formulation, status and sustainability of aquaculture feed industries in bangladesh
TRANSCRIPT
January | February 2010
Feature title: Formulation, status and sustainability of aquaculture feed industries in Bangladesh
The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry
International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2009 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
Bangladesh is endowed with vast water areas in the form of ponds, dighis, lakes, streams, and rivers, coastal
areas, natural depressions and estuar-ies covering an area of 4.56 million ha (DoF, 2006) etc. where fish can be cultured profitably.
Fisheries are diverse with fish and shrimp in the fresh and marine waters of Bangladesh that play a major role in nutri-tion, employment and foreign exchange earnings with about 12 million people are associated with the fisheries sector. Around 400,000ha of freshwater ponds/ditches and more than 900,000 households are involved in aquaculture (ADB, 2005).
Bangladesh is considered one of the most suitable countries in the world for small-scale freshwater rural aquaculture, because of its favorable resources and agroclimatic conditions.
Over the last three decades, there has been a steady increase in inland freshwater aquaculture production. Total fish produc-tion was estimated at 2.2 million tones in 2005 of which 882,091 tonnes (40%) were from inland freshwater aquaculture, 859,269 tonnes (39%) from inland capture fisheries, and 474,597 tonnes (21%) from marine fisheries (DOF, 2006).
The main production systems for fresh-
water aquaculture in Bangladesh are exten-sive and semi-intensive pond polyculture of carps, which accounts for 80% of the total freshwater aquaculture production (ADB, 2005). The remaining 20% are mainly from pangus, tilapia, small indigenous species (SIS) of fish and rice-fish farming (Muir, 2003).
It is very much difficult to find out the time when formulated feed was introduced in aqua farms of Bangladesh, but it is well known that during the introduction of semi-intensive method supplementary feed was introduced.
Especially in shrimp farms located in Cox’s Bazaar used fishmeal, rice bran and different types of oil cakes as supplemen-tary feed. Local farmer started to use this mixture in 1987-1988.
“The Meghna Farm” of Cox’s bazar first used the pelleted feed in 1989. “Saudi Bangla fish feed ltd” first manufactured pelleted feed in 1990. In 2001, “Bangladesh integrated fishery and poultry limited” first introduced floating feed which is very costly.
According to the news-papers, research reports and various surveys it was found that there are 100 feedmills are available in Bangladesh that are produced aquacul-ture feed and poultry feeds
together. It is clear that there is no specific study emphasising sustainability/feasibil-ity of feed-based aquaculture, especially in Bangladesh.
The present study focused on determi-nation for the profitability of the selected aquaculture technologies using supplemen-tary feeds; to examine the compositional variation of fishfeeds across different fish farming practices; to estimate the demand for, and availability of, local feed ingredients for feed-based aquaculture; to study the price movements of local supplementary fish feeds; and to assess the sustainability of fish culture on the basis of findings of the study for expansion of feed-based future fresh water fish culture.
MethodologyThis study used both primary and sec-
ondary data to achieve its objectives.
by Prabal Barua1,2, Hossain Zamal2 M. Shah Nawaz Chowdhury2, Istiaq Ahmad Chowdhury2
1Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Department of Zoology, university of Calcutta, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India2Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, university of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh
Formulation, status and sustainability of aquaculture feed industries in
Bangladesh
24 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2011 January-February 2011 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 25
F: Bangladesh
A study was undertaken in order to gather information on feed formulating process, production, feed ingredients and feed based culture system of Bangladesh.
The study covered seven districts of Bangladesh with a sample size of 376.
It was found that farmers used a good number of feeds (more than 35) for the selected technologies but they maintained no standard doses for them. There were important differences among the prices of different feeds
and other inputs used for different technologies in different parts of the country.
Prices of all inputs were found to be increasing and this increase has been greater in recent years as compared to previous years. Though all the technologies were found to be profitable, the feed situation was not satisfac-
tory. Except for rice polish, the supplies of other local feeds were unable to meet the national demand.
If this situation persists and no measures are taken to secure the local feed supply, the present development of supple-mentary feed-based aquaculture will become dependent on imported feeds and would not be sustainable in the future.
Primary data were collected from the fish farmers, fish entrepreneurs (those pro-vided pond and capital but were not directly related), feed manufacturers, feed dealers and feed retailers.
The survey collected information on cost, return, price, catch and feed composi-tion of fish culture.
On the other hand, secondary data comprised time series information on pro-duction of rice, wheat and other mother/original feed produces.
Primary data were collected through direct interviews while secondary data were collected from different issues of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) and unpublished but reliable documents of dif-ferent feed companies.
Six fish culture technologies were selected to assess the sustainability of feed-based aquaculture: carp (Lobeo rohita, Catla catla, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) with pangus (Pangasius sutchi) considered as technology-1, carp (Lobeo rohita, Catla catla, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) poly-culture considered as technology-2, carp with golda (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)
considered as technology-3, pangus mono culture (Pangasius sutchi) considered as technology-4, golda (Macrobrachium rosen-bergii) mono and nursery considered as technology-5 and 6 respectively.
The sample was selected on the basis of the concentration of farmers where supplementary feed use in aquaculture was relatively widely practiced.
On the basis of this criterion, seven districts, i.e., Mymensingh, Gazipur, Noakhali, Comilla, Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar and Bagerhat were tentatively selected, from where samples were chosen for the study (see Figure 1).
Here, technology 1 and 3 imply the simultaneous culture of two fishes in same pond in the same time. On the other hand, technology 4 and 5 refer to the culture of one fish in one pond only.
Moreover, technology 2 is the culture of different species of carp and finally nursery refers to fingerling raising ponds. The dis-tribution of the sample is shown in Table 1.
The number of respondents under tech-nology 1, 2, 3, 4 5 and 6 were 55, 100, 65, 51, 50 and 55 respectively (see Table 1).
Thus, the total sample size for the study stood at 376. Moreover, the sample respondents were selected from 22 upazilas (sub-districts) comprising four, three, two, one, three, eight and one upazila from Mymensingh, Gazipur, Noakhali, Comilla, Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar and Bagerhat respectively.
Data were collected for the period of September 2009 to March 2010.
Results and DiscussionFeed formulation is the process of
designing a mixture that will meet the nutritional requirement of the animal while taking into account certain practical considerations.
On the basis of farmer’s economic condition in Bangladesh, feed formulation process divided into two types: 1) Small scale feed industry and 2) Large scale feed industry.
Small scale feed industry also divided into two types that are home made and on farm feed. Large scale feed industry or aquaculture feed processing technology is a new concept in Bangladesh.
24 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2011 January-February 2011 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 25
F: Bangladesh
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Feed Cost: A huge number of feeds (more than 35) were used for fish production under the selected technologies in the study area, and the farmers followed no standard doses to apply them.
The highest amount of feed used for technology 1 was rice bran (24.90%), which was followed by wheat bran (16.31%), oil cake (12.82%), rice polish (8.76%) and litter (8.49%).
But in terms of cost, meat bone ranked the high-est (16.15%) followed by rice bran (15.89%), fishmeal (14.56%), oil cake (12.00%) and wheat bran (11.59%).
In the case of carp poly technology, the highest feed amount of 26.13% was associated with rice polish. The other feed items were oil cake, grass, azola and wheat bran compris-ing 16.94%, 11.42%, 11.37% and 9.14% respectively.
On the basis of cost, this order was found to be oil cake, wheat bran, rice polish, rice bran and poultry dropping with respec-tive shares of 40.05%, 20.12%, 17.53%, 10.61% and 2.59%.
It was found that technology3 used mussel meal in the highest amount (51.84%), while the other feed items were wheat bran (6.22%), saudi bangla fish feed (6.08%), wheat (4.07%) and rice polish (3.37%).
On cost basis, the maximum expend-iture was incurred for mussel meal (33.76%) and was followed by saudi bangla fish feed (15.23%), niribili fish feed
Moreover, in the nursery technology, fingerling was purchased on the basis of both number and weight. Though the selected technologies experienced several fingerling costs, only five major cost items of each technology are discussed below. The residual fingerling items constituted minimum shares in total fingerling cost for each of the selected technologies.
In the case of technology-1, the high-est amount of fingerling used was panga-sius sutchi (88.12%) while it was Labeo rohita (20.24%) for technology 2 and Macrobrachium rosenbergii (89.75%) for technology 3.
The mono culture technologies used only one type of fingerling, i.e., pangasius sutchi mono culture used fingerling and Macrobrachium rosenbergii mono culture used fingerling only.
Generally, floating feed and sinking feed formulated by feedmills are considered as large scale feed industry. Floating feed formulation is very new phenomenon in Bangladesh while sinking feeds produce from 1990 when Saudi- Bangla fish feed industry established in Mymensingh dis-trict, which the first is feed industry in Bangladesh.
After establishing this industry it has great revolution in aquaculture fish feed sector in Bangladesh.
ProfitabilityFingerling cost: It was found that, except
for technology 4 and 5, the others used several types of fingerling for fish culture.
Among them technology 1 used 10 types while each of the rest used 11 types of fingerling.
Table 1: Distribution of Samples of the Selected technologies in experimental areas
Number of respondents/fish farmers
Technology Mymensingh Gazipur Noakhali Comilla Chittagong Cox’s Bazar Bagerhat All districts
1 33(60.00)
20(36.36)
2(3.64) - - - - 55
(100)
2 27(27.00)
10(10.00)
30(30.00)
27(27.00)
6(6.00) - - 100
(100)
3 2(3.08) - - - 25
(38.46)29
(44.62)9
(13.85)65
(100)
4 12(23.53)
39(76.47) - - - - - 51
(100)
5 - - - - 1(2.00)
47(94.00)
2(4.00)
50(100)
6 20(36.36)
12(21.82) - - 23
(41.82) - - 55(100)
All technologies
94(25.00)
81(21.54)
32(8.51)
27(7.18)
55(14.63)
76(20.21)
11(2.93)
376(100)
Upazila surveyed (No.)
4(18.18)
3(13.64)
2(9.09)
1(4.55)
3(13.64)
8(36.36)
1(4.55)
22(100)
Source: Field Survey (2010).
Table 2: Sustainability of feed base aquaculture with respect to local feed availability
75% of pond and ditch area 85% of pond and ditch area 95% of pond and ditch area
S.L.
NoFeed Items Availability
Requirement
( MT)
Surplus/ deficit area +/-)
( MT)
Requirement
( MT)
Surplus/ deficit area
( +/-) ( MT)
Requirement
( MT)
Surplus/ deficit area
( +/-) ( MT)
1 Rice Bran 479793.60 1043186.50 (-)3754744.1 1182276.90 (-)702483.3 1321368.30 (-) 841574.7
2 Rice Polish 5190075.00 327193.31 (+)4862881.7 370757.89 (+)4819317.1 414376.46 (+)4775698.5
3 Wheat Bran 287973.00 878472.00 (-)590499 995601.60 (-)707628.6 1112731.20 (-)824758.2
4 Wheat Flour 71993.25 98370.56 (-)26377.31 111486.64 (-)39493.39 124602.71 (-)52609.46
5 Oil Cake 172085.00 370605.38 (-)198520.38 420019.43 (-)247934.43 469433.48 (-)297348.48
6 Maize 3880.00 41178.38 (-)37298.38 46668.83 (-)42788.83 52159.28 (-)52155148
Note : Total pond and ditch area of Bangladesh= 305025 ha (DoF, 2005)
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F: Bangladesh
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2011 January-February 2011 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
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5 and 6 while rice polish and wheat bran were the largest requirement for technol-ogy 2 and 3 respectively.
Availability of Local Feed Items: Different feedmills and companies were surveyed regarding the percentages of the above-mentioned six feed items in the mother/original output/produce during the time of study.
According to them, the overall percent-ages of rice bran, rice polish, wheat bran, wheat flour, oil cake and maize polish in mother/original output were estimated to be 2.08%, 22.50%, 14.00%, 3.50%, 63.50% and 97.00% respectively.
So, these percentages were multiplied with the respective original output to determine the availability of local feed items.
Thus, availability of local feed items appeared to be 479,793, 519,0075, 287,973, 71,993, 172,085 and 3880 tonnes for rice bran, rice polish, wheat bran, wheat flour, oil cake and maize polish respectively.
Local Feed Prices: An attempt was made to understand the movement of local feed prices for culture fisheries of the country.
The average prices of local feed items for five years were collected which are shown in Figure 2. It was found that highest cost feed item was maize polish followed by wheat flour, oil cake, wheat bran, rice bran and rice polish.
Sustainability of Feed-based Aquaculture: Sustainability of feed based aquaculture with respect to local feed availability was studied.
At present, the total pond and ditch area of Bangladesh is 405,025ha and about 75% of total pond and ditch area is cur-rently under feed based aquaculture (DoF, 2010).
the minimum feed-use technology under study.
In terms of the frequency of the respondents and consideration of maxi-mum used five feed items, wheat bran was the most commonly cited feed item by the technology 1 (90.91%), followed by oil cake (85.45%), rice bran (83.64%), vitamin premix (67.27%) and salt (61.82%).
This ranking for technology 2 was oil cake (96.00%), rice polish (70.00%), wheat bran (56.00%), grass (28%) and poultry dropping (23.00%). For technology 3 it was mussel meal (76.92%), oil cake (63.08%), wheat (46.79%), saudi bangle fish feed (46.15%) and wheat bran and rice bran (each of 43.08%).
The ranking of the five common feed items for technology 4 was wheat bran, rice bran, oil cake, vitamin premix and salt having corresponding percentages of total respondents of 98.01%, 96.08%, 68.63%, 62.75% and 56.86%.
For technology 5, it was rice (62.00%), oil cake (56.00%), chira (50.00%), saudi bangle fish feed (40.00%), niribili fish feed and semai (each of 34.00%). Among the five feed items used by the technology 6, oil cake was the most common feed item (87.27%) followed by rice bran (49.09%), meat bone (43.64%), wheat flour (34.55%) and wheat bran (32.73%).
Demand for Local Feed Items: An attempt was made to determine the present demand for local feed items per hectare on the basis of the current pattern of feed use/requirement by the respond-ents under the selected technologies. Table 2 reveals the requirement of six local feed items.
Among them rice bran appeared with a maximum requirement for technology 1, 4,
(7.39%), fish meal (6.63%) and wheat bran (5.74%).
In the case of technology 4, the maxi-mum quantity of feed used was rice bran having relative share of 29.57% in total feed quantity.
The next four feed items were found to be wheat bran, poultry dropping, rice polish and oil cake with their respective shares of 27.81%, 24.12%, 5.67% and 4.71% in total feed quantity.
The most used five feed items for technology 5 were rice (15.52%), pelleted feed (11.31%), mussel meal (11.04%), quality feed (8.6%) and rice bran (7.65%).
On the other hand, the maximum expenditure incurred for five feed items of this technology were quality feed (14.20%), rice (12.22%), niribili fish feed (11.72%), pelleted feed (11.62%) and saudi bangle fish feed (11.34%). In the case of technology 6, rice bran was the most important feed item (20.76%), followed by oil cake (19.65%), pelleted feed (12.00%), wheat bran (9.99%) and rice polish and poultry dropping (each 8.23%).
Composition of Feed Items: In the study area, more than 35 feed items were used by the respondents using different technologies.
Among them, the largest number of feeds (27) was used by technology 3.
The second and third highest feed using technology 5 (24) and 1 (18) respectively. Each of the technologies 2 and 6 used 17 feed items and ranked fourth while the lowest number of feeds (14) was used by technology 4.
So, technology 3 was the maximum feed-use technology and technology 4 was
Table 3: Per Hectare returns and Profitability of the selected technologies
Technology Quantity of fish/ fingerling
harvested
( kg/ha)
No of fish/ fingerling harvested
(No. / ha)
Returns Costs Net Return
Total Return
( $/ ha)
Fingerling
cost ($ / ha)
Feed Cost
( $ /ha)
Other
Input cost
( $ / ha)
Total cost
( $ / ha)( $ / ha)
1 18899.20 - 13821.861 1365 5462 1164 7990 5832.03
2 3422.07 - 2375.92 182.70 332 352 867.09 1509
3 1565.88 - 3409.35 47936.23 600 378.08 1663.18 1746.17
4 16389.05 - 12482.26 685 5418 1105 8359.658 4121.75
5 767.09 - 3314.07 821 530 463 1798.63 1515.43
6 756.41 777896.18 12242.20 1670 682 542 2922.01 9463
All 41799.7 777896.18 47645.66 52659.93 13024 4004.08 23600.57 24187.38
Average 6966.617 777896.18 7940.944 8776.655 2170.667 667.346 3933.42 4031.23
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2011 January-February 2011 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F: Bangladesh
BBS, 2004, Statistical
Yearbook of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Government of the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka.
DoF, 2010. Fisheries
Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh (2009-2010), Directorate of Fisheries, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
DOF. 2006. Fishery Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 2004-2005. Fisheries Resources Survey System, Department of Fisheries (DOF), Dhaka, Bangladesh
Hossain, M.A., Ahmed, M. and Islam, M.N., 1997, Mixed Culture of Fishes in Seasonal Ponds through Fer tilization and Feeding, Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries Resources, 1(2):9-18.
Islam, M.S. and Dewan, S., 1986, Resource Use and Economic Return in Pond Fish Culture. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Economics, 9(2), 141-150.
Islam, M.S., 1987, An Economic Analysis of Pond Fish Production in Some Areas of Bangladesh, Research Report No. 11, Bureau of Socioeconomic Research and Training, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.
Muir, J.F. 2003. The Future for Fisheries: Economic Performance. Fisheries Sector Review and Future Development Study, Commissioned with the association of the World Bank, DANIDA, USAID, FAO, DFID with the cooperation of the Bangladesh Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock and the Department of Fisheries, Dhaka
Moreover, they stated that the area under feed-based aquaculture is increasing day by day. The sustainability of feed based aquaculture is assessed in Table 2 with respect to 75%, 85% and 95% of total pond and ditch area of the country.
Conclusions and Policy Implication
On the basis of the above require-ments and availability estimates, except rice polish, all the local feed items required imports to run culture fisheries in the country.
As culture fisheries capture more and more areas under its operation, it is going to become an import-dependent practice if the feed situation prevails without any measures to address it.
As culture fisheries are an important source of income and employment, they have a significant livelihood impact on the economy of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Department of Fisheries (DoF) and other concerning organisations should record feed and other fisheries related data regularly.
The government and NGOs should come forward to establish local feedmills to cater to the feed requirement of the growing and promising fish culture industry.
Intensive research programs should be undertaken immediately by both GOs and NGOs for quality innovation. Farmers/users should be trained so that they can use the feed and other inputs more efficiently.
Capital should be supplied to the farm-ers who suffer from a lack of sufficient capital to use/purchase feeds from the market in a timely fashion.
A monitoring system should be devel-oped to check the adulteration of fish feed in the country. A subsidy/duty reduction package can be launched for imported feed ingredients so that supplementary fish culture can be sustained with lower costs of production.
ReferencesADB. 2005. An Evaluation of Small-scale Freshwater Rural Aquaculture Development for Pover ty Reduction. Operation Evaluation Depar tment, Asian Development Bank (ADB), Manila, Philippines.
BBS, 2000, Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Government of the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka.
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2011 January-February 2011 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F: Bangladesh
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Volume 14 I s sue 1 2 011
the international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry
Mycotoxins in aquafeeds
Least cost formulation in aquafeed
The multi-formulation: - a key tool for the raw materials purchasing
Bangladesh Formulation, status and sustainability of
aquaculture feed industries
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