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5b-1 Foundations of Team Leadership Foundations of Team Leadership Ladder of Inference CONCLUSIONS ASSUMPTIONS ??FILTERS?? FACTS/ DATA ??FILTERS?? ACTIONS

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Page 1: Foundations of Team Leadership 5b-1 Foundations of Team Leadership Ladder of Inference CONCLUSIONS ASSUMPTIONS ??FILTERS?? FACTS/ DATA ??FILTERS?? ACTIONS

5b-1

Foundations of Team Leadership

Foundations of Team Leadership

Ladder of Inference

CONCLUSIONS

ASSUMPTIONS

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FACTS/ DATA

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ACTIONS

Page 2: Foundations of Team Leadership 5b-1 Foundations of Team Leadership Ladder of Inference CONCLUSIONS ASSUMPTIONS ??FILTERS?? FACTS/ DATA ??FILTERS?? ACTIONS

5b-2

Foundations of Team Leadership

•The Ladder is a metaphor for how our mental models influence perception, judgment, and action

•“Climbing the ladder,” from data to conclusion, is an automatic, unconscious process

Ladder of Inference

CONCLUSIONS

ASSUMPTIONS

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FACTS/ DATA

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ACTIONS

Page 3: Foundations of Team Leadership 5b-1 Foundations of Team Leadership Ladder of Inference CONCLUSIONS ASSUMPTIONS ??FILTERS?? FACTS/ DATA ??FILTERS?? ACTIONS

5b-3

Foundations of Team Leadership

How We Usually Climb The Ladder…

Unaware of Some of Our Mental Processes

Source: Action Design/ Pegasus

We are so skilled that we jump to the top rungs of the ladder without knowing it...

• We tacitly filter some data and ignore other data

• We impose our own interpretations on these data

• We draw conclusions from interpreted data

CONCLUSIONS

ASSUMPTIONS

FACTS/ DATA

ACTION

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Page 4: Foundations of Team Leadership 5b-1 Foundations of Team Leadership Ladder of Inference CONCLUSIONS ASSUMPTIONS ??FILTERS?? FACTS/ DATA ??FILTERS?? ACTIONS

5b-4

Foundations of Team Leadership

Assumptions are colored by filters:• Automatic• Inferred to be true

• Personal filters come from one’s background, experiences, & beliefs• (Culture-family-faith…)• These often come from Mental Models

• These filters are mostly unconscious

Filters

How We Usually Climb The Ladder…

Page 5: Foundations of Team Leadership 5b-1 Foundations of Team Leadership Ladder of Inference CONCLUSIONS ASSUMPTIONS ??FILTERS?? FACTS/ DATA ??FILTERS?? ACTIONS

5b-5

Foundations of Team Leadership

Blind about Ourselves

Source: Action Design/ Pegasus

Our conclusions feel SO obvious to us • We see no need to retrace the steps we

took• Or explain how we reached our conclusions• Even if others reach different conclusions

We don’t realize that we are making interpretations because we do not think

about our thinking -...

Implications of the Ladder

Page 6: Foundations of Team Leadership 5b-1 Foundations of Team Leadership Ladder of Inference CONCLUSIONS ASSUMPTIONS ??FILTERS?? FACTS/ DATA ??FILTERS?? ACTIONS

5b-6

Foundations of Team Leadership

Johari Example

Johari

Steps in the Ladder of Inference

Filtered Meaning

XX Statement in the Johari

I listened with my filters …

I made an Assumption

I decided which statement was true

I raised my hand accordingly

Assumptions

Conclusion

Data

Action

Page 7: Foundations of Team Leadership 5b-1 Foundations of Team Leadership Ladder of Inference CONCLUSIONS ASSUMPTIONS ??FILTERS?? FACTS/ DATA ??FILTERS?? ACTIONS

5b-7

Foundations of Team Leadership

Climbing Our Inference Ladder

CONCLUSIONS

ASSUMPTIONS

FACTS/ DATA

ACTION

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Page 8: Foundations of Team Leadership 5b-1 Foundations of Team Leadership Ladder of Inference CONCLUSIONS ASSUMPTIONS ??FILTERS?? FACTS/ DATA ??FILTERS?? ACTIONS

5b-8

Foundations of Team Leadership

Source: Action Design/ Pegasus

Implications of the Ladder

From the Top of the Ladder

When people disagree, they often hurl conclusions at each other from the top of their respective ladders

• This makes it hard to resolve differences and to learn from one another

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5b-9

Foundations of Team Leadership

Climbing the Inference Ladder

DATA

CONCLUSIONS

ASSUMPTIONS

FACTS/ DATA

ACTION

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Page 10: Foundations of Team Leadership 5b-1 Foundations of Team Leadership Ladder of Inference CONCLUSIONS ASSUMPTIONS ??FILTERS?? FACTS/ DATA ??FILTERS?? ACTIONS

5b-10

Foundations of Team Leadership

Implications of the Ladder

Blind about Ourselves & Others

Source: Action Design/ Pegasus

We see the different conclusions of others as obviously wrong

• And INVENT REASONS to explain why others say things that are so obviously WRONG

• Even if others reach different conclusions

• We do not often think to explain how we reached our own conclusions, because our conclusions seem so obvious to us

Page 11: Foundations of Team Leadership 5b-1 Foundations of Team Leadership Ladder of Inference CONCLUSIONS ASSUMPTIONS ??FILTERS?? FACTS/ DATA ??FILTERS?? ACTIONS

5e-11

Foundations of Team Leadership

Leadership andOrganizational Effectiveness

Bushfire Example of Inferences

Scenario #1o Action-Leaveo Conclusion- Safe to drive

away in caro Assumption-Car can

outpace fireo Data Selected- CAR

Scenario #2o Action-Stayo Conclusion- Unsafe to

drive awayo Assumption-Fire moves

faster than caro Data Selected- CAR

CONCLUSIONS

ASSUMPTIONS

FACTS/ DATA

ACTION

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5b-12

Foundations of Team Leadership

SO WHAT?

Self Awareness As a Tool of Reflection

• Can be used to slow down thinking

• Make more obvious one’s assumptions

CONCLUSIONS

ASSUMPTIONS

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FACTS/ DATA

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ACTIONS

Page 13: Foundations of Team Leadership 5b-1 Foundations of Team Leadership Ladder of Inference CONCLUSIONS ASSUMPTIONS ??FILTERS?? FACTS/ DATA ??FILTERS?? ACTIONS

5b-13

Foundations of Team Leadership

Lessons from the Ladder

Effective Conversations Are Enabled by Moving Up &

Down Our Ladders• If we are willing/able to climb

down one’s ladder

• And make an effort to review data together

• And to share with each other our reasoning and assumptions

CONCLUSIONS

ASSUMPTIONS

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FACTS/ DATA

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ACTIONS

Page 14: Foundations of Team Leadership 5b-1 Foundations of Team Leadership Ladder of Inference CONCLUSIONS ASSUMPTIONS ??FILTERS?? FACTS/ DATA ??FILTERS?? ACTIONS

5b-14

Foundations of Team Leadership

Able to Come Down Our Inference Ladder

CONCLUSIONS

ASSUMPTIONS

FACTS/ DATA

ACTION

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5b-15

Foundations of Team Leadership

Source: Action Design/ Pegasus

Using the Ladder Positively

ONESELF• Pay attention to how your conclusions

are based on your inferences

• Explain to others the steps in your thinking, from the data you select and the meanings you paraphrase, to the conclusions you reach

• Ask others if they have other ways of interpreting the data or if they see gaps in your reasoning

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5b-16

Foundations of Team Leadership

Source: Action Design/ Pegasus

Using the Ladder Positively

OTHERS• Assume that others may reach different

conclusions because they have their own ladder of inference with logic that makes sense to them

• Paraphrase (aloud) the meanings you hear in what others say

• Ask others to explain the steps in their thinking

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3b-17

Exercise Format1. Review the details of the Ladder of Inference steps

2. Re-create on the exercise sheet’s ladder the steps you inferred in one of the Johari mystery card “read-out”

3. What assumptions did you make?

4. How did these lead you to the conclusions you made?

Analyzing Our Inference LaddersOpen FTLFoundations of Team Leadership

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5b-18

Foundations of Team Leadership

Inference Ladder & Mental Models

CONCLUSIONS

ASSUMPTIONS

FACTS/ DATA

ACTION

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DATA

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3b-19

Inference Ladder Exercise

Open FTLFoundations of Team Leadership

CONCLUSIONS

ASSUMPTIONS

FACTS/ DATA

ACTION

???FILTERS???

DATA