Folk and Popular Culture

Key Issues 1. Where do folk and popular

cultures originate and diffuse 2. Why is folk culture clustered? 3. Why is popular culture widely

distributed 4. Why does globalization of

popular culture cause problems?

Key Issue 1: Where do folk and pop cultures originate

and diffuse?• Habit- a repetitive act that a particular individual

performs.• Custom- a repetitive act that a particular group

performs.• Folk culture- the culture traditionally practiced

primarily by small, homogenous groups living in isolated rural areas. Amish, Basque

• Popular culture- the culture found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

• Material Culture – the physical objects produced by a culture in order to meet its material needs: food, clothing, shelter, arts, and recreation. Carl Sauer (Berkeley, 1930s – 1970s).

What is Culture?What is Culture?• The study of lifestyles, creations,

relationships and supernatural- – Cultural Geography- all encompassing- Why

culture is expressed in different ways

• Anthropocentrism- interpreting or regarding the world in terms of human values and experiences

• EnculturationEnculturation is the process by which is the process by which a child learns his or her culture.a child learns his or her culture.

Features of CultureFeatures of Culture 1. Styles of Dress1. Styles of Dress2. Ways of Greeting People2. Ways of Greeting People3. Beliefs about Hospitality3. Beliefs about Hospitality4. Importance of Time4. Importance of Time5. Paintings5. Paintings6. Values6. Values7. Literature7. Literature8. Beliefs about Child 8. Beliefs about Child

Raising (Children & Raising (Children & Teens)Teens)

9. Attitudes about Personal 9. Attitudes about Personal Space/PrivacySpace/Privacy

10. Beliefs about the 10. Beliefs about the ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities

11. Gestures11. Gestures12. Holiday Customs12. Holiday Customs13. Music13. Music14. Dancing14. Dancing15. Celebrations15. Celebrations

16. Concept of Fairness16. Concept of Fairness17. Nature of Friendship17. Nature of Friendship18. Ideas about Clothing18. Ideas about Clothing19. Foods19. Foods20. Eating Habits20. Eating Habits21. Facial Expressions and 21. Facial Expressions and

Hand GesturesHand Gestures22. Concept of Self22. Concept of Self23. Work Ethic23. Work Ethic24. Religious Beliefs24. Religious Beliefs25. Religious Rituals25. Religious Rituals26. Concept of Beauty26. Concept of Beauty27. Rules of Polite Behavior27. Rules of Polite Behavior28. Attitude Toward Age28. Attitude Toward Age29. Beliefs about the 29. Beliefs about the

Importance of FamilyImportance of Family30. General World View30. General World View

Source: Johns HopkinsPhoto Share

Cultures Cultures around around

the worldthe world

The Fundamentals of The Fundamentals of CultureCulture

• The fundamental ways cultures differ is in the The fundamental ways cultures differ is in the way they view:way they view:1.1. The concept of time (e.g., How important is The concept of time (e.g., How important is

punctuality? Are people’s lives driven by the clock, punctuality? Are people’s lives driven by the clock, or do people have a more relaxed view of time?) or do people have a more relaxed view of time?)

2.2. The concept of the self (e.g., Is the culture more The concept of the self (e.g., Is the culture more individualist, or is it more collectivist? Is individual individualist, or is it more collectivist? Is individual self-reliance and independence more important, or self-reliance and independence more important, or is ensuring the well-being of the group more is ensuring the well-being of the group more important?) important?)

3.3. The concept of focus of control (e.g., Do people The concept of focus of control (e.g., Do people believe they control their own lives and their own believe they control their own lives and their own destinies, or do people believe things “just happen” destinies, or do people believe things “just happen” to them due to fate—or due to outside forces they to them due to fate—or due to outside forces they cannot control?) cannot control?)

4.4. The concept of personal vs. societal obligations The concept of personal vs. societal obligations (e.g., Do the same rules apply to everyone, (e.g., Do the same rules apply to everyone, regardless of the situation, or are exceptions made regardless of the situation, or are exceptions made for certain individuals depending on the for certain individuals depending on the circumstances?)circumstances?)

• The Basics– Material vs. Non-Material Culture-

Songbook vs. Song- Belief vs. Temple • Carl Sauer- “The Cultural Landscape”

(Built Environment)- Humans footprint on their space

– Sequent Occupancy- left over culture

Levels of CultureLevels of Culture• National cultureNational culture refers to those refers to those

experiences, beliefs, learned behavior experiences, beliefs, learned behavior patterns, values, and institutions that are patterns, values, and institutions that are shared by citizens of the same nation.shared by citizens of the same nation.

• International cultureInternational culture refers to cultural refers to cultural practices that extend beyond and across practices that extend beyond and across national boundaries.national boundaries.

• Cultural practices may be transmitted Cultural practices may be transmitted through diffusion.through diffusion.

• SubculturesSubcultures are identifiable cultural are identifiable cultural patterns and traditions associated with patterns and traditions associated with particular groups in the same complex particular groups in the same complex society.society.

French Wine RegionsFrench Wine Regions

Features of CultureFeatures of Culture• Cultural universalsCultural universals are certain biological, are certain biological,

psychological, social, and cultural features psychological, social, and cultural features that are found in every culture.that are found in every culture.

• Cultural generalitiesCultural generalities include features that include features that are common to several but not all human are common to several but not all human groups.groups.

• Cultural particularitiesCultural particularities are features that are features that are unique to certain cultural traditions.are unique to certain cultural traditions.– Culture Trait- the simplest form of culture- a single attribute of

culture • A handshake as a greeting- bowing for respect

– Culture Complex- Combination of all culture traits • USA- Culture

• Values Comprise ideas about what in life seems important. They guide the rest of the culture. 

Norms Consist of expectations of how people will behave in various situations. Each culture has methods, called sanctions, of enforcing its norms.

Institutions Institutions are the structures of a society within which values and norms are transmitted. 

ArtifactsThings, or aspects of material culture—derive from a

culture's values and norms. Clothing Buildings Tools etc 

Mechanisms of Cultural Mechanisms of Cultural Change - AcculturationChange - Acculturation

• Acculturation is the exchange of cultural features Acculturation is the exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact.firsthand contact.– Dominate cultures usually push– Acculturation- the weaker of the two adopts the

dominate- Colonialism- Imperialism • This leads to Assimilation- the weaker culture adopts all of

the dominate culture- African-Americans in the 20’s– English Language vs. the USA

• A A pidginpidgin is an example of acculturation, because is an example of acculturation, because it is a language form that develops by blending it is a language form that develops by blending language elements from different languages in language elements from different languages in order to facilitate communication between order to facilitate communication between populations in contact (e.g. in trade relationships).populations in contact (e.g. in trade relationships).

Assimilation, Transculturation

• Diffusion happens as we come into contact with each other – Cultural Convergence- two cultures

adopting each others traits- Swahili – Transculturation- Mutual exchange-

• Independent Innovation- Creating similar innovation without interaction- Pyramids, Agriculture, domestication- Aliens???

Folk and Pop Culture

• Folk Culture- Smaller region and Number – Isolated- Long lasting Cultural traits – Amish, Geisha, Music, Housing, Country

Music in the Appalachian Mountains – Spread through Relocation Diffusion

• Pop Culture- Mass Diffusion- – Folk usually do not accept or have never

been exposed

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5SnR-e0S6Ic

• Maladaptive Diffusion- Impractical cultural trait– Blue Jeans, Rap Music,

• Cultural Imperialism- Imperialized the culture- McDonalds, KFC etc.. – USA- Star bucks

• Rises to Cultural Nationalism

• Cultural Homogeneity- Destruction of Pop Culture – Pop Culture and Consumption- Cars, Golf Courses,

Water Bottles,

• Taboo- Against the Cultural Norm- Judaism, Hinduism, Islam

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_iwrt7D5OA

• Sentinelese-• Sentinelese exercise complete autonomy over their

affairs and the involvement of the Indian authorities is restricted to occasional monitoring, even more infrequent and brief visits, and generally discouraging any access or approaches to the island. It is therefore de facto autonomous.

• In 2006, Sentinelese archers killed two fishermen who were fishing illegally within range of the island. The archers later drove off, with a hail of arrows, the helicopter that was sent to retrieve the bodies

Types of Social CustomsTypes of Social Customs

• First type First type – Customs which are derived from basic human Customs which are derived from basic human

needs – especially food, clothing and clothing needs – especially food, clothing and clothing – The methods people choose to meet these The methods people choose to meet these

needs result in varying landscapes around the needs result in varying landscapes around the world.world.

• Second typeSecond type– Related to people’s choices in leisure activitiesRelated to people’s choices in leisure activities– Leisure activities = arts & recreationLeisure activities = arts & recreation

CustomsCustoms

• Arts – literature, performing arts & visual Arts – literature, performing arts & visual artsarts

• Leisure activities involves recreation, both Leisure activities involves recreation, both active, such as sports, and passive, such active, such as sports, and passive, such as television viewing or listening to music. as television viewing or listening to music.

• Cultural LandscapesCultural Landscapes• In monochronic cultures, the belief is that In monochronic cultures, the belief is that

time is fixed and people need to regulate time is fixed and people need to regulate their lives by ittheir lives by it

• In polychronic cultures, the belief is that In polychronic cultures, the belief is that time is the servant and tool of people. time is the servant and tool of people.

Space ConceptsSpace Concepts• The western cultures focus their attention on The western cultures focus their attention on

objects, and neglect the space in between. objects, and neglect the space in between. • The Japanese, on the other hand, honor the The Japanese, on the other hand, honor the

space in between as space in between as mama. . • In a different system, the Hopi Indians have in In a different system, the Hopi Indians have in

their language no words for a fixed room: all their language no words for a fixed room: all objects are described in their relation to each objects are described in their relation to each other, but no concept of a three dimensional other, but no concept of a three dimensional space exists.space exists.

• Also the way we deal with space is different. Also the way we deal with space is different. – The concepts of the private space, the space The concepts of the private space, the space

orientation, the interpersonal distance and the orientation, the interpersonal distance and the space design. space design.

Culture Regions and Realms

• Cultural Regions- drawn around people with similar culture – People often share regional identity- regional

identity common culture or emotional attachment

• Leads to perceptual regions (Vernacular)- China Town- Alabama vs. Tennessee

– Cause problems so we often use a cultural icon- Cowboy- Jersey Shore

– Cultural Realm (geographic)- Merging large cultures together- Anglo-America, Latin America, Europe, Sub-Saharan, Slavic, Sino Japanese, Indic, austral-European

Wine Production per Wine Production per yearyear

The distribution of wine production shows the joint impact of the physical environment and social customs.

Hog Production & Food Hog Production & Food CulturesCultures

Annual hog production is influenced by religious taboos against pork consumption in Islam and other religions. The highest production is in China, which is largely Buddhist.

• A social custom originates at a hearth, a center of innovation.

• Folk customs tend to have anonymous sources, from unknown dates, through multiple hearths

• pop culture generally has a known originator, normally from MDC’s, and results from more leisure time and more capital.

– EX: Folk music tells stories or conveys information about daily activities.

• That terrible polka music you listen to at a family reunion • Call out songs from slavery, chariot

– Pop music is written by specific individuals for the purpose of being sold to a large number of people.

• TI, Katy Perry, Gagnam Style

• Diffusion of folk and pop culture differs:– Folk customs tend to diffuse slowly

and then, primarily through physical relocation of individuals.

– Pop customs tend to diffuse rapidly and primarily through hierarchical diffusion from the nodes. (Certain fads can diffuse contagiously)

Questions • Give an example of each region using a

global relationship (country) • Draw an example of a cultural Icon for

each region • Explain and give a current example of

Acculturation- Assimilation- and Transculturation

• Popular Music Popular music is written by specific individuals for the purpose of being sold to a large number of people. It displays a high degree of technical skills and is frequently capable of being performed only in a studio with electronic equipment Origin of Popular music It originated around 1900.The first music industry was developed in New York along the 28th streets between fifth avenue and Broadway, to provide songs for the music hall and vaudeville. This area later came to be known as Tin Pan Alley.Diffusion of American popular music started during the World War II. English became the language of popular music.

• Hip Hop A more recent form of popular music. Originated in the south Bronx, New York, in the late 1970’s.It spread to Oakland and Atlanta in the late 1980s.Then to large cities in the South, Midwest and West

• Blue Grass– Mumford and Sons

• Julia Fallows • Prince Royce• Kpop • Fine China- Chris Brown

Key Issue 2: Why is folk culture clustered?

• ISOLATION- promotes cultural diversity as a group’s unique customs develop over several centuries. – Folk culture varies widely from place to

place at one time. Since most folk culture deals in some way with the lives and habits of its people, the physical environment in which the people act has a tremendous impact on the culture.

Clustering of Folk Clustering of Folk CulturesCultures

• Isolation promotes cultural Isolation promotes cultural diversitydiversity– Himalayan artHimalayan art

• Influence of the physical Influence of the physical environmentenvironment– Distinctive food preferencesDistinctive food preferences– Folk housingFolk housing– U.S. folk house formsU.S. folk house forms

Himalayan Folk Cultural Himalayan Folk Cultural RegionsRegions

Cultural geographers have identified four distinct culture regions based on predominant religions in the Himalaya Mountains.

Broadly Defined Cultural Broadly Defined Cultural AreasAreas

The 5,000 Worldwide The 5,000 Worldwide Indigenous CulturesIndigenous Cultures

Folk Culture – rapidly changing and/or disappearing throughout much of the

world.

Turkish Camel Market

Portuguese Fishing Boat

Guatemalan Market

• People living in folk culture are likely to be farmers growing their own food, using hand tools and/or animal power.

• Local food preferences are a large part of the folk customs of that region. – Pork vs. Beef, Fish vs. Red Meat, Bread,

Chicken etc..

• Religious, social, or economic factors often determine the type and amount of food consumed in a given region.

Hog Production and Food Cultures

Fig. 4-6: Annual hog production is influenced by religious taboos against pork consumption in Islam and other religions. The highest production is in China, which is largely Buddhist.

FOLK FOOD

How did such differences develop?

• Housing preference is another major contributor to folk culture. Local traditions, as well as environmental factors determine the type of house that is built in a region.

FOLK ARCHITECTURE

House Types in Western ChinaHouse Types in Western China

Four communities in western China all have distinctive house types.

FOLK ARCHITECTURE

Effects on Landscape: usually of limited scale and scope.

Agricultural: fields, terraces, grain storage

Dwellings: historically created from local materials: wood, brick, stone, skins; often uniquely and traditionally arranged; always functionally tied to physical environment.

The Cultural Landscape and Identity

• Land Survey- parceling methods of land – Nucleus- English Settlements including the

USA- Nucleus and farm around it – Metes-and-Bounds- Natural boundaries

• Leads to issues when the boundaries move

– Rectangular land survey- USA after England• Put it on a grid

– Long Lot System- found in French areas of the USA and areas the Spanish came • Found with a river at the front for the soil

• Derelict Landscape

Consumption LandscapeThe Citarum River in Indonesia.

• Corn Belt

• Nodes Navigation

• Taboo – a restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.– Ex: little to no pork is

consumed in predominantly Muslim countries.

Food Taboos: Jews – can’t eat animals that chew cud, that have cloven feet; can’t mix meat and milk, or eat fish lacking fins or scales; Muslims – no pork; Hindus – no cows (used for oxen during monsoon)Taboo Project

Washing Cow in Ganges

• Stable and close knit

• Usually a rural community

• Tradition controls

• Resistance to change

• Buildings erected without architect or blueprint using locally available building materials

• anonymous origins, diffuses slowly through migration. Develops over time.

• Clustered distributions: isolation/lack of interaction breed uniqueness and ties to physical environment.

Folk Culture Review

North American Folk Culture Regions

Key Issue 3: Why is popular culture widely distributed?

• Pop culture, compared to folk, varies widely from time to time in a given place. This is due to its widespread and rapid diffusion, and the relative wealth of the people to acquire the materials associated with pop culture. Pop culture flourishes where people have sufficient income to acquire the tangible elements of the culture and the leisure time to make use of them.

• Housing in the US, from the 1940’s on, has been less dependent on what type of house is appropriate for what site or region, but more on what the dominant trend is in the architectural field at the time of construction.

U.S. House Types by Region

Small towns in different regions of the eastern U.S. have different combinations of five main traditional house types.

• The most prominent example of pop culture in the realm of clothing is the mighty blue jeans. They have become a symbol of youth and “westernization” throughout the world. Many people in foreign countries are willing to depart with a week’s earnings just for a pair of Levi jeans.

Clothing: Jeans, for example, and have become valuable status symbols in many regions including Asia and Russia despite longstanding folk traditions.

• Food preferences in pop culture depend on high income and national advertising. The spatial distribution of many food or beverage trends are difficult to explain.

• Wine is generally consumed in areas where the vineyards grow best, and where people can afford to drink it.

• Religious taboos often are responsible for certain areas’ preference or dislike of specific foods, much as in folk custom. – Ex: Wine is rarely consumed outside Christian

dominate countries.

Beijing, China2004

• TELEVISION IS THE MOST IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR THE RAPID DIFFUSION OF POP CULTURE. It is also the most popular leisure activity in MDC’s throughout the world. There are four levels of television service:– Near universal ownership. US, Japan, Europe, etc.– Ownership common, but not universal. Latin

American countries, etc.– Ownership exists, but is not widely diffused. Some

African and Asian countries,– Very few televisions. Sub-Saharan Africa, some

regions of Mid East.

Diffusion of TV, 1954–1999

Television has diffused widely since the 1950s, but some areas still have low numbers of TVs per population.

Much media is still state-

controlled. Ten Most Censored Countries:1. North Korea2. Myanmar (Burma)3. Turkmenistan4. Equatorial Guinea5. Libya6. Eritrea7. Cuba8. Uzbekistan9. Syria10. BelarusSource: The Committee to Protect

Journalists. www.cpj.org.

Diffusion of Diffusion of TVTV

1954 - 20051954 - 2005

Television has diffused widely since the 1950s, but some areas still have low numbers of TVs per population.

• Diffusion of the Internet is following roughly the same pattern as TV did at the start, which is the U.S. has a disproportionately large share of the Internet hosts compared to its share of the world population. As the Internet increasingly becomes the people’s resource of choice, pop culture will have yet another conduit to rapidly and effectively diffuse to nearly every inhabited place on the planet.

Distribution Distribution of Internet of Internet

Users, 1990 - Users, 1990 - 20052005

Internet users per 1000 population. Diffusion of internet service is following the pattern of TV diffusion in the 20th century, but at a much faster rate.

Internet Connections

The Internet is diffusing today, but access varies widely.

Internet Connections

The Internet is diffusing today, but access varies widely. Some countries censor the Internet, but this is much harder to do.

Key Issue 4: Why does globalization of popular culture cause problems?

• DOMINANCE OF WESTERN PERSPECTIVES• Three MDC’s, the U.S., the U.K., and Japan,

virtually control the television industry. – At least one of the three serves nearly every LDC on Earth.

• The U.S. serves primarily Latin America • the U.K. serves primarily Africa • Japan serves mainly S. and E. Asia.

• Many LDC leaders claim that because the “westerners” own nearly all of the TV broadcast within their countries, a fair, unbiased report of local news is not presented. Instead, the media focuses only on sensational, rating-boosting stories.

Why Does Globalization of Why Does Globalization of Popular Culture Cause Popular Culture Cause

Problems?Problems? • The basic problems related to social customs The basic problems related to social customs

derive from derive from – the increasing dominance of popular culture, the increasing dominance of popular culture,

originating in more developed countries, and originating in more developed countries, and – the diffusing more rapidly around the world than in the diffusing more rapidly around the world than in

the past due to modern communications. the past due to modern communications.

• This increasing dominance of popular culture This increasing dominance of popular culture poses two problems: poses two problems: – the threat to survival of distinctive folk customs the threat to survival of distinctive folk customs

and and – increasing pollution.increasing pollution.

Impacts of the Impacts of the Globalization of Popular Globalization of Popular

CultureCulture• Threats to folk cultureThreats to folk culture– Loss of traditional valuesLoss of traditional values– Foreign media dominanceForeign media dominance

• Environmental impacts of popular Environmental impacts of popular cultureculture– Modifying natureModifying nature– Uniform landscapesUniform landscapes– Negative environmental impactNegative environmental impact

• NIMBY NIMBY

The Generational and The Generational and Cultural DivideCultural Divide• They’re well-off, well They’re well-off, well

educated, widely educated, widely traveled, fluent in traveled, fluent in several languages.several languages.

• The elder woman, The elder woman, mother of the younger, mother of the younger, is a biochemist, married is a biochemist, married to a prosperous to a prosperous businessman in Mumbai.businessman in Mumbai.

• Her daughter (in a PVC Her daughter (in a PVC catsuit of her own catsuit of her own design) is a model and design) is a model and former host on the music former host on the music video channel VTV.video channel VTV.

• Parents vs. You!!Parents vs. You!!

Marboloro Man in EgyptMarboloro Man in Egypt

Western Media Imperialism? U.S., Britain, and Japan dominate

worldwide media. Glorified consumerism, violence,

sexuality, and militarism? U.S. (Networks and CNN) and British

(BBC) news media provide/control the dissemination of information worldwide.

These networks are unlikely to focus or provide third world perspective on issues important in the LDCs.

Problems with the Globalization of Popular Culture

Abu DubaiAbu Dubai

New York CityNew York City

BilbaoBilbao

TokyoTokyo

• ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT• Pop culture is less likely than folk to be considerate of

physical features. – For many popular customs, the environment is

something to be modified to enhance a product or promote its sale.

• Ex: golf courses, destruction/modification of large expanses of wilderness to promote a popular social custom.

Problems with the Globalization of Culture

Often Destroys Folk Culture – or preserves traditions as museum pieces or tourism gimmicks.

Mexican Mariachis; Polynesian Navigators; Cruise Line Simulations

Change in Traditional Roles and Values; Polynesian weight problems

Satellite Television, Baja California

Popular CultureEffects on Landscape: creates

homogenous, “placeless” (Relph, 1976), landscape

• Pop culture also promotes uniformity of landscape, as evidenced by the prevalence of nearly identical fast-food restaurants at convenient stops along highways.

Complex network of roads and highways

Commercial Structures tend towards ‘boxes’

Dwellings may be aesthetically suggestive of older folk traditions

• Planned and Gated Communities more and more common

Surfing at Disney’s Orlando Typhoon Lagoon

Are places still tied to local landscapes?Disconnect with landscape: indoor swimming pools? desert surfing?

Swimming Pool, West Edmonton Mall, Canada

Dubai’s Indoor Ski Resort

McDonald’s Restaurant, Vencie

Muslim Women in Traditional Dress at Indoor Ski Resort

Environmental Problems Environmental Problems with Cultural Globalizationwith Cultural Globalization

Accelerated Resource Use through Accelerated Resource Use through Accelerated ConsumptionAccelerated Consumption

• Furs: minx, lynx, jaguar, kangaroo, whale, sea otters Furs: minx, lynx, jaguar, kangaroo, whale, sea otters (18(18thth Century Russians) fed early fashion trends Century Russians) fed early fashion trends

• Inefficient over-consumption of Meats (10:1), Poultry Inefficient over-consumption of Meats (10:1), Poultry (3:1), even Fish (fed other fish and chicken) by meat-(3:1), even Fish (fed other fish and chicken) by meat-eating pop cultureseating pop cultures

Mineral Extraction for Machines, Plastics and FuelMineral Extraction for Machines, Plastics and Fuel New Housing and associated energy and water use.New Housing and associated energy and water use. Golf courses use valuable water and destroy habitat Golf courses use valuable water and destroy habitat

worldwide.worldwide.

Pollution: Pollution: waste from fuel generation and waste from fuel generation and discarded products, plastics, marketing and discarded products, plastics, marketing and packaging materialspackaging materials

Beijing, China

Palm Springs, CA

Marlboro Man in Egypt

Benefits of Economic and Cultural Globalization

Increased economic opportunity? Higher standards of living? Increased consumer choice More political freedom? More social freedom?• Is Globalization good or bad?

Explain using the text to back your answers

World Values Survey

Everyone Has a Culture – Everyone Has a Culture – Everyone is DifferentEveryone is Different

1.1. What languages do you speak?What languages do you speak?2.2. What music do you listen to?What music do you listen to?3.3. What dances do you know?What dances do you know?4.4. What food do you eat at home?What food do you eat at home?5.5. In your family, what is considered polite and In your family, what is considered polite and

what is considered rude? (what manners have what is considered rude? (what manners have you been taught?)you been taught?)

6.6. What do you wear on special occasions?What do you wear on special occasions?7.7. How important is your extended family (e.g. How important is your extended family (e.g.

grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins)?grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins)?8.8. What holidays and ceremonies are important to What holidays and ceremonies are important to

your family?your family?9.9. What things are most important to you?What things are most important to you?10.10. Based on your answers, how would you describe Based on your answers, how would you describe

the characteristics of the culture of which you the characteristics of the culture of which you are a part?are a part?

The End

•Sources cited:– Rubenstein, James M. An Introduction to

Human Geography. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. 2002.

– Jordan-Bychkov, Terry G. The Human Mosaic. New York. W. H. Freeman and Company. 2003.

– Paradis, Tom. Architectural Styles of America. http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/ntwp/architecture/index.html.

• Rubenstein, James- Cultural Landscape; An Introduction to Human Geography

• http://www.glendale.edu/geo/reed/cultural/cultural_lectures.htm

• http://www.quia.com/pages/mrsbellaphg.html

• Ike Heard-http://geoearth.uncc.edu/people/iheard/1105syllabus.html

• Google