for all feminist cyborgs: an exploratory research on feminist organizing online

8/9/2019 For All Feminist Cyborgs: An Exploratory Research on Feminist Organizing Online

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For All Feminist Cyborgs: An Exploratory Research on Feminist Organizing Online

WD 221Feminist Perspecties an! "trategies in Organizing

ProfessorRo#ena $ag%illes

StudentAnna &elle "anchez

'his #or( is license! %n!er a Creatie Commons Attrib%tion)*onCommercial)"hareAli(e +,-

.nternational $icense,

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/







TABLE OF CONTENTS

.ntro!%ction

A /en!ere! .nternet A Brief Herstory of Women Who Made the Internet

Ctrl 0 F: Women in 'echnologyStatistics showing the non-representation of women in the field of information andcommunications technology (ICT!

Ctrl 0 F: Women in 'echnology Industriali"ation and the un#ust situation of women in electronics factories!

Cyberaggressions on Women $%amples of cy&eraggressions committed on women online!

A#esomesa%ce 'ist of feminist organi"ations and e%amples of feminist actiism online!

3Cyberactiism )ata and analysis of feminist actiism online!

AF4 5A#ay From 4eyboar!6*ffline efforts that affect feminist actiists and actiism online!

What 7a(es Online Actiism Feminist8 +eminist criti,ue and analysis of online actiism!

'han( 9o% .nternet Inde% of references



INTRODUCTION

&eore this research paper; my .nternet #as

#aiting or the next translate! chapter o "aintOniisan; a manga abo%t the 5mis6a!ent%res o<es%s an! &%!!ha liing together in mo!ern !ay<apan, Or getting my a!renaline on playing Fie7in%tes to 4ill 9o%rsel; o co%rse; We!!ingDay e!ition, "ometimes; .=ll >%st go lin( hoppingor ho%rs; conince! that it=s pro!%ctieprocrastination to (no# %seless inormation li(ethe proper pl%ral orm o octop%s,

*o#; it eels li(e .=e ta(en the re! pill an!

seeing ho# ar the rabbit hole goes in the7atrix,

'his research paper starte! to be abo%t eministorganizing in the competitie gaming sector,Post)binge #atching Anita "ar(eesian=s 'ropess Women in ?i!eo /ames 9o%'%be series an!right >%st #hen /amergate #as starting to loo!my Faceboo( ee!; . beliee! a research paper#as possible,

Een tho%gh . only ha! one !oc%mentary thatbarely mentione! emale gamers 5Free to Play:'he 7oie6; one article on sexist localcompetitie gaming r%les 5Pro)gamingto%rnament attempts to limit gay an!transgen!er players6; one short blog post by alocal emale gamer 5.=m *o 7yth: 'he /irl/amer Experience in the Philippines6 an! allmy aith in /oogle an! the po#er o search(ey#or! ariations,

&%t ater being consi!ere! too niche a topic atinitial cons%ltations; . !eci!e!; or no otherreason than to so%n! smart; to ma(e acomparatie analysis on the non)representationo #omen in the iel! o technology is)a)isthe !ominance o emale labor in actoriesman%act%ring electronics thro%gh a eministcriti@%e on the #ays the t#o !iisions o#omen in tech organize,

o#eer; #ith each clic( . o%n! mysel !eeper

into the rabbit hole; the part #here there is

aatar rape an! i!eo game non)consent porn, Where there are games that sim%late 5eenromanticize6 ab!%ction; iolence; an! rape o#omen an! yo%ng girls, Where there are trollsharassing #omen online %ntil they start to earor their saety oline, 'he part that can only beexplaine! by: &eca%se .nternet,

&%t it #as also the part #here eministcyberactiists are ighting iolence against#omen #ith mapping technology, Where

mobile apps g%i!e! by eminist al%es osisterhoo! an! soli!arity are create! to combatsex%al assa%lt, Where mobile phones !o morethan sen! emo>is b%t act%ally empo#er #omenthro%gh e!%cation, Where herstory can exist#ith a e# Wi(ipe!ia e!its, Where t#eets an!hashtags can en! years o riot s an! ciil #ars,'he part that can only be explaine! by: &eca%se.nternet,

'he eels #as strong an! only a @%ote rom

ellboy #ill !o,

.n the absence o light; !ar(nesspreails, 'here are things that gob%mp in the night; Agent 7yers,7a(e no mista(e abo%t that, An! #eare the ones #ho b%mp bac(,

Proessor 'reor =&room=&r%ttenholm

An! this research paper is ho# . b%mp bac(,

Annabs "anchez7ay 2-1B

http://mangafox.me/manga/saint_oniisan/


http://games.adultswim.com/five-minutes-to-kill-yourself-wedding-day-action-online-multiplayer-game.html


https://www.youtube.com/user/feministfrequency




https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjZYMI1zB9s


http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/feb/04/pro-gaming-tournament-attempts-to-limit-gay-and-transgender-players



http://www.pinoytechblog.com/archives/im-no-myth-the-girl-gamer-experience-in-the-philippines


http://www.palgrave-journals.com/fr/journal/v7/n1/full/fr19816a.html


https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2010/02/25/bugeja

http://kotaku.com/the-people-who-make-brutal-video-game-porn-1690892332


http://www.rmdglobal.net/stockholm/


https://www.takebackthetech.net/


http://www.motherjones.com/mixed-media/2015/04/sex-offender-maps-date-rape-video-game-sex-ed-global-fund-women-insight-hackathon

https://feminist.org/blog/index.php/2012/11/15/mobile-phones-to-promote-afghan-womens-literacy/


http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/16/wikipedia-gender-inequality_n_4109800.html




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring

















https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2010/02/25/bugeja


















A /E*DERED .*'ER*E' A Brief Herstory of Women Who Made the Internet

Far rom the gen!er)ne%tral cyber)playgro%n!that #e imagine it to be; the .nternet largelyremains a male !omain,

/en!er stereotyping has greatly contrib%te! tothe masc%linization o technology an! the.nternet, For example; most people associatescience an! math iel!s #ith =male= an!h%manities an! arts iel!s #ith =emale=i; #hichcreates implicit bias to#ar!s #omen in the iel!o science an! technology,

'hese societal belies that men are nat%rallybetter than #omen #hen it comes totechnologies s%ch as the .nternet; has!isco%rage! #omen=s participation online, Asnote! in a report by *o Ceilings ii; there is anestimate! 2-- million e#er #omen than menare online in !eeloping co%ntries,

'his lac( o emale oices online; in t%rninisibilize the .nternet=s herstory een tho%gh#omen thro%gho%t history hae been actie in!eeloping ne# technologies; eminists haearg%e! that technology has still been loo(e!%pon as a masc%line creation,iii

Ada Lovelace: First Computer Programmer

All o A!a $oelace=s lie has been abo%t gen!erstereotyping an! ho# she bro(e all o them,

Da%ghter to the t%rb%lent marriage o Anne.sabella 7ilban(e an! the poet $or! &yron; hermother earing that A!a #o%l! inherit herather=s olatile =poetic= temperament,,,raise! her%n!er a strict regimen o science; logic; an!mathematics,i

"he impresse! one o her earliest t%tors;A%g%st%s !e 7organ; #ith her maths s(ills; #hosai! that she had the potential to become “anoriginal mathematical investigator, perhaps of

first-rate eminence.”

v

But, was also quick torecognize that her gender is an obstacle to the

advancement of her career as a mathematician.

When she met Charles &abbage #ho #as then#or(ing on the Analytical Engine; she #as onlys%ppose! to translate $%igi 7enabrea=s paperor him; b%t he #as so impresse! #ith her%n!erstan!ing o the machine; that he as(e! herto expan! the original,

'he t#o eent%ally en!e! %p #or(ing togetheron the Analytical Engine, Altho%gh the machine

#as neer b%ilt; $oelace=s pioneering the i!eathat it can !o more than calc%late n%mbers;inspire! Alan '%ring #ith his #or( at &letchleyPar( !%ring Worl! War ..,

er isionary legacy is perectly s%mme! %p byWalter .saacson: er appreciation or poeticalscience le! her to celebrate a propose!calc%lating machine that #as !ismisse! by thescientiic establishment o her !ay; an! sheperceie! ho# the processing po#er o s%ch a

!eice co%l! be %se! on any orm oinormation, 'h%s !i! A!a; Co%ntess o$oelace; help so# the see!s or a !igital agethat #o%l! blossom a h%n!re! years later,i

Ater she #rote an! p%blishe! a %ll set oinstr%ctions that a comp%ting !eice co%l! %seto reach an en! res%lt that ha! not beencalc%late! in a!ance;ii $oelace became(no#n as the irst comp%ter programmer,

ntil no#; there are still a lot o contentionsregar!ing $oelace=s #or( an! contrib%tion inmo!ern comp%ting, .t is something that many#omen #or(ing in tech are only too amiliar#ith, We can loo( at A!a an! recognize that o%ro#n challenges are similar to hers; an! herachieements are the sorts o things that #estrie to#ar!s;iii says "%# Charman)An!erson; o%n!er o A!a $oelace Day,



Hedy Lamarr: Paved the Way for WiFi

aile! as the most bea%ti%l girl in ilm; e!y$amarr=s lie is li(e the plot o a olly#oo!bloc(b%ster come to lie,

"he ma!e hea!lines or the ilm Ecstasy; #hichcame into m%ch criticism or its passionateportrayal o emale sex%ality, .t #as the irstnon)pornograhic ilm that eat%re! %ll rontaln%!es as #ell as the irst onscreen emaleorgasmix,

7ore than the critics; it #as her h%sban!;armaments man%act%rer Frie!ric 7an!l that#as enrage! by the moie, Oten !escribe! aspossessie an! extremely controlling; he

reporte!ly bo%ght all copies o Ecstasy topreent other people rom seeing his #ie=scontroersial scene, 7an!l also allege!lyorba!e her rom p%rs%ing her ilm career an!(ept her a irt%al prisoner in their home,x

As 7an!l insiste! that she accompany him!%ring his meetings; $amar became priy tomatters o military technology !%ring Worl!War .., Among those that #ere !isc%sse! in oneo these meetings #as the research #asin!icating that ra!io #aes #ere better than#ire or controlling #eapons s%ch astorpe!oesxi,

Ater escaping rom her h%sban! some reportssay she !isg%ise!xii hersel as her mai!; #hileothers say she !r%gge!xiii her mai! to ma(e herescape $amarr moe! to olly#oo! tocontin%e her acting career, .t #as !%ring thistime that she met pianist an! composer /eorge

Antheil,

&oth share! a !eep sense o patriotism an! aninterest in inenting #hich le! them tocollaborate on the "ecret Comm%nications"ystem, .t has the ability to g%i!e torpe!oes totheir target #itho%t being intercepte! by theenemy; by sen!ing messages bet#eentransmitter an! receier oer m%ltiple ra!iore@%encies in a ran!om pattern an! themessage #o%l! moe so @%ic(ly across the

ra!io #aes that anyone t%ning in to a partic%lar

re@%ency #o%l! only hear a blip; an! #o%l! be%nable to intercept the message,xi

'he sprea! spectr%m technology %se! in the"ecret Comm%nications "ystem is regar!e! asthe technical bac(bone that ma(es cell%lar

phones; ax machines an! other #irelessoperationsx as #ell as the prec%rsor to #irelesscomm%nication technology s%ch as WiFi an!$'E,

Altho%gh $amarr an! Antheil t%rne! oer theirinention to the " *ay; it #as neer p%t to%se, A%thor "tephen 7ichael "hearer spec%latesthat the inention #as shele! beca%se $amarr#as consi!ere! the most bea%ti%l girl in the#orl! an! #e m%st (eep in min! that; at the

time; nobo!y too( a bea%ti%l #oman serio%slyregar!ing intellect%al matters,xi



Grace Hopper: Queen of Code

.n an interie# #ith Dai! $ettermanxii; thetal( sho# host as(e! /race opper #hatintereste! her o going into the " *ay at )years ol! to #hich she #ittily ans#ere!; Well;

Worl! War .. to begin #ith,

"he contin%e! to charm $etterman an! thea%!ience #ith her #it an! sp%n( #hen she too(o%t a b%n!le o #ire; each representing ananosecon! an! explaine! #hat she %ses themor, When an a!miral as(s yo% #hat ta(es it!amn long to sen! a message ia satellite; yo%point o%t to him that bet#een here 5pointing tothe stran! #ire she=s hol!ing6 an! the satellite;there are ery large n%mber or nanosecon!s

5ill%strating the !istance #ith the stran! o#ire6,er #or( on the 7ar( . in arar! #hich shereerre! to as the prettiest ga!get she eer sa# )got her assigne! to the 7anhattan Pro>ect, ereshe #or(e! on one o the most !iic%ltcalc%lations gien to her by <ohn ?on *e%mannon ho# to ma(e a sphere collapse %pon itsel as#ell as the location o the orce points that #illma(e it !o so, .t too( her an! her team threemonths to sole, Accor!ing to the !oc%mentary'he G%een o Co!exiii; it #o%l! only be laterthat opper #ill in! o%t that it #as or theimplosion problem on the atomic bomb that #as!roppe! on <apan; #hich ca%se! the #ar to en!six !ays later,

o#eer; een #ith her contrib%tions to herco%ntry; opper #asn=t allo#e! to teach atarar! 5there #ere no s%ch thing as emaleproessors at arar!6 nor contin%e sering at

the " *ay 5all the recr%ite! la!ies #ere beingsent home ater the #ar6, "o instea!; she #or(e!or Ec(ert)7a%chly Comp%ter Corporation;#here she #or(e! on the irst compiler orcomp%ter lang%ages; #hich allo#e! comp%tersto tal( to each other in plain English rather thanthro%gh n%mbers an! symbols, 'his #o%l!eent%ally become the prec%rsor to CO&O$5Common &%siness Oriente! $ang%age6,

&%t !espite her contrib%tions to mo!ern

comp%ting; t#o o the !oc%mentaries ma!e

abo%t /race opper still highlights theine@%ality experience! by #omen in tech iel!s,.n an interie#; 'he G%een o Co!e !irector an!Comm%nity actress; /illian <acobs says 'heeras%re o #omen #as happening in realtimexix; reerring to the lac( o recognition o

#omen in tech history, While &orn #ithC%riosity !irector 7elissa Pierce says;H"tee<obs an! &ill /ates ha! oer 12 ilms ma!eabo%t them; b%t their legacies are b%ilt on/race=s, Who (no#s; #itho%t /race opper;they might hae been !oor to !oor calc%latorsalesmenI Een #ith that act; there isn=t one!oc%mentary abo%t /race an! her legacy, .t=stime to change that,xxH



C'R$ 0 F: WO7E* .* 'EC*O$O/9Statistics showing the non-representation of women in the field ofinformation and communications technology (ICT!

When cybereminism irst came o%t in the J-s;one o its original ob>ectie #as to criti@%e themasc%linization o technology beca%se ogen!er stereotyping, .t arg%e! that technologynee!e! to be contin%ally interrogate! an! re)concept%alize!; an! that #omen nee!e! tobecome more actie in technological areas as#ell,xxi

&%t; een ater 2B years; #omen are still%n!errepresente! in tech, "tatistics o #omen#or(ing in the top tech companies are !ismal to

say the least, An! more tro%bling is thataccor!ing to a 2-1+ st%!y; men are t#ice asli(ely to be hire! in mathematics an! comp%ting

>obs more than #omen, Accor!ing to the st%!y;#itho%t any inormation other than acan!i!ateKs appearance 5#hich ma(es sex clear6;both male an! emale s%b>ects are t#ice moreli(ely to hire a man than a #oman,xxii 'he team

attrib%te! the res%lts to gen!er)base!stereotypes on #omen in maths) an! science)base! iel!s,

7en Women

Wor(orce 'ech <obs*on 'ech

<obs$ea!ership Wor(orce 'ech <obs

*on 'ech<obs

$ea!ership

/ooglexxiii -L M2L BL ML - L 1ML +L 22L

Faceboo(xxi

NJL MBL BL L 1L 1BL +L 2L

'#itterxx -L J-L B-L JL -L 1-L B-L 21L

9ahooxxi N2L MBL +L L L 1BL B2L 2L

Applexxii -L M-L *A 2L -L 2-L *A 2ML

As per Wi(ipe!ia; the th ran(ing #ebsite in the#orl!; ario%s st%!ies 5o!!ly eno%gh; all%ploa!e! in Wi(ipe!ia6 sho# the gen!er!iersity problem lies in its lac( o #omen

e!itors, .n the Wi(ipe!ia: "ystemic &ias pro>ectpage; the n%mber one characteristic o theaerage Wi(ipe!ian on the English Wi(ipe!iais malexxiii, &%t #hat=s important to note is thatWi(ipe!ia a!mits that this 5along #ith theircommon characteristics6 aect the content oWi(ipe!ia,

'he gen!er gap in Wi(ipe!ia e!itors is %rtherhighlighte! in a 2-11 Wi(ipe!ia E!itors "t%!y;#hich sho#s that J1L o e!itors are male; #hile

only JL emale an! less than 1L i!entiying as

transsex%al or transgen!erxxix,

'his %n!errepresentation on #omen e!itors in#o%l! probably explain the in!ings o a recent

st%!y on gen!er ine@%ality across all ersions oWi(ipe!ia, sing comp%tational ling%istics;res%lts s%ggest that male is the n%ll gen!er onWi(ipe!ia as articles abo%t #omen ten! toemphasize the act that they are abo%t #omenby oer%sing #or!s li(e =#oman;= =emale;= or=la!y= #hile articles abo%t men ten! not tocontain #or!s li(e =man;= =masc%line;= or=gentleman,= Wor!s li(e =marrie!;= =!iorce!;==chil!ren;= or =amily= are also m%ch morere@%ently %se! in articles abo%t #omen,xxx



&%t this also aects #hich pages are create! an!%p!ate!; #hich res%lts in an imbalance oinormation an! ho# it=s accesse!, 'o ill%strate;here=s a @%ote rom the *e# "tatesman articletitle! 'he Wi(ipe!ia #ars: !oes it matter i o%rbiggest so%rce o (no#le!ge is #ritten by

men8:

'a(e its $ist o PornographicActresses it is metic%lo%slyreerence!; #ith clear sectionsaccor!ing to !eca!e, 'he page isorganise!; clean an! easy to %se,Compare it to the $ist o FemalePoets: a spra#ling !%mpinggro%n!; organise! by name rather

than !ate; %nreerence! an! o little%se to anyone %nless they #ant to(no# #hose name might come ater"ylia Plath in an enormo%salphabetical list, 'he list o poetshas been e!ite! N-- times; by nearly-- e!itors, 'he list o emale pornstars is a ne#er page b%t oer 1;---e!itors hae e!ite! it more than2;B-- times,

Female poets at least get their ownlist. n areas such as science andtechnolog!, women are severel!under-represented. f there is not adecent biograph! of a given womanon "ikipedia, users will assume she

cannot be notable because she doesn#thave a proper "ikipedia page, so themarginalisation becomes circular andself-perpetuating. $he biographiesthat do e%ist often put a woman#sstatus as a wife, mother or daughterin the first paragraph, before or ne%t

to her notable achievements. $hesepersonal details are more often anafterthought in biographies of men.&onventionall! female interests arealso neglected' there#s a single pagefor all si% series of (e% and the &it!, whereas there are )* separate articleson $op +ear. nd when it comes toarticles on topics such as rape andabortion, the gender gap amongeditors reall! begins to matter%%%i.

.n 2-11; "%e /ar!ner; then exec%tie !irector oWi(ime!ia Fo%n!ation; has set a goal to raisethe share o emale contrib%tors to 2B percent by2-1Bxxxii an! probably as an eort to reachthose goals; Wi(ime!ia has !eci!e!; thro%gh anongoing series o eat%re stories; to sho# ho##omen aro%n! the #orl! are contrib%ting toWi(ime!ia pro>ects to!ay; to inite more#omen to participate; an! to i!entiy bestpractices or increasing gen!er !iersity in o%r

comm%nities; as #ell as in the content #e createtogetherxxxiii in celebration o this year=s.nternational Women=s Day, o#eer; in 2-1+/ar!ner #as @%ote! as saying; “ didn#t solve it. "e didn#t solve it. $he "ikimedia Foundationdidn#t solve it.%%%iv ”



C!L " F: #W$%&' (' &CH'$L$G)* Industrialization and the unjust situation of women inelectronics factories.

'he %n!errepresentation o #omen in "ilicon?alley an! the oer#helming n%mber o #omenemploye! in actories man%act%ringelectronics; sho#s the !ichotomy #ithin thecategory #omen in tech,

.n!%strialization; as oten the !ebate amongeminists; may hae the capacity to liberate

#omen thro%gh empo#erment by employment,o#eer; others arg%e that these opport%nitiesor #omen in actory #or( are simplypatriarchal restrictions on #omen=s capacity tocontrol their o#n lies being merelymo!ernize!; not oert%rne!,xxx

/ien this context; %n!er the rame#or( ocapitalism; gen!er !iision o labor remains theso%rce o #omen #or(ers= oppression in the#or(place, &eca%se o #omen=s secon! classstat%s; the >obs that are aailable to #omen are%s%ally only %ns(ille! an! poorly pai!technical an! managerial >obs are either tacitlyor explicitly resere! or men,xxxi 'hey arealso oten pai! less an! #or( longer ho%rs thanmen,

&%sinesses also consi!er hiring #omen as ana!antageo%s b%siness practice; gien that theyoten agree to become cas%al #or(ers instea! o

reg%lar employees beca%se o ho%sehol!responsibilities; or nat%rally leae the actory#hen they marry, Also; the act that only yo%ng#omen #or( in #orl! mar(et actories is alsorationalize! as an eect o their capacity to bearchil!ren ) this nat%rally means they #ill beeither %n#illing or %nable to contin%e inemployment m%ch beyon! their earlyt#enties,xxxii

Essentialist i!eals o #omen also aect their

role in the labor mar(et, A goo! example is the

ollo#ing passage in a 7alaysian inestmentbroch%re; !esigne! to attract oreign irms: The

manual de%terity of the oriental female isfamous the world oer! Her hands are small and

she wors fast with e%treme care! Who.

therefore. could &e &etter ,ualified &y natureand inheritance to contri&ute to the efficiency of

a &ench-assem&ly production line than the

oriental girl (emphasis added!xxxiii

Follo#ing this emphasis on essentialism;#omen are also !eeme! to be nat%rally more!ocile an! #illing to accept to%gh #or(!iscipline; an! nat%rally less incline! to >ointra!e %nions; than menxxxix leaing them more%lnerable to exploitation,

7a>or tech companies s%ch as 7icrosot;e#lett)Pac(ar!; "ams%ng; Acer; 4ingston; an!Apple; among others; #ho o%tso%rce theirassembly line #or( to actories in China; haebeen acc%se! o actiely neglecting theinh%mane con!ition #or(ers pre!ominantly#omen are s%b>ecte! in, Acc%sations oexploitation incl%!e lo# #ages; long #or(ingho%rs 5minim%m o 12)ho%rs #ith little to nobrea(s6; grae liing con!itions in its!ormitories; an! sex%al harassment,

.n some cases; some #or(ers are literally being#or(e! to !eath, <%st recently; it #as reporte!that a 2N)year ol! Chinese #or(er !ie! !%e toexha%stion rom being oer#or(e! in Pegatron;a company that pro!%ces Apple=s iPhone,

Accor!ing to his amily; 'ian F%lei; reporte!ly!ie! in the morning o b%t his bo!y #as not!iscoere! %ntil the eening, Doc%mentsproi!e! or the amily sho#s ca%se o !eath ass%!!en !eath,xl F%lei #as #or(ing on iPhone

N mo!els #hen he !ie!,



'his is not the irst time Apple has been lin(e!in controersies regar!ing inh%mane an!ab%sie employment practices o their s%ppliers,From 2-1- to 2-1; Foxconn employees haebeen %sing mass s%ici!es as a orm o protestagainst the company=s exploitatie labor

practices, "eeral employees hae !ie! an!many hae been let #ith !ebilitating in>%riesrom alling rom Foxconn sites, .n response tothe protests; Foxconn hae set %p s%ici!enets,xli

'here are some s%ici!es ho#eer #hereinFoxconn employees are acc%se! o stealingclosely g%ar!e! prototypes an! then later o%n!!ea!, "%n Dayong; an employee o Foxconn;#as acc%se! o stealing an Apple iPhone

prototype an! #as later o%n! !ea!; haing ellrom the 12th loor a b%il!ing, Foxconn says his!eath #as a s%ici!exlii,

Apple; ater an expose by &&C Panorama on the#or(ing con!itions in one o its s%ppliers

5Pegatron6; expresse! their sentiments to#ar!sthe %n!ercoer report in an email to aro%n!B;--- sta across the 4; Apple senior icepresi!ent o operations <e Williams sai! bothhimsel an! the chie exec%tie Q'im Coo(#ere =!eeply oen!e!= by the s%ggestion that

Apple #o%l! brea( a promise to the #or(ers ino%r s%pply chain or mislea! o%r c%stomers inany #ay,xliii

.n their #ebsite; Apple claims that they arestriing to eliminate %nethical hiring an!excessie #or( ho%rs or the people #ho b%il!o%r pro!%cts, Apple is also !e!icate! to theethical so%rcing o minerals li(e tin; tantal%m;t%ngsten; an! gol!; so #e can improecon!itions or #or(ers at the !eepest leels o

o%r s%pply chain,xli

o#eer; it=s been years an! there are still casesli(e 'ian F%lei an! there are still illegal minersrecr%iting chil!ren to mine tin %se! in Applepro!%ctsxl,



C)+&!AGG!&SS($'S $' W$%&' Examples of cyberaggressions committed on women online.

Feminine %sernames inc%rre! an aerage o 1-- sex%ally explicit or threatening messages a !ay,7asc%line names receie! ,,xli

G&',&!-+AS&, .($L&'C&

/Gamergate

&y most acco%nts; 3/amergate starte! #hen!etails o the ery ba! brea( %p bet#een emalein!ie game !eeloper; Soe G%inn; an!programmer; Eron />oni; #ent p%blic thro%gh/>oni=s blog post, Among other things; heacc%se! G%inn o cheating on him #ith *athan/rayson; a i!eo game reie#er at 4ota(%; toget aorable reie#s or her games,

G%inn gets @%ic(ly attac(e! online by trolls #ho >%stiies their harassment %n!er the banner o

ethics in games >o%rnalism, &%t it=s important to

note that /rayson nor !i! anyone in 4ota(%reie# G%inn=s game Depression G%est,

G%inn became a ictim o !oxxing; a term

#hich means that all her inormation #asgathere! an! poste! online, er onlineharassment @%ic(ly became oline as shereceie! !eath an! rape threats thro%gh herhome phone n%mber, 'he harassment #as tooextreme that she ha! to leae her home or earo her saety,

Another emale game !eeloper; &rianna W%;also ell ictim to online an! oline harassmentan! #as orce! to leae her home #ith her

h%sban!, "he reporte! the !eath threat sent to



her home a!!ress to the police an! is no# %n!erinestigation,

Aro%n! this time; Anita "ar(eesian release!'ropes s Women in ?i!eo /ames on her9o%'%be channel Feminist Fre@%ency, "he also

gets attac(e! by online trolls, As a #ay oighting bac(; she poste! a #ee(=s #orth o'#itter harassment on her '%mblrxlii, '#eetscontaine! incitement to s%ici!e; rape an! !eaththreats; an! misogynist comments to#ar!s"ar(eesian,

Recently; tah "tate niersity receie! anemail #ith threats o mass m%r!er i theyallo#e! "ar(eesian to gie her speech onsexism an! i!eo games at the school=s Center

or Women an! /en!er,

'he email rea!: 'his #ill be the !ea!liestschool shooting in American history; an! .Kmgiing yo% a chance to stop it, . hae at my!isposal a semia%tomatic rile; m%ltiple pistols;an! a collection o pipe bombs, . #ill #rite mymaniesto in her spille! bloo!; an! yo% #ill allbear #itness to #hat eminist lies an! poisonhae !one to the men o America,

As o this #riting; &rianna W% has see(e! thehelp o Congress#oman 4atherine Clar(xliii beca%se the F&. is not ta(ing her case serio%sly,Anita "ar(eesian has been name! by 'ime7agazine as one o their 1-- most inl%entialxlix,Soe G%inn o%n!e! Crash Oerri!e; a priatenet#or( o experts to assist ictims o onlineharassmentl, $a# T Or!er: "? comes %p #itha 3/amergate)inspire! episo!e title!.ntimi!ation /ameli,

he Fappening

.n 2-1+; %sers rom +chan=s b an! Re!!it=sFappening s%bre!!it poste! co%ntless n%!ephotographs o A)$ist olly#oo! celebritiesli(e <ennier $a#rence; 4im 4ar!ashian; 4atepton; Rihanna; Cara Deleigne; "elena/omez; an! 4irsten D%nst among many others;hac(e! rom Apple=s iClo%!,

Actress <ennier $a#rence has been the most

o%tspo(en, .n her ?anity Fair interie#; her irstater the photo lea(; she says;.t is not a scan!al,.t is a sex crime, .t is a sex%al iolation, .tKs!isg%sting, 'he la# nee!s to be change!; an!#e nee! to change, 'hatKs #hy these Web sitesare responsible, <%st the act that somebo!y can

be sex%ally exploite! an! iolate!; an! the irsttho%ght that crosses somebo!yKs min! is toma(e a proit rom it, .tKs so beyon! me, . >%stcanKt imagine being that !etache! romh%manity, . canKt imagine being that tho%ghtlessan! careless an! so empty insi!e,lii

"ince then; Re!!it has banne! the Fappenings%bre!!it; exposing the threa!=s creator in theprocess; #ho #as none to please! abo%t thebanliii, An artist planning to %se the n%!e photos

o $a#rence an! pton or his exhibition #asth#arte! by a Change,org petitionli,

Follo#ing 'he Fappening #ere 'he "nappening5hac(ing "napchat acco%nts6 an! >%st recently;Photo%c(et; #herein hac(ers target in!ii!%alPhotob%c(et acco%nts in search o photos meantto be hi!!en #ith a metho! (no#n as %s(ing,Regar!ing the inci!ent; &ran!on &o%rret an!Athanasios An!riana(is are not acing %p to 1Byears in prison ater they #ere arreste! orallege!ly !eeloping an! selling sot#are!esigne! to hac( n%!e photos rom thePhotob%c(et acco%nts o tho%san!s o #omen,'he sot#are is able to hac( on a preio%sly%nimaginable scale,l

'on-Con Pornography

. hae preio%sly #ritten abo%t non)con in ablog post or .sis .nternationalli, "hort or non)

consent; it=s a rape antasy pornography %singpop%lar i!eo games an! i!eo game characters,

"t%!ioFOW; the most #ell)(no#n st%!iocreating non)con porn; has pro!%ce! titles s%chas 'ara in Trou&le. /unoichi. and Arena of

)epraity! .n their most pop%lar; $ara in'ro%ble; 'omb Rai!er=s $ara Crot getsab!%cte!; tort%re! an! br%tally rape! oer an!oer, While in Arena o Depraity; set in theWorl! o Warcrat; a slae girl is rape! by orcs

to mentally brea( her,



&%t ma(e no mista(e; "t%!ioFOWpro!%ctions are br%tal, .n any gien"t%!ioFOW moie; yo% can co%nton the camera closing %p on#omen=s aces; so the ie#er can

see >%st ho# m%ch the sex is h%rtingthem, Ater sex scenes; the #omeng%sh semen or omit semenen!lessly; rom >%st abo%t eeryoriice at once, Occasionally; scenesemphasize the !amage the rape isca%sing by letting yo% see insi!ebo!ies; U)Ray style,

'he #omen might protest; an! theymight cry; b%t the action !oesn=t

stop, .nstea!; the ilms intensiy asthey go on: many o the ilms b%il!%p to gangbangs; an! increasinglyro%gher sex, .n one partic%larlygr%esome scene in /unoichi. a giant!emon penetrates 4as%mi so !eeplythat eery thr%st by the !emon lits4as%mi=s ribcage %p, 4as%miscreams in painVthe !emon istearing her %p insi!e, Eent%ally;she gets h%rt so ba!ly; she collapsesinto a Hmin!brea(H state, 'he !emonp%lls o%t; an! 4as%mi cra#ls aterhim; as(ing or more, From thatpoint or#ar!; the men no longerhae to orce 4as%mi intos%bmissionVshe enth%siasticallyparticipates in the gangbangslii,

"till; "t%!ioFOW claims that their me!i%m isact%ally the saest #ay to express rape antasies;

Has there isnKt een a real actress inole! allthe mo!els are !igital an! nobo!y is beingexploite!,liiiH

'hro%gh cro#!%n!ing; #ith ans !onating asm%ch as N;---; "t%!ioFOW has manage! tocontin%ally pro!%ce more moies an! shortilms, 'hey hae also oraye! into creating theiro#n game, &%t calling Soey: C%m arestlix agame is a bit o a stretch as it !oesn=t inoleany gameplay b%t only a s%perc%t o the emale

character giing oral sex, 'he only interaction

bet#een the game an! the player is clic(ing thenext b%tton; changing camera angles; an!clic(ing the c%m #ith option,

Apps

itstare

Create! by <ethro &atts an! Dai! &o%lton romA%stralia an! presente! at the 'echCr%nchDisr%pt 2-1 start%p conerence; 'itstare is anapp #here %sers can %ploa! an! li(e photos omen loo(ing at #omen=s breasts,

'echCr%nch later t#eete! an apology saying:We apologize or t#o inappropriate hac(athonpresentations earlier to!ay, We #ill more

care%lly screen rom no# onlx,

'heir #ebsite or 'itstare is no longer lie b%ttheir '#itter an! Faceboo( acco%nts are still %pb%t remain inactie,Circle Sha0e

Presente! by sotopless,com at the 'echCr%nchDisr%pt 2-1 start%p conerence; Circle "ha(e isa mobile sensor app that meas%res ho# manytimes yo% can sha(e yo%r smartphone %p an!!o#n,

.t became controersial ater the presentersim%late! mast%rbation on stage to !emo theapp, .t #as reporte! that there #as a J)year ol!girl at the a%!ience that timelxi,

Ater 'itstare an! Circle "ha(e receie! ma>orla( online; 'echCr%nch iss%e! a longer apologyon their blog,

*ormally o%r hac(athons are asho#case or !eelopers o allstripes to create an! share somethingcool, &%t earlier to!ay; the spirit oo%r eent #as marre! by t#omisogynistic presentations,

"exism is a ma>or problem in thetech in!%stry; an! #eKe #or(e!har! to co%nteract it in o%r coerage

an! in o%r o#n hiring,



'o!ayKs iss%es res%lte! rom aail%re to properly screen o%rhac(athons or inappropriate contentahea! o time an! establish clearg%i!elines or these s%bmissions,

'r%st %s; that change! as soon as #esa# #hat happene! at o%r sho#,Eery presentation is getting athoro%gh screening rom thishac(athon on#ar!, Any type osexism or other !iscriminatoryan!or !erogatory speech #ill not beallo#e!,

9o% expect more rom %s; an! #e expect morerom o%rseles, We are sorrylxii,

Games

Custer1s !evenge is a i!eo game ma!e or theAtari 2N-- console by 7ysti@%e, 'he gameplayincl%!es controlling C%ster 5#ho has nothing onexcept a co#boy hat; boots; an! an erection6 an!aoi!ing arro# attac(s to reach an in!igeno%s#oman tie! to a pole an! hae sex #ith her,

A rema(e #as release! by game !eeloper7ysticca /ames; a small gro%p o /ameDesign st%!ents in the %niersity o Anhembi7or%mbi in "Xo Pa%lo; &razil,lxiii .t has beenmet by opposition rom in!igeno%s game!esigner Elizabeth $aPensYelxi; #hose t#eetabo%t the game ca%se! seeral gameplayootage to be ta(en !o#n,

!apeLay is a D eroge 5<apanese slang orerotic game6 ma!e by .ll%sion "ot, 'he game is

playe! in a irst person PO? o the character7asaya 4im%ra; a chi(an 5<apanese #or! orgroper, s%ally on cro#!e! trains,6 #ho ollo#sa mother an! her t#o !a%ghters home an! rapesthem,

As per its Wi(ipe!ia entry; gameplay incl%!esthe ollo#ing:

'he player has a ariety o sex%alpositions to choose rom s%ch as #oman

on top; orce! ellatio 5irr%matio6;

an! threesomes, Rape$ay also hasa na(a!ashi 5internal e>ac%lation6co%nter; #hich carries a !anger opregnancy,

Ater completing the storyline an!

Hbrea(ingH the girls; there are six mo!eso gameplay:

• *ozo(i mo!e; #here the player#atches the girl #ait in thes%b#ay station; an! %pon sayinga prayer; can blo# their s(irts %p#ith the #in!; exposing their%n!er#ear, Ater certainachieements hae been ma!e;the player has the option o

remoing the girl=s clothing as#ell as inserting ibrators; b%t noto%ching is inole!,

• Chi(an mo!e is similarto *ozo(i mo!e; except theplayer goes into the train #ith thegirl an! on!les them #ith theability to remoe their clothing,

• '#o player or H2PH mo!e; in thisoption; the player can hae sex#ith any one o the three girls,'he main character is in !angero being (ille! %n!er certaincirc%mstances; b%t there are noleel restrictions, 'here is also anoption o !ierent sex positionsincl%!ing oral sex,

• Fie player or HBPH mo!e; #herethe player is restricte! to one sexposition; #ith three other malesraping one girl !%ring gang rape,

'he leel restrictions or thismo!e incl%!e locations #ithsmall space,

• "hippo; also (no#n as HPH orH+PH mo!e, .n this mo!e; themain character is able to hae sex#ith t#o or three o the girls atonce,

• *e(o)4appa mo!e is notplayable; an! can be only ie#e!in the &ot%play Extra CD, &%t

the original i!ea is that *e(o)



4appa mo!e allo#s the player tohae one or t#o girls tie! %pin bon!age,

Accor!ing to a reie# o the game; !ialog%ess%ch as H"ni,,, sni,,, . #)#)#ant to !ie,,,H is

%ttere! by the #omen characters ater beingrape!,'he game also allo#s or the girls to getpregnant an! then be orce! to hae anabortionlx,

Regar!ing the iss%e o normalizing sex%aliolence on games an! cartoons; the nite!*ations= Committee on the Elimination oDiscrimination against Women has alrea!ycalle! on <apan to ban the sale o i!eo gamesor cartoons inoling rape an! sex%al iolence

against #omen #hich normalize an! promotesex%al iolence against #omen an! girls,lxiH

Stoc0holm: An &2ploration of rue Love isan interactie D?D 5all characters are playe! bylie actors6 by R7D /lobal, .n this game; yo%(i!nap an! sex%ally an! psychologically assa%lta yo%ng #omen; #ith the explicit goal omanip%lating her into !eeloping "toc(holmsyn!rome, .n other #or!s; the goal is to get a#oman to all in loe #ith yo% thro%gh(i!napping; ab%sing an! manip%lating her,lxii"ale o the game has alrea!y been banne! onAmazon; b%t R7D has starte! an online petitionto change that !ecision,

Second Life is an online irt%al #orl! erysimilar to a 7assiely 7%ltiplayer Online RolePlaying /ames 577ORP/6 b%t #itho%t anyother ob>ectie other than to exist in its irt%allan!scape, Players or Resi!ents; can interact

#ith each other an! the ob>ects in "econ! $ie=s%nierse or the /ri! ia their aatars, Resi!entsalso hae the ability to create their o#n ob>ectia a three)!imensional mo!elling tool sot#areaailable in the game, 'hey can also a!!interactiity to these ob>ects ia the $in!en"cripting $ang%age,

"econ! $ie receie! a lot o criticism #henaatars #ith chil!li(e appearance #ere o%n!inhabiting its A!%lt)rate! gri!, .n this part o

"econ! $ie; there are mar(etplaces selling sex)

relate! items 5i,e, %lly)%nctioning penis6 tosex)relate! actiities 5e,g, blo#>ob; &D"7;bestiality6, &%t most !ist%rbing is that; there areplaces #here yo% can b%y rape, Resi!ents canb%y rape antasies #ith an option to HRapeictim;H H/et rape!;H or Hol! ictim,lxiiiH

'here are also places li(e Rape City #here*%!e aatars ran ree; sporting bizarrelyoersize! genitals, 'he local police station #aslan(e! by people straight o%t o a 97CAm%sic i!eo; an! eat%re! a sex cr%ciix,lxix .t=salso here that some resi!ents participate in rapetrac(ing or #here %sers pay real #orl! moneyor special sot#are that allo#s them to trac(other %sers; an! rape their aatars,lxx

.n 2--; &elgian ne#spapers De 7orgen an!et $asstste *ie%#s release! a report that the&r%ssels p%blic prosec%tor has as(e! patrol!etecties o the Fe!eral Comp%ter Crime nitto go on "econ! $ie to inestigate a =irt%alrape= inoling a &elgian %ser o "econ!$ie,lxxi 'his has spar(e! !ebate on #hetherirt%al rape can be consi!ere! as rape at all,

A blogger poste! that irt%al or synthetic rape!oes not hae real)lie eects or conse@%ences;stating that QEen or the most !eote! player;the synthetic rape o an aatar seems %nli(ely toca%se the player to be ear%l or eel o%t ocontrol in their real lie, 'he irt%al #orl! is aseparate enironment rom the real #orl!; an!the aatars bo!y is not act%ally the playerKsbo!y, 'hereore most o the harm%lpsychological !amage ca%se! by real rape5incl%!ing post)tra%matic stress !isor!er6 #illnot res%lt rom synthetic rape,lxxii

o#eer; in a post by !igital c%lt%re critic;<%lian Dibbell; he #rote; posttra%matic tears#ere streaming !o#n her ace ) a real)lie actthat sho%l! s%ice to proe that the #or!s=emotional content #as no mere playactinglxxiiiabo%t ho# a irt%al rape o an aatar aecte!the real lie #oman behin! it,

Grand heft Auto is no stranger to controersyregar!ing the game=s misogynistic attit%!e

to#ar!s #omen, pon the release o /ran!



'het A%to ?; no one #as the least bit s%rprise!at the amo%nt o iolence in the game as #ell asthe misogynistic portrayal o #omen,

'he gameplay on /'A ? incl%!e hiringprostit%tes to get inormation an! then (illing

her ater she=s gien it to yo%, As one o theplayable characters; yo% are enco%rage! togrope strippers; so the sec%rity g%ar!s #on=tspot yo%, Regar!ing the gameplay; one malegame reie#er #rote; &%t #hat . !o (no# isho# #retche! . elt as the game oten coerce!me into actions that !egra!e! #omen, . elt!irty !riing aro%n! that paparazzo the i!ea oa mini)game that eectiely as(s yo% to grope astripper repels me; . began to eel s%ocate! bya testosterone)a!!le! lie o !eiancy,lxxi

One game reie#er expresse! !isappointment innot haing a playable emale character; an! saysthat /'A ? has little room or #omen exceptto portray them as strippers; prostit%tes; long)s%ering #ies; h%morless girlrien!s an!gooy; ne#)age eminists #eKre meant to la%ghat,lxx

o#eer; that one game reie#er ) #ho gae/'A ? a J1- score is a transsex%al, CarolynPetit=s game reie# o /'A ? #as @%ic(lytrolle! #ith hate messages partic%larly aime! ather gen!er, A petition to ire Petit #as p%t %p;b%t #as @%ic(ly p%lle! !o#n by Change,orglxxi,

'he online ersion o /'A ? also s%ers romgross iolence against #omen, A rape mo! hasbeen create! by some %sers that allo# rape in)game, A %ser name! mreri(mattilalxxii; !escribe!#hat the mo! !oes to other players,

o# it initially began is my rien! #asbeing ta(en a!antage o in a moreremote part o the map; #hich . #as%na#are o, . #ent to his area to in! o%the #as not alone, 'here #as this other%ser; the %ser in @%estion; in the area, .hae neer playe! #ith this mo!!er; noram . rien!s #ith him; nor #ere #e in aparty, 'his g%y #as a total ran!omstranger #ho >%st !roppe! in the ree

mo!e session,

G%ite literally; . an! a co%ple rien!s omine enco%ntere! a stranger an! #e#ere rape! an! orce! to strip !ance in/'A online, .t #as li(e a Htra%matic lieHsim%lator,

'o re)iterate:• e an! the animation #as

mo!ele! ater the male characterhaing sex in the Fran(linmission 0apara""o - The Se%

Tape,• We neer hae seen the player

beore; nor #ere #e in a party oany (in!,

• .t #as online on the P",• 'he player #ho too( a!antage

o %s #as inincible, e also hastrillions or @%a!rillions o !ollarsbase! on some online searches ohis P"* %ser name,

• e #o%l! r%n %p to yo%; getst%c( to yo%r bac( si!eVchest tobac(, 9o% #o%l! then losecontrol an! #o%l! procee! #iththe animation, Once inishe!; he#o%l! contin%e being st%c( toyo% chest to bac(, 9o% hae theability to Hbac()elbo#H him as anattac(; tho%gh it !i! nothing !%eto his inincibility, 9o% #o%l!then be orce! in to perorming astripper pole !ance animation;then yo% #ere ree to go,

'his is not the irst case o irt%al rape in /ran!'het A%to, &ac( in 2--B; the ot Coeemo! or the online ersion o /ran! 'het A%to:

"an An!reas allo#e! players to a sex%allygraphic minigame o C< ornicating #ith hisgirlrien!, Roc(star /ames claims that it isthe #or( o a !etermine! gro%p o hac(ers #hohae gone to signiicant tro%ble to alter scenesin the oicial ersion o the game,H

o#eer; gaming site /amespot !eci!e! toinestigate Roc(star /ames= claims o hac(ingby !oing a cheat co!e test on the P"2 ersion othe game #hich comes on an %nmo!!able

D?D,lxxiii

"%re eno%gh; the next screen



proe! that the Play"tation 2 e!ition o thegame !oes in!ee! incl%!e a sex%ally graphicminigame; #hich plays almost exactly the sameas the ot Coee mo!,lxxix

What=s more !ist%rbing is that; Q'o #in;

players m%st maintain a stea!y rhythm #ith thelet analog stic( to b%il! %p an =excitement

meter= on the right o the screen, Fill the meter

an! Denise becomes ery excite!; telling C< he

is Hthe manH beore the game congrat%lates yo%

#ith the #or!s =*ice g%ys inish lastI= $et the

meter !rop to empty an! the game a!monishes

yo% #ith =Fail%re to satisy a #oman is aCR.7EI=lxxx



iill; C,; T Corbett; C, 52-1-6, Why so e#8: Women in science; technology; engineering; an!mathematics, Washington; D,C,: AAW,ii*o Ceilings; 52-1B6: *o Ceilings: 'he F%ll Participation Report,iiiConsalo; 7ia, HCybereminism,H Encyclope!ia o *e# 7e!ia, E!, , 'ho%san! Oa(s; CA:"A/E; 2--2, 1-J)1-, "A/E Reerence Online, Web, + Apr, 2-12,iA!a $oelace: ?ictorian comp%ting isionary, 5n,!,6, Retriee! rom

http:in!inga!a,comboo(a!a)loelace)ictorian)comp%ting)isionaryA!a $oelace: ?ictorian comp%ting isionary, 5n,!,6, Retriee! romhttp:in!inga!a,comboo(a!a)loelace)ictorian)comp%ting)isionaryio# A!a $oelace; $or! &yronKs Da%ghter; &ecame the Worl!Ks First Comp%ter Programmer,5n,!,6, Retriee! rom http:###,brainpic(ings,org2-1+121-a!a)loelace)#alter)isaacson)innoatorsiiA!a $oelace: ?ictorian comp%ting isionary, 5n,!,6, Retriee! romhttp:in!inga!a,comboo(a!a)loelace)ictorian)comp%ting)isionaryiiiA!a $oelace; the First 'ech ?isionary ) 'he *e# 9or(er, 52-1; October 1B6, Retriee! romhttp:###,ne#yor(er,comtechelementsa!a)loelace)the)irst)tech)isionaryix7eet the Actress Who Perorme! the First Onscreen Orgasm, 5n,!,6, Retriee! rom

http:time,comNNJ-2he!y)lamarrxappy 1--th birth!ay; e!y $amarr; moie star #ho pae! #ay or Wi)Fi ) C*E', 5n,!,6,Retriee! rom http:###,cnet,comne#shappy)1--th)birth!ay)he!y)lamarr)moie)star)an!)#i)i)inentorxiCo%ey; A, 5n,!,6, 7icro'imes: 'he &irth O "prea! "pectr%m, Retriee! romhttp:people,seas,harar!,e!%Z>onescscie12Jn%[lect%reslect%rehe!ylemarr,htmxiie!y $amarr, 5n,!,6, Retriee! rom http:en,#i(ipe!ia,org#i(ie!y[$amarrxiiiCo%ey; A, 5n,!,6, 7icro'imes: 'he &irth O "prea! "pectr%m, Retriee! romhttp:people,seas,harar!,e!%Z>onescscie12Jn%[lect%reslect%rehe!ylemarr,htmxiCo%ey; A, 5n,!,6, 7icro'imes: 'he &irth O "prea! "pectr%m, Retriee! romhttp:people,seas,harar!,e!%Z>onescscie12Jn%[lect%reslect%rehe!ylemarr,htmxe!y $amarr, 5n,!,6, Retriee! rom http:###,#omen)inentors,come!y)$ammar,aspxie!y $amarr: 'he Actress #ho .nente! Wireless Comm%nication ) Open7in!, 52-1+;*oember 126, Retriee! rom https:###,bbaopenmin!,comenhe!y)lamarr)the)actress)#ho)inente!)#ireless)comm%nicationxii/race opper on $etterman, 5n,!,6, Retriee! rom https:###,yo%t%be,com#atch8\1)cErOPoGxiii'he G%een O Co!e, 52-1B; <an%ary 2M6, Retriee! rom http:iethirtyeight,comeat%resthe)@%een)o)co!exix='he Eras%re Was appening in Real 'ime=: /race opper Doc%mentary Comes O%t 'o!ay,52-1B; <an%ary 2M6, Retriee! rom http:reco!e,net2-1B-12Mthe)eras%re)#as)happening)in)real)

time)grace)hopper)!oc%mentary)comes)o%t)to!ayxx&orn #ith C%riosity, 5n,!,6, Retriee! rom http:gracehopperilm,comxxiConsalo; 7ia, HCybereminism,H Encyclope!ia o *e# 7e!ia, E!, , 'ho%san! Oa(s; CA:"A/E; 2--2, 1-J)1-, "A/E Reerence Online, Web, + Apr, 2-12,xxiiRe%ben; E,; "apienza; P,; T Singales; $, 52-1+6, o# stereotypes impair #omen=s careers inscience, Procee!ings o the *ational Aca!emy o "ciences; ++-)++-M,xxiiiDiersity ) /oogle, 5n,!,6, Retriee! rom http:###,google,com!iersityxxi&%il!ing a 7ore Dierse Faceboo( ] Faceboo( *e#sroom, 5n,!,6, Retriee! romhttp:ne#sroom,b,comne#s2-1+-Nb%il!ing)a)more)!ierse)aceboo(xx&%il!ing a '#itter #e can be pro%! o ] '#itter &logs, 5n,!,6, Retriee! romhttps:blog,t#itter,com2-1+b%il!ing)a)t#itter)#e)can)be)pro%!)o

xxiWor(orce Diersity at 9ahoo, 5n,!,6, Retriee! romhttp:yahoo,t%mblr,compostMJ-MBJMJ+J#or(orce)!iersity)at)yahooxxiiApple ) Diersity ) .ncl%sion inspires innoation, 5n,!,6, Retriee! rom



http:###,apple,com!iersityxxiiiWi(ipe!ia:"ystemic bias, 5n,!,6, Retriee! romhttp:en,#i(ipe!ia,org#i(iWi(ipe!ia:"ystemic[bias3'he[,22aerage[Wi(ipe!ian,22xxixFile:E!itor "%rey Report ) April 2-11,p!, 5n,!,6, Retriee! romhttp:commons,#i(ime!ia,org#in!ex,php8title\File:E!itor["%rey[Report[)

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xxxArUi; E, 5n,!,6, Comp%tational $ing%istics Reeals o# Wi(ipe!ia Articles Are &iase!Against Women, Retriee! rom http:###,technologyreie#,comie#B+N1Ncomp%tational)ling%istics)reeals)ho#)#i(ipe!ia)articles)are)biase!)against)#omenxxxi4leeman; <, 52-1B; 7ay 2N6, *e# "tatesman, Retriee! romhttp:###,ne#statesman,comliestyle2-1B-B#i(ipe!ia)has)colossal)problem)#omen)!ont)e!it)itxxxiiCohen; *, 52-11; <an%ary -6, Deine /en!er /ap8 $oo( p Wi(ipe!iaKs Contrib%tor $ist,Retriee! rom http:###,nytimes,com2-11-11b%sinessme!ia1lin(,htmlxxxiiiFlorin; F, 52-1B; April 6, Women an! gen!er !iersity on Wi(ime!ia: O%r top stories ̂Wi(ime!ia blog, Retriee! rom http:blog,#i(ime!ia,org2-1B-+-#omen)an!)gen!er)top)stories

xxxi4leeman; <, 52-1B; 7ay 2N6, *e# "tatesman, Retriee! romhttp:###,ne#statesman,comliestyle2-1B-B#i(ipe!ia)has)colossal)problem)#omen)!ont)e!it)itxxxEnloe; C, 5n,!,6, 'hir! Worl! Women in Factories, Retriee! romhttp:###,c%lt%rals%rial,orgo%rp%blicationscs@articlethir!)#orl!)#omen)actoriesxxxi$e%ng; W, 5n,!,6, 'he Dar( "i!e o .n!%strialization, Retriee! romhttp:###,m%ltinationalmonitor,orghyperiss%es1JMN1-y%e,htmlxxxiiElson; D,; T Pearson; R, 5n,!,6, =*imble Fingers 7a(e Cheap Wor(ers=: An Analysis oWomen=s Employment in 'hir! Worl! Export 7an%act%ring, Retriee! rom http:###,palgrae)

>o%rnals,comr>o%rnaln1%llr1JM1Na,htmlxxxiiiElson; D,; T Pearson; R, 5n,!,6, =*imble Fingers 7a(e Cheap Wor(ers=: An Analysis oWomen=s Employment in 'hir! Worl! Export 7an%act%ring, Retriee! rom http:###,palgrae)

>o%rnals,comr>o%rnaln1%llr1JM1Na,htmlxxxixElson; D,; T Pearson; R, 5n,!,6, =*imble Fingers 7a(e Cheap Wor(ers=: An Analysis oWomen=s Employment in 'hir! Worl! Export 7an%act%ring, Retriee! rom http:###,palgrae)

>o%rnals,comr>o%rnaln1%llr1JM1Na,htmlxl F%llerton; <,; T Chen; <, 52-1B; 7arch 116, EUC$".?E: Chinese #or(er; 2N; ma(ing AppleiPhones !ie! ater en!%ring 12 ho%r shits; seen !ays a #ee(; amily claim, Retriee! romhttp:###,!ailymail,co,%(ne#sarticle)2JJB1Chinese)#or(er)2N)ma(ing)Apple)iPhones)!ie!)en!%ring)12)ho%r)shits)seen)!ays)#ee()t#o)months)bosses)o#e!)clean)expose)actory)con!itions)amily)claim,html

xliCooper; R, 52-1; <an%ary 2B6, .nsi!e Apple=s Chinese =s#eatshop= actory #here #or(ers arepai! >%st _1,12 per ho%r to pro!%ce iPhones an! iPa!s or the West, Retriee! romhttp:###,!ailymail,co,%(ne#sarticle)21-JMReeale!).nsi!e)Apples)Chinese)s#eatshop)actory)#or(ers)pai!)>%st)1)12)ho%r,htmlxlii&arboza; D, 52--J; <%ly 2N6, .Phone 7a(er in China .s n!er Fire Ater a "%ici!e, Retriee!rom http:###,nytimes,com2--J-2technologycompanies2apple,html8

[r\2Tscp\1Ts@\oxconnTst\csexliiiWilliams; R, 52-1+; December 1J6, Apple goes to #ar #ith the &&C, Retriee! romhttp:###,telegraph,co,%(technologyapple11--B2Apple)#or(ing)con!itions)'im)Coo(,htmlxli$abor T %man Rights, 5n,!,6, Retriee! rom https:###,apple,coms%pplier)responsibilitylabor)an!)h%man)rights

xlWorstall; ', 52-1+; December 1J6, &&C=s Panorama Attac(s Apple Oer .n!onesian 'in,Retriee! rom http:###,orbes,comsitestim#orstall2-1+121Jbbcs)panorama)attac(s)apple)oer)in!onesian)tin



xliess; A, 52-1+; <an%ary N6, Why Women Aren=t Welcome on the .nternet, Retriee! romhttp:###,psmag,comhealth)an!)behaior#omen)arent)#elcome)internet)21-xlii"ar(eesian; A, 52-1B; <an%ary 26, One Wee( o arassment on '#itter, Retriee! romhttp:emre@,t%mblr,compost1-J1J2NJM2Bone)#ee()o)harassment)on)t#itterxliii&ernstein; D, 52-1B; <%ne 16, /amer/ate "%san Collins An! <oe 4enne!y; 'ogether At $astAn! &irth Control, Retriee! rom http:#gbhne#s,orgpostgamergate)s%san)collins)an!)>oe)

(enne!y)together)last)an!)birth)controlxlix&eschizza; R, 52-1B; April 16, Anita "ar(eesian in 'ime=s 'op 1-- most inl%ential, Retriee!rom http:boingboing,net2-1B-+1anita)sar(eesian)in)times)to,htmll&ennett; A, 52-1B; <an%ary 16, So` G%inn as $a%nche! A *et#or( to elp Fight /amer/atearassment T Other Online Ab%se, Retriee! rom http:###,themarys%e,comcrash)oerri!e)net#or(li"%bbaraman; *, 52-1B; Febr%ary 126, &rianna W% !issects $a# an! Or!er "?KsK 3/amer/ateepiso!e, Retriee! rom http:###,betaboston,comne#s2-1B-212brianna)#%)!issects)la#)an!)or!er)s%s)gamergate)episo!eliiCoer Preie#: <ennier $a#rence Calls Photo ac(ing a, 52-1+; *oember6, Retriee! romhttp:###,anityair,comholly#oo!2-1+1->ennier)la#rence)coer

liii"tone; <, 52-1+; "eptember M6, Re!!it Fappening &an 'riggers O%trage! Response From *%!ePhoto Distrib%tor, Retriee! rom http:###,ibtimes,comre!!it)appening)ban)triggers)o%trage!)response)n%!e)photo)!istrib%tor)1NM1-Mli"iler; $, 52-1+; "eptember +6, An Artist Plans to Exhibit <ennier $a#rence=s an! 4ate pton=s$ea(e! *%!e Photos, Retriee! rom http:###,complex,comstyle2-1+-Jan)artist)plans)to)exhibit)>ennier)la#rences)an!)(ate)%ptons)n%!e)photosl$ang; ., 52-1B; 7ay 16, '#o ac(ers Face 1B 9ears Ater "tealing 'ho%san!s O *%!es,Retriee! rom http:###,as(men,comne#stechhac(ers)ace)charges)ater)selling)n%!e)photo)hac(ing)sot#are,htmlli"anchez; A, 52-1B; 7arch 1J6, What is a HRealH Woman8 Retriee! romhttp:###,isis#omen,orgin!ex,php8option\com[contentTie#\articleTi!\1BJ:#hat)is)a)real)#omanTcati!\1JNT.temi!\++Jliiernan!ez; P, 52-1B; 7arch 116, 'he People Who 7a(e &r%tal ?i!eo /ame Porn, Retriee!rom http:(ota(%,comthe)people)#ho)ma(e)br%tal)i!eo)game)porn)1NJ-MJ22liii.nterie# #ith "t%!io FOW ) $e#!/amer,com, 52-1B; <an%ary 2+6, Retriee! romhttps:###,le#!gamer,com2-1B-12+interie#)#ith)st%!io)o#lixSoey: C%m arest, 5n,!,6, Retriee! rom http:###,ne#gro%n!s,comportalie#NBM2lx'echCr%nch 52-1; "eptember J6, Retriee! romhttps:t#itter,com'echCr%nchstat%sesNM1MNJ2M-J1M+-lxiOhlheiser; A, 52-1; "eptember M6, 7eet ='itstare;= the 'ech Worl!=s $atest =<o(e= rom the 7in!so &rogrammers, Retriee! rom http:###,the#ire,comtechnology2-1-Jtitstare)tech)#orl!s)

latest)brogrammer)>o(e)techcr%nch)!isr%ptNJ11lxii'sotsis; A,; T El!on; E, 52-1; "eptember M6, An Apology From 'echCr%nch, Retriee! romhttp:techcr%nch,com2-1-J-Man)apology)rom)techcr%nchlxiiiAl; P, 52--M; October 1M6, C%ster=s Reenge ) Rema(e, Retriee! romhttp:c%rlys#orl!,comie#topic,php8t\2-JlxiWheeler; 4, 52-1+; *oember 26, .n!igeno%s i!eo game !esigner ta(es stan! against C%ster=sReenge ) Aboriginal ) C&C, Retriee! rom http:###,cbc,cane#saboriginalin!igeno%s)i!eo)game)!esigner)ta(es)stan!)against)c%ster)s)reenge)1,2MB11-+lx$ah; 4, 52-1-; 7arch 16, =Rape$ay= i!eo game goes iral ami! o%trage, Retriee! romhttp:e!ition,cnn,com2-1-WOR$Dasiapc-->apan,i!eo,game,rapelxinite! *ations /ro%p rges <apan to &an Explicit /ames; 7anga, 52--J; A%g%st 2M6,

Retriee! rom http:###,animene#snet#or(,comne#s2--J)-M)2M%nite!)nations)gro%p)%rges) >apan)to)ban)explicit)games)mangalxiiDill)"hac(leor!; 4, 52-1-; 7arch 216, 7a(ing a 5?i!eo6 /ame O%t o Rape, Retriee! rom



https:###,psychologyto!ay,comblogho#)antasy)becomes)reality2-1--ma(ing)i!eo)game)o%t)rapelxiii7ohney; C, 52-12; <%ne 1B6, "econ! $ie: Rape or "ale, Retriee! romhttp:ga#(er,com222-JJsecon!)lie)rape)or)salelxixCoo(; <, 52-1; A%g%st 126, "econ! $ie: What #ent #rong8 Retriee! romhttp:(ernelmag,!aily!ot,comeat%resreport+2MBsecon!)lie)#hat)#ent)#rong

lxxCoo(; <, 52-1; A%g%st 126, "econ! $ie: What #ent #rong8 Retriee! romhttp:(ernelmag,!aily!ot,comeat%resreport+2MBsecon!)lie)#hat)#ent)#ronglxxi$ynn; R, 52--; 7ay +6, ?irt%al Rape .s 'ra%matic; b%t .s .t a Crime8 Retriee! romhttp:archie,#ire!,comc%lt%reliestylecommentarysex!rie2---Bsex!rie[-B-+lxxii.no'ech T P%blic Policy, 52--; 7arch 2M6, Retriee! romhttp:co%rseblog,cs,princeton,e!%spring-##sB2M8p\122lxxiiiDibbell; <, 51JJ; December 26, A Rape in Cyberspace, Retriee! romhttp:###,>%lian!ibbell,comtextsb%ngle[,htmllxxioggins; ', 52-1; October +6, /ran! 'het A%to ? is !esigne! !eliberately to !egra!e#omen, Retriee! rom http:###,telegraph,co,%(#omen#omens)lie1-BB2B/ran!)'het)A%to)?)is)!esigne!)!eliberately)to)!egra!e)#omen,html

lxxPetit; C, 52-1; "eptember 1N6, /ran! 'het A%to ? Reie#, Retriee! romhttp:###,gamespot,comreie#sgran!)thet)a%to))reie#1J--)N+1++BlxxiParitt; &, 52-1; "eptember 1M6, /amers petition or sac(ing o /ame"pot #riter #hocriticise! /'A? or misogyny, Retriee! rom http:###,mc%(,comne#srea!gamers)petition)or)sac(ing)o)gamespot)#riter)#ho)criticise!)gta)or)misogyny-1212Mlxxiiernan!ez; P, 52-1+; A%g%st M6, /'A Online 7o!s $et People HRapeH Other Players,Retriee! rom http:(ota(%,comgta)online)mo!s)let)people)rape)other)players)1N1M+1JMlxxiii'horsen; ', 52--B; <%ly 1B6, Conirme!: "ex minigame in P"2 "an An!reas, Retriee! romhttp:###,gamespot,comarticlesconirme!)sex)minigame)in)ps2)san)an!reas11--)N12J-1lxxix'horsen; ', 52--B; <%ly 1B6, Conirme!: "ex minigame in P"2 "an An!reas, Retriee! romhttp:###,gamespot,comarticlesconirme!)sex)minigame)in)ps2)san)an!reas11--)N12J-1lxxx'horsen; ', 52--B; <%ly 1B6, Conirme!: "ex minigame in P"2 "an An!reas, Retriee! romhttp:###,gamespot,comarticlesconirme!)sex)minigame)in)ps2)san)an!reas11--)N12J-1

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