FOR LECTURE 3 EXAM

• The whole test is matching. Be able to match the following with their description:

• Virulence factors/enzymes• The three hemolysis patterns• Disease terms• Toxins• Match the disease to the organism• Know which diseases have which vectors

(invertebrates PPT)

1

VIRULENCE FACTORS

• Adhesins (to adhere)• Invasins (to get into cells)• Endotoxin (LPS, LOS, and Lipid A)• Exotoxins

• Cytotoxins (kills cells)• Enterotoxin (GI upset)• Neurotoxins (disrupts nerves)

• H Ag (flagella allows motility)• K Ag (capsule)• Angiotrophic ability (pulls blood vessels close)• Facultative intracellular pathogens (can survive with and without O2)• MDR plasmids (genetic drug resistance)• PG (prostaglandins; promotes inflammation)

• Enzymes• β lactamase (deactivates penicillins)• Ribosylase (causes diarrhea)• Catalase• Coagulase (causes blood clots)• Staphylokinase (dissolves blood clots)• Streptokinase (dissolves blood clots)• IgA or IgG protease (deactivates Ab’s)• Hyaluronidase (can move thru tissues)• SOD (superoxide dismutase;

deactivates WBC lysosomes)

HEMOLYSIS

• Hemolysin Patterns: • (alpha hemolysis; partially breaks down RBC

membranes. Turn blood agar green)• (beta hemolysis; completely ruptures RBCs.

Turns blood agar clear)• (gamma hemolysis is no RBC lysis; no color

change on blood agar)

3

DISEASE TERMS

• Furuncle (boil; infected hair follicles)• Carbuncles (mass of boils)• Cellulitis/ soft tissue infections.• Scalded Skin Syndrome exfolatin toxin from Staph aureus• Necrotizing Faciitis: destroys muscle and fat tissue• Toxic Shock: Bacteremia (bacteria in blood) and multisystem failure• Enterointoxication (enterotoxin-mediated diarrhea). This is Dz, not

infection.• Pneumonia (fluid in the lungs)• Osteomyelitis (bone infection). Requires 6-8 weeks of iv antibiotics• Renal Abscess infarcts (seeds from renal artery, forms abscess, clots

blood beyond that site)• Endocarditis (heart valve infection) --> destruction of valve --> blood clot

forms, breaks off, travels as a septic embolism 4

Outer membrane

Peptidoglycan

GRAM NEGATIVE GRAM POSITIVE 5

Inner plasma membrane

Outer plasma membrane

ENDOTOXINS

(GRAM NEGATIVE ONLY)

Cell Wall

LPS

O Antigen

Lipid A (endotoxin)

LPS 6(LOS is LPS with a smaller O antigen)

BACTERIA LIST

• Gram Positive bacteria• Gram Positive Cocci

• Staphylococcus• S. aureus• S. haemolyticus• S. epidermidis• S. saprophyticus

• Streptococcus • Group A (Strep. Pyogenes)• Group B (Streptococcus

agalactiae)• Group D (Enterococcus

faecalis)• Viridins (Steptococcus

pneumoniae)

7

• Gram Positive Rods• Bacillis cereus• Bacillis anthracis• Clostridium perfringins• Clostridium difficile• Clostridium botulinum• Clostridium tetani • Listeria• Proprionibacterium acnes• Corynebacterium diptheriae• Nocordia asteroides• Actinomyces israelii

• Acid-fast bacteria• Mycobacterium tuburclulosis• Mycobacterium leprae

• Non-acid-fast, non-gram staining • Mycoplasma pneuomoniae

EXOTOXINS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION

CytotoxinsVerotoxin (Shigella-like toxin; E. coli EHEC)AB toxin (Kills colon epithelium; E. coli EHEC)Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin (Staph aureus)Exfolatin (Scalded Skin Syndrome; Staph aureus)Necrotizing Fasciitis Toxin (group A Strep)AnthraxDiphtheriaPertussis and tracheal cytotoxin

EnterotoxinsNeurotoxins

BotulismTetanus

8

Gram positive exotoxins (no endotoxins)

Staphylococcus aureusClostridium difficile Clostridium perfringensClostridium botulinumClostridium tetaniBacillus cereusBacillus anthracisCorynebacterium

diphtheriae

9

Cytotoxin, Enterotoxin

Cytotoxins (TSS, NF, exfolatin), Neurotoxin, Enterotoxin

Neurotoxin (botulism toxin)

Cytotoxin, Enterotoxin

Enterotoxin

Cytotoxin (Anthrax toxin)

Neurotoxin (Tetanus toxin)

Cytotoxin (Diphtheria toxin)

What Diseases do these cause?

Gram Positive bacteria Gram Positive Cocci

Staphylococcus S. aureusS. haemolyticusS. epidermidisS. saprophyticus

StreptococcusGroup A (Strep. Pyogenes)Group B (Streptococcus agalactiae)Group D (Enterococcus faecalis)Viridins (Steptococcus pneumoniae)

10

Food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome, impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, toxic shock, bacteremia, endocarditis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, MRSA

Skin infections

Wound and internal fixation devices infections

UTI

Nosocomial infections

Strep throat, Scarlet fever, Impetigo, Toxic Shock Syndrome, Necrotizing fasciitis, Rheumatic fever

neonatal sepsis and meningitis in infants

Pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, cavities, sinus and ear infections

What Diseases do these cause?

11

• Gram Positive Rods• Bacillis cereus• Bacillis anthracis• Clostridium perfringins• Clostridium difficile• Clostridium botulinum• Clostridium tetani • Listeria• Proprionibacterium acnes• Corynebacterium diptheriae• Nocordia asteroides• Actinomyces israelii

• Acid-fast bacteria• Mycobacterium tuburclulosis• Mycobacterium leprae

• Non-acid-fast, non-gram staining • Mycoplasma pneuomoniae

Food poisoning

anthrax

Food poisoning, gas gangrene

Diarrhea from antibiotics, pseudomembranous colitis

Botulism

Tetanus

Food poisoning

acne

Diphtheria

Pneumonia, wounds, CNS infections

Maxillary osteomyelitis, human bite wounds

Tuberculosis

Hansen’s disease

Walking pneumonia