Satisfied Customers Prove Penn’s Outstanding Performance

Airco Products Frolic Footware Company Research Cottrell, Inc

Argo Compression Service Corp. Gimbels Schering Corporation

The Bouligny Company Gulf States Utilities Schambaugh & Sons, Inc

Browns Williamson Tobacco Co. Holly Farms Stanford University Steam Plant

California Peanut Co. Martin Mechanical Corp. Stauffer Chemical

Celotex Corp. Midland Glass Company Stone & Webster Engineering Corp.

C & H Sugar 3M Company Suny at Stoney Brook

Cinti. Gas & Electric Co. Olin Corporation Utility Block Co.

Combustion Engineering, Inc. Paramont Foods West Feed Mill

Curtis-Wright Corp. Pawling Rubber Corp. Wisconsin Power & Light

Dow Chemical Co. Pennzoil Worthington Corp.

Frito Lay P. Lorillard Company

The funnel of a cyclone is an example of the shape aswirling gas assumes. This is commonly called avortex flow. Large “circles” of gas revolve downwardinto graduated smaller circles, with an ever increasingcentrifugal force. Penn’s cone-shaped baffle matchesthe funnel-shaped configuration of the vortex flow and

the entire perforated basket helps eliminate moisture from theflow path along its entire length. This cone also has theadvantage of providing a dead-air space outside the center flowarea, where separated water particles drop harmlessly downthrough the perforated plate to the drain so that moisture can-not be picked up again by the flowing gas. Because the PennCyclonic Separator is also designed for natural vortex flow,pressure drop is minimized, while an extremely high separatorefficiency is maintained.

Drain Baffle — Perforated plate allows for free flow ofentrainment to drain area. Re-entrainment is substantiallyrestricted.

Outer Flow Area — The downward spinning gas flows, inan increasingly smaller concentric pattern, greatly in-creases the centrifugal force to throw out hard-to-getentrainment.

Penn Cone — PuCTM maximizes separator efficiency.Perforations allow entrainment to harmlessly escapecenter flow area.

Vortex Finder — picks up clean, dry swirling gases fromcenter flow area and directs them to the outlet and back tothe flow line.

Tangential Inlet — angled down to improve separatorefficiency. Stainless steel striking plate at inlet impinge-ment significantly reduces sidewall erosion.

HORIZONTAL TSEPARATOR

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For Horizontal Piping . . .

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Some Particular Problems Penn Has Solved

Penn Takes The LumpsOut of Sugar

The candy orange slice, coatedwith sugar crystals, has long beenan American favorite. The Califor-nia concern which coats these can-dies with sugar uses steam in partof the process. The steam oftencaused the sugar to lump untilPenn inline separators solved the“lump” problem by removing theexcess moisture. Penn got thingsgoing “smooth” again!

Penn ProtectsStainless Steel Kettles

A leading manufacturer of canned fruits and vege-tables in Kentucky had a problem with its stainlesssteel cooking kettles. The steam supply to thekettles contained too much moisture. This excessmoisture combined with the pressure, was respon-sible for pitting the steel in the kettles. The com-pany purchased a Penn Separator, which solvedthe problem. Since them, the company has pur-chased several more, knowing the separators willmore than pay for themselves by extending the lifeof the stainless steel kettles.

You’ll find our factory trained representatives most helpful in helping yousolve your particular problems. Don’t hesitate to call upon their experience.

Horizontal InlineGases and entrainment enter the separator and are quietly directed into a circular path by

Penn’s Helical Baffle, PHBTM . “Quiet” is an important word because medium velocity gases

flowing through vanes or slots can produce noise. Efficiency is also important. PHBTM

develops maximum centrifugal force with minimum pressure drop, insuring good, strong,

cyclonic spinning the entire length of the separator. Entrainment flows to the drain and flowing

steam or gases escape clean, dry and free of entrainment through the central vortex outlet

back into the flow line. Re-entrainment is restricted because the drain baffle develops a

boundary layer which separates flow area from entrainment area. Dimensions are available

on Spec. Sheet IH418 — R4

INSTALLATION AND PIPING IS MADE EASY WITH PENN SEPARATORS

Installation and piping are simplified byPenn Separators because all separatorsare inline type. It is only necessary to allowfor the inlet to outlet distance given for thespecific type separator chosen. It is recom-mended that inlet and outlet supports beused on smaller units, and that on largerunits (6” and above) the inlet and outletsupports be used in addition to a centralpipe hanger support.

Proper trapping in separators is most impor-tant so that separated entrainment can bereadily drained from steam, air and othergases. The Penn installation sheet (INST-492) discusses this in greater detail. Thetrap selection charge (108A94, pC7-D7)simplifies selection for specific flow andother conditions. Penn’s sales people arealways pleased to assist you. Don’t hesitateto give them a call.

Penn’s Upflow Separator is specifically de-signed for “pipe-risers”. Note that specialtreatment is given to the insertion of Penn’sHelical Baffle, PHBTM so that an area existsoutside the main flow area where entrainmentcan flow to the drain area without being pickedup by the main flow system. The outer all of theseparator forms a boundary on which entrain-ment droplets continually collect and slip downinto the low flow area and from there to thedrain. For dimensions ask for Spec. sheet No.ID 418— R4

Entrainment separation is easily accomplishedin “down-comers” with the Penn DownflowSeparator. Penn’s Helical Baffle, PHBTM qui-etly develops clean, cyclonic spinning permit-ting reversal of flow to center vortex finderwithout picking up separated entrainment.Penn’s Downflow Separator fits directly intothe flow line and requires a minimum ofspace. Dimensions are available in Spec.sheet No. ID 418— R4

UPFLOW

DOWNFLOW

FORVERTICALPIPING

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Proper separator sizing is an important factor insolving the entrainment problem. Used of accom-panying “Chart S” for steam flow will yield theproper separator selection necessary to insure lessthan one-half percent entrainment at the exit of theseparator, for particles 10 microns and larger.Separator sizes are indicated as functions of oper-ating pressure and mass flow rates. These chartsshould be used when maximum separator is de-sired. Determining the final quality (Qf) of thesteam flow is simplified by the fact that separatorefficiency (Ns) is never less than 98% ON “T” typeseparators and 90% for straight thru model.

SeparatorEfficiency

Separator Pressure DropThe right side of Chart S gives maximum pressure drop. Simply read horizontally from separator size(at correct PSIA) and read pressure drop on right axis.

N =S

QF — QI

1.0 — QI

Therefore, knowing the initial qualiy (Qi), the final qual-ity (Qf) can be solved for from the above equation(solving for Qf). For example, with initial quality of 90%.

Qf = [.98 (1.0—Qi)] + Qi Qf = 99.8%If this is a higher exit quality than is necessary for yourapplication, you may be able to optimize separator size,as discussed on page 7.

1,000

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Separator Pressure DropTo find the maximum pressure drop, simply read across from separator size to pressure drop on rightaxis of Chart A. If a lower pressure drop is required, ask our sales people for Inline Separator Sheet andfor their recommendations.

As in the case of steam, in order to insure less than one-half percent entrainment at the exit of the separator,for particles 10 microns and larger, Chart A for air flow will yield the proper separator selections. Separatorsize is given for various operating pressure ranges for each flow rate specified in standard cubic feet of air

per minute (scfm). If the compressor capacity isexpressed in actual cubic feet of air per minute(ACFM), a simple conversation to SCFM can bemade using the following equation:

35.4 ACFM x PSIASCFM = ————————

(460 + ºF)

using the operating pressure and temperature.

Corrections must be made for other gases (Fig. 6page 8) before using Chart A (see page 8).

SeparatorSelection For

Compressed AirAnd Other Gases

Ns =

Using Chart E

To select the particular separator needed:

1. Know the minimum entrainment acceptable.2. Using the minimum entrainment acceptable,

solve for the minimum acceptable efficiency byusing equation QF—QI as discussedon page 5. 1.0—QIWhere QF=Final Quality and QI=Inlet Quality

3. From Chart E find the corresponding inletvelocity. (For example, if a 95.4% separatorefficiency is required, an inlet velocity of130 f.p.s. can be used.

4. Inlet diameter, d in inches, may be determinedfrom the following equations. For steam,d=.226 (m) (v), where m is the #/Hr. flow,

Vv is the steam’s specific volume (see Fig. 8),V is the inlet velocity from Chart E in F.P.S.For gases; d-6.7 (SCFM (Ft) (Fg), where

(P) (V)SCFM is the standard volume flow (@60ºF,14.7 psia), P is the PSIA operating pressure, Ftand Fg are Figure 5 and 6 correction factors(Fg=1 when gas is Air), V is the inlet velocityfrom Chart E in F.P.S.

If the diameter is calculated to be an intermediatevalue between nominal diameters, the next largestnominal diameter should be chosen to assure therequired efficiency.

Optimization ofSeparator Size

Through much research and development, Penn’sengineers have optimized the design of the perfo-rated cone component of the inline separator,resulting in increased efficiency over a testedrange.

As shown in the above graph, the actual experi-mental data shows that use of a Penn Conehalves the margin between the maximum, theo-retical, cyclone separator efficiency and the effi-ciency occurring when no cone is used. Thisshows the advantage of “ Penn’s Unique Cone.”

Because of greater turbulence created at highervelocities, separation efficiency for all cyclone-type separators diverges from the theoretical(curve 1). Therefore, sizing charts should be de-veloped by designing for the inlet velocity, whichcorresponds to optimum efficiencies. (See shadedarea). However, in cases where maximum effi-ciency is not necessary, and for those areas onthe chart with velocities above or below shadedarea, the separator will be oversized. Therefore,Penn has developed an optimum sizing techniqueutilizing the efficiency curve, to take the abovecases into account, by helping to select the mosteconomical size for the particular application.

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Since the selector chart for gases(Chart A) is based on the air flowat 60ºF, a corrections factor isnecessary when using othergases and temperatures. Figures5 and 6 determine these factors,corresponding to gas operatingtemperature and molecularweight. A table of molecularweights for common gases isfound in Figure 7. When theknown gas flow rate is multipliedby these corrections factors, Ftand Fg, the equivalent air flowrate (EAFR=SCFM x Ft x Fg) isdetermined and the selector ChartA is ready for use.

(Note that when the gas is air at60ºF, the correction factors areone so that the known flow rate isthe equivalent flow rate, at stan-dard temperature and pressure(STP) conditions.)

TEMPERATURE CORRECTION FACTOR CHART Fig. 5 — Ft

GAS CORRECTION FACTORCHART Fig. 6 — Fg

GAS CORRECTION FACTOR GRAPH

TABLE OF SPECIFIC VOLUMES —Fig. 8

OPERATINGpsig

05

10203040506080100125150175200250300400500

PRESSURESpsia14.72025354555657595115140165190215265315415515

S.P. VOL.ft3/lbm

28.8320.0916.3011.909.407.796.655.814.653.883.222.752.402.141.741.471.120.90

(Note: interpolate for intermediate pressures)

TABLE OF MOLECULAR WEIGHTS Fig. 7

SUBSTANCEAcetyleneAmmoniaArgonCarbon DioxideCarbon MonoxideChlorineEthaneHeliumHydrogenMethaneNatural GasNitrogenNitrous OxideOxygenPropaneSulfur Dioxide

FORMULAC2H2NH3Ar

CO2COCL2

C2H6HeH2

CH475% CH4; 25% N2

N2N2OO2

C3H8SO2

MW2617.0339.9444.0128.0170.9130.07

4.002.02

16.041928.0244.0232.0044.1064.06

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SOME USES OF INLINE SEPARATORS

INLINE SEPARATORS FOR PROTECTING BOILER SUPERHEATER FROM WET STEAM

Often times the continual use of a boiler will causethe internals of the superheat section to foul andthe boiler may become inefficient as far as thequality of steam leaving the boiler. Replacement ofthese internals in the boiler may become laboriousand expensive. These internals are usually minia-ture centrifical separators. As a suitable alternativeto this, the use of an externally installed PennCentrifugal Separator as shown in the drawingbecomes an efficient means of producing veryclean dry steam.

The retrofit as shown in the drawing goes betweenthe boiler steam Outlet and the Super-Heater Inlet.The effectiveness of this Steam Separator with thePenn Cone produces very high quality steam (lessthan 1ppm total impurities) to protect the super-heater section of a water tube boiler. This separa-tor is designed and built to ASME Code, Sec. 1(See Fig. 1)

BOILER STEAM HEADER WITH INLINE SEPARATOR INCREASES QUALITY OF STEAM

To provide clean dry steam from a low or highpressure boiler a Penn Centrifugal Steam Separa-tor is installed on the steam header from theboiler. This Separator can provide steam of 99.8%quality. The drain of the separator can be pipedback to the system or drain. (See Fig. 2)

Other uses include cleaning steam prior to tur-bines, Autoclaves, and other steam poweredequipment.

AIR DRYER EFFECTIVENESS CAN BE IMPROVED WITH AN INLINE SEPARATOR

A Penn Inline Separator is often used between thecompressor and the Air Dryer. The separator canclean moisture from the air before the air entersthe dryer. The separator does not lower the dewpoint of the air, but can increase the efficiency ordowntime of the dryer. (See Fig. 3)

Separators are also used prior to air operatedequipment, on natural gas lines, or on other air orgas process.

Fig. 3

Fig. 2

Fig. 1

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