Food Security and Institutions in Food Security and Institutions in Protracted Crises: Protracted Crises: Enhancing Food Enhancing Food

Systems ResilienceSystems Resilience

Challenges for GECAFS Research Arising from Challenges for GECAFS Research Arising from Case Studies in DRC, Somalia and SudanCase Studies in DRC, Somalia and Sudan

Günter Hemrich, Food Systems EconomistAgricultural and Development Economics Division (ESA)

FAO, Rome, Italy

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

Food Security Challenges in Protracted Food Security Challenges in Protracted CrisesCrises

Overview of FAO Case Study SeriesOverview of FAO Case Study Series

Relevance for GECAFS ResearchRelevance for GECAFS Research

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

Food Security Challenges in Protracted Food Security Challenges in Protracted CrisesCrises

Overview of FAO Case Study SeriesOverview of FAO Case Study Series

Relevance for GECAFS ResearchRelevance for GECAFS Research

Food Emergencies 1986-2005Food Emergencies 1986-2005

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45

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1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004

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Source: FAO

Causes of Food Emergencies in 2005Causes of Food Emergencies in 2005

AfricaAfrica AsiaAsia Latin Latin America America EuropeEurope

HumanHuman 1919 44 22 11

WeatherWeather 00 44 22 00

CombinedCombined 88 11 11 00

TotalTotal 2727 99 55 11

Location and Protraction of Food Emergencies

Societies in Protracted Crises: Societies in Protracted Crises: Irretrievable Loss in Resilience?Irretrievable Loss in Resilience?

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Time

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Sys

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serv

ices

Resilience of Food Systems

Shock

Shock

Shock

Shock

Food System Resilience: Prerequisite Food System Resilience: Prerequisite for Food Securityfor Food Security

Food Security Dimensions:• Availability• Access• Stability • Utilization

Resources

Distribution

Production

Consumption

Processing

Food System

Markets

Policies

Societal Resilience

Ecology

Knowledge

Institutions

Resources

Re-building food system resilience: the Re-building food system resilience: the twin-track approach twin-track approach

Twin Track Twin Track ApproachApproach AvailabilityAvailability AccessAccess

And UtilizationAnd Utilization StabilityStability

Rural Rural Development/ Development/ productivity productivity enhancementenhancement

Improving rural Improving rural food production, food production, esp. by small-esp. by small-scale farmersscale farmers

Investing in rural Investing in rural infrastructureinfrastructure

Resource Resource rehabilitation rehabilitation and conservationand conservation

Enhancing Enhancing income and other income and other entitlements to entitlements to foodfood

Re-establishing Re-establishing rural institutionsrural institutions

Mechanisms to Mechanisms to ensure safe foodensure safe food

Diversifying Diversifying agriculture and agriculture and employmentemployment

Monitoring food Monitoring food security and security and vulnerabilityvulnerability

Dealing with the Dealing with the structural causes structural causes of food insecurityof food insecurity

Direct and Direct and Immediate Immediate Access to Access to FoodFood

Food AidFood Aid

Seed/input reliefSeed/input relief

Enabling Market Enabling Market RevivalRevival

Food/Cash Food/Cash transfers transfers

Social ProgramsSocial Programs

Nutrition Nutrition intervention progintervention prog

Re-establishing Re-establishing social Safety netssocial Safety nets

Peace building Peace building effortsefforts

Food Security Information Food Security Information for Actionfor Action

Information Tools

FS Analysis/Action Platform

FS Policy/Strategy Framework

FS Benchmarks

FS Prgrms

Tw

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rack C

on

ceptu

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ramew

ork

Tw

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peratio

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Fram

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Info

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Actio

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Challenges of the Twin-trackChallenges of the Twin-track

Defining and understanding the Defining and understanding the operational implicationsoperational implications

Defining prioritisation mechanismsDefining prioritisation mechanisms

Capturing the institutional contextCapturing the institutional context

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

Food Security Challenges in Protracted Food Security Challenges in Protracted CrisesCrises

Overview of FAO Case Study SeriesOverview of FAO Case Study Series

Relevance for GECAFS ResearchRelevance for GECAFS Research

Draft StudiesDraft Studies

DRCDRCHouseholds Land Use Strategies in a Protracted Crisis Context: Land Tenure, Households Land Use Strategies in a Protracted Crisis Context: Land Tenure, Conflict and Food Security in Eastern DRC (Koen Vlassenroot, University of Ghent)Conflict and Food Security in Eastern DRC (Koen Vlassenroot, University of Ghent)Food Security and Interventions in Beni-Lubero: Back to the Future? (Timothy Food Security and Interventions in Beni-Lubero: Back to the Future? (Timothy Raeymaekers, University of Ghent)Raeymaekers, University of Ghent)

SomaliaSomaliaTrade, Livelihoods and Food Security in a Protracted Political Emergency: The Case Trade, Livelihoods and Food Security in a Protracted Political Emergency: The Case of Jubba Region, Southern Somalia (Peter Little, University of Kentucky)of Jubba Region, Southern Somalia (Peter Little, University of Kentucky)Livestock, Markets and Food Security in Southern and Central Somalia (Andy Catley, Livestock, Markets and Food Security in Southern and Central Somalia (Andy Catley, Tufts University)Tufts University)

SudanSudanChanges and Potential Changes and Potential Resilience of Food SystemsResilience of Food Systems in the in the Nuba Mountains Nuba Mountains Conflict Conflict (Sara Pantuliano, ODI) (Sara Pantuliano, ODI) Policies, Practice and Participation in Complex Emergencies: The Case of Policies, Practice and Participation in Complex Emergencies: The Case of Livestock Livestock Interventions in South Sudan Interventions in South Sudan (Andy Catley, Tufts University) (Andy Catley, Tufts University)

Case Study Framework Case Study Framework

Emerging findingsEmerging findings

Failing institutions and conflicts over resources are the driving factors of the crisis and of food insecurity; Local stakeholder responses often have a long term perspective and have adapted to the crises. Are these adaptations sustainable?Repeated short term responses have saved lives but have impacted negatively on long-term food security;Long term responses may be possible also under emergency contexts, but have often been treating the symptoms rather the causes of the crises.

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

Food Security Challenges in Protracted Food Security Challenges in Protracted CrisesCrises

Overview of FAO Case Study SeriesOverview of FAO Case Study Series

Relevance for GECAFS ResearchRelevance for GECAFS Research

GECAFS Conceptual FrameworkGECAFS Conceptual Framework

Source: GECAFS (2005): Science Plan, p. 10

Conditions &Scenarios

CurrentFood System

Adapted Food Systems

Vulnerability &Impacts

Feedbacks

Adaptation

DecisionSupport

ContextContext Food Food System System Adaptation Adaptation

Decision Decision SupportSupport

DRCDRC State State reconstruction reconstruction from abovefrom above

Gap between Gap between coping and coping and effective effective resilienceresilience

Data scarce Data scarce environment environment

SomaliaSomalia Stateless Stateless environment,environment,

Cross-border Cross-border issuesissues

Environmental Environmental Decline; Decline;

Role of Role of markets and markets and tradetrade

Premature Premature development-development-orientation?orientation?

SudanSudan Prominence of Prominence of land-tenure land-tenure issuesissues

Conflict impact Conflict impact on labour on labour availabilityavailability

Nuba: Nuba: Principles of Principles of engagementengagement

ConclusionsConclusions

Need to better understand the factors Need to better understand the factors contributing to the resilience of agricultural contributing to the resilience of agricultural and food systems in protracted crisis and food systems in protracted crisis situations;situations;

Establish policy and planning frameworks Establish policy and planning frameworks for effective responses;for effective responses;

Devising adapted decision support Devising adapted decision support mechanisms is critical for making research mechanisms is critical for making research actionableactionable

Thank youThank you

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