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Cooling Water billions of m3 (%) Electric Power 153.7 81.23Primary Metals 12.8 6.76Chemical and Products 11.8 6.24 Petroleum and Coal 4.6 2.43 Paper and Products 2.30 1.21 Food 1.48 0.78 Machinery 0.620 0.34 Rubber and Plastics 0.484 0.26 Transportation 0.386 0.21 All Other 1.03 0.54 Totals 189.2 100,0

Temperature

Page 47: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Temperature

Poikilothermic Organisms

Changes in the growth rates of cold-blooded aquatic organisms and many biochemical reaction rates can often be approximated by a rule which predicts that growth rates will double if temperature increases by 10°C (18°F) within their "preferred" range

Fish, insects, zooplankton, phytoplankton, bacteria

Increased temperature, however, impacts dissolved oxygen contents.

Page 48: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Temperature and Oxygen

The solubility of oxygen in water is highly temperature dependent.

Oxygen

10.1 mg/L 8.3 mg/L

15oC 25oC

Page 49: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

                                            

                         

Oxygen is water soluble, but its solubility is temperature-dependent.

Cold water species: 5 mg/L TroutCool water species: 4 mg/L PikeWarm water species: 2-3 mg/L Bass, Catfish, Bluegill

Page 50: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Stirring and agitation increases oxygen content

Cooler Water

Page 51: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

SO4-2 HS-

O2

NO3-

SO4-2

Still Ponds

C6H12O6 + 3SO42- + 3H+ = 6HCO3

- + 3HS-

Page 52: Freshwater and Freshwater Pollutants. What’s in the Water?  Dissolved organics and inorganics  Particulate organics and inorganics  Gases – oxygen

Oxygen

Oxygen is water soluble, but its solubility is temperature-dependent.In the atmosphere, about one out of 5 molecules is oxygen; in water, about one out of every 100,000 molecules is oxygen.

Oxygen enters the water body from the atmosphereand from photosynthesis near the surface

Oxygen leaves the water column principally by organism respiration.

Oxygen contents of water bodies generally is higher at the surface than at depth.

Stirring and agitation increases water’s oxygen content