fm lab manual

61
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 1 of 61 EXPERIMENT No.1 VENTURIMETER Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge and calibrate the given Venturimeter for different flow rates Apparatus: Venturimeter experimental setup, stopwatch, scale Theory: Write the theory on following topics i. Statement of Bernoulli’s Equation ii. Assumptions for Bernoulli’s equation iii. Bernoulli’s Equation applications iv. Venturimeter construction and working principle v. Necessity of divergent portion in Venturimeter vi. Derivation of discharge through Venturimeter PUMP MOTOR Manometer STORAGE TANK Measuring Tank Gate valve VENTURIMETER Flow VENTURIMETER EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

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FM Lab Manual : B.E Mechanical Engineering 5th Semester VTU Belgaum

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  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 1 of 61

    EXPERIMENT No.1

    VENTURIMETER

    Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge and calibrate the given Venturimeter

    for different flow rates

    Apparatus: Venturimeter experimental setup, stopwatch, scale

    Theory: Write the theory on following topics

    i. Statement of Bernoullis Equation

    ii. Assumptions for Bernoullis equation

    iii. Bernoullis Equation applications

    iv. Venturimeter construction and working principle

    v. Necessity of divergent portion in Venturimeter

    vi. Derivation of discharge through Venturimeter

    PUMP MOTOR

    Manometer

    STORAGE TANK

    Measuring Tank

    Gate valve

    VENTURIMETER

    Flow

    VENTURIMETER EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 2 of 61

    Procedure:

    1. Fill the sump with clean water to the full level

    2. Connect the flexible pipe to the selected pipe line by using quick action coupling

    3. Connect the differential manometer to the selected tapping of the Venturimeter

    4. Keep the valve open and switch on the pump

    5. Keep the bypass valve fully open and the other valves are closed

    6. Set a flow rate and wait for a steady state condition

    7. Note down the difference in mercury level of differential Manometer

    8. Record the time taken to collect R m of water in the measuring tank

    9. Repeat the above procedure for different flow rates

    Specifications:

    Diameter of the pipe, d1=---------------mm

    Throat diameter, d2= --------------------mm

    Tabular column:

    Sl.

    No.

    x

    m of

    Hg

    h

    m of

    water

    R

    m

    T

    s

    Qth

    m3/s

    Qact

    m3/s

    Cd %

    Error

    V

    m/s

    Re

    Where

    x= Difference in mercury level of manometer, m of Hg

    h= Difference in pressure head in manometer, m of water

    = xS

    S

    l

    h 1

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 3 of 61

    Sh= Specific gravity of Mercury (heavier liquid)=13.6

    Sl= Specific gravity of Water (lighter Liquid)=1

    h= x6.12

    R= Rise of water in Measuring tank, m

    T= Time taken to collect R m of water in measuring tank, s

    Qth= Theoretical discharge , m3/s

    =2

    2

    2

    1

    21 2

    aa

    ghaa

    1a =Area of the pipe or venturimeter inlet, m2

    =4

    2

    1d

    1d =Diameter of the pipe or venturimeter inlet, m

    2a =Area of throat, m2

    =4

    2

    2d

    2d = Diameter of the throat, m

    Qact= Actual disharge m3/s

    =T

    RA

    Cd= Coefficient of discharge

    =th

    act

    Q

    Q

    % Error = 100act

    actth

    Q

    QQ

    V=Velocity of water in m/s

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 4 of 61

    =1a

    Qact

    Re=Reynolds Number=1Vd = Density of water, 1000kg/m

    3

    = Absolute viscosity of water, 1x10-3

    Ns/m2

    Graphs:

    i.Qact v/s h

    ii. Qact v/s h

    iii. Cd v/s Re

    Result:

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 5 of 61

    EXPERIMENT NO.2

    ORIFICEMETER

    Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge and calibrate the given Orificemeter

    for different flow rates

    Apparatus: Orificemeter experimental setup, stopwatch, scale

    Theory: Write the theory on following topics

    i. Construction and working of Orificemeter

    ii. Advantages and disadvantages of Orificemeter

    ORIFICEMETER

    PUMP MOTOR

    Manometer

    STORAGE TANK

    Measuring Tank

    Gate valve

    ORIFICEMETER EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

    Procedure:

    1. Fill the sump with clean water to the full level

    2. Connect the flexible pipe to the selected pipe line by using quick action coupling

    3. Connect the differential manometer to the selected tapping of the Orificemeter

    4. Keep the valve open and switch on the pump

    5. Keep the bypass valve fully open and the other valves are closed

    6. Set a flow rate and wait for a steady state condition

    7. Note down the difference in mercury level of differential Manometer

    8. Record the time taken to collect R m of water in the measuring tank

    9. Repeat the above procedure for different flow rates

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 6 of 61

    Specifications:

    Diameter of the pipe, d1=---------mm

    Orifice diameter, d2= -------------mm

    Tabular column:

    Sl.

    No.

    x

    m of

    Hg

    h

    m of

    water

    R

    m

    T

    s

    Qth

    m3/s

    Qact

    m3/s

    Cd %

    Error

    V

    m/s

    Re

    Where

    x= Difference in mercury level of manometer, m of Hg

    h= Difference in pressure head in manometer, m of water

    = xS

    S

    l

    h 1

    Sh= Specific gravity of Mercury (heavier liquid)=13.6

    Sl= Specific gravity of Water (lighter Liquid)=1

    h= x6.12

    R= Rise of water in Measuring tank, m

    T= Time taken to collect R m of water in measuring tank, s

    Qth= Theoretical discharge, m3/s

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 7 of 61

    =2

    2

    2

    1

    21 2

    aa

    ghaa

    1a =Area of the pipe or inlet area of Orifice meter, m2

    =4

    2

    1d

    1d =Diameter of the pipe or Orificemeter inlet, m

    2a =Area of orifice, m2

    =4

    2

    2d

    2d = Diameter of the orifice, m

    Qact= Actual discharge m3/s

    =T

    RA

    A= Area of the measuring tank, m2

    =lxb

    l= Length of the tank, m

    b=Breadth of the tank, m

    Cd= Coefficient of discharge

    =th

    act

    Q

    Q

    % Error = 100act

    actth

    Q

    QQ

    V=Velocity of water in m/s

    =1a

    Qact

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 8 of 61

    Re=Reynolds Number=1Vd

    = Density of water, 1000kg/m3

    = Absolute viscosity of water, 1x10-3

    Ns/m2

    Graphs:

    i.Qact v/s h

    ii. Qact v/s h

    iii. Cd v/s Re

    Result:

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 9 of 61

    EXPERIMENT No.3

    FRICTION IN PIPES

    Aim: To determine the coefficient of friction of a given pipe

    Apparatus: Friction pipe experimental setup, stop watch, measuring tape

    Theory: Write theory on following topics

    i. Definition of friction coefficient

    ii. Darcys Weichbech and Chezys Formulae and their description

    iii. Wet area

    iv. Hydraulic mean depth

    Procedure:

    1. Note down the diameter and length of the pipe

    2. Fill the sump with clean water to the full level

    3. Connect the manometer limbs between the tapings of the pipe

    4. Start the pump and set the flow rate using control valve

    5. Note down the difference in manometer

    6. Note down the time taken for R rise of water

    7. Repeat the experiment for different flow rates

    Specifications:

    Inner diameter of the pipe d= 1inch=25.4mm for pipe 1

    =3/4inch =18mm

    =1/2inch=12.5mm

    Length of the pipe L=1.5m for all three pipes

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 10 of 61

    Tabular column:

    Sl.

    No.

    x

    m of Hg

    h

    m of

    water

    R

    m

    T

    s

    Qact

    m3/s

    V

    m/s

    f Re Type of

    flow

    Where

    x= Difference in mercury level of manometer, m of Hg

    h= Difference in pressure head in manometer, m of water

    = xS

    S

    l

    h 1

    Sh= Specific gravity of Mercury (heavier liquid) =13.6

    Sl= Specific gravity of Water (lighter Liquid) =1

    h= x6.12

    R= Rise of water in Measuring tank, m

    T= Time taken to collect R m of water in measuring tank, s

    Qact =Actual discharge m3/S

    =T

    RA

    A= Area of the measuring tank, m2

    = l x b

    l= Length of the tank, m

    b=Breadth of the tank, m

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 11 of 61

    V= Velocity of water in the pipe, m/s

    f= Friction coefficient

    =24

    2

    LV

    gh

    L= Length of the pipe, m

    Re=Reynolds Number=Vd

    = Density of water, 1000kg/m3

    = Absolute viscosity of water, 1x10-3

    Ns/m2

    Type of flow:

    i. Laminar flow -----Re>2000

    ii. Transition flow-----Re between 3000 and 4000

    iii. Turbulent flow------Re>4000

    Result:

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 12 of 61

    EXPERIMENT No.4

    MAJOR AND MINOR ENERGY LOSSES

    Aim: To determine the major and minor energy losses of a flow through a pipe with

    different pipe fittings.

    Apparatus: Major and minor energy losses experimental setup, stop watch,

    measuring tape

    Theory: Write theory on following topics

    i. Classification of energy losses in a pipe

    ii. Definition of major and minor energy losses

    iii. Determination of major energy losses theoretically

    iv. Determination of minor energy losses( theoretical formulae used)

    v. Equivalent length of a pipe

    vi. Definition of TEL and HGL and their significance

    Procedure:

    1. Fill the sump with clean water to the full level

    2. Keep the bypass valve fully open and the other valves closed

    3. Start the pump and adjust the flow rate to some value

    4. Select the fitting for which the pressure drop is to be determined and connect the

    manometer across that fitting by opening the corresponding cocks

    5. Remove the air bubbles in the manometer

    6. Note down the mercury level difference in manometer

    7. Note down the mercury level difference in manometer by connecting it to other

    fittings

    8. Repeat the experiment for different flow rate

    Specifications:

    i. Diameter of pipe with uniform cross section=27mm

    ii. Dimensions of measuring tank=600mmx500mmx250mm

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 13 of 61

    Tabular columns:

    Type of pipe fittings x, m of Hg h, m of water

    Converging collar

    Diverging collar

    Plain collar

    Union

    Ball valve

    Gate valve

    Wheel valve

    Non return valve

    Pipe length of uniform

    cross section

    Where

    x= Difference in mercury level of manometer, m of Hg

    h= Difference in pressure head in manometer, m of water

    = xS

    S

    l

    h 1

    Sh= Specific gravity of Mercury (heavier liquid) =13.6

    Sl= Specific gravity of Water (lighter Liquid) =1

    h= x6.12

    Result:

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 14 of 61

    PUMP MOTOR

    Manometer

    STORAGE TANK

    Measuring Tank

    Gate valve

    collar

    FRICTION IN PIPES AND MAJOR & MINOR ENERGY LOSSES

    EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 15 of 61

    EXPERIMENT No. 5

    IMPACT OF JET ON VANES

    Aim: To determine the coefficient of impact of a water jet when it strikes different

    vanes in fixed condition

    Apparatus: Impact of jet on vanes experimental setup, different types of vanes

    Theory: Write following theory topics

    i. Definition of impact of jet

    ii. Principle behind the impact of jet on vanes

    iii. Derivation of force applied by a jet on fixed flat plate, inclined vane and

    Hemispherical vane

    PUMP MOTOR

    STORAGE TANK

    Gate valve

    Balancing weight

    Hemispherical vane

    Horizontal Lever arm

    weights

    IMPACT OF JET ON VANES EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 16 of 61

    Procedure:

    1. Select the required diameter of the jet and vane shape and fix them in position

    2. Carefully level the horizontal lever by rotating the knob provided at the top of the

    weighing balance to zero in the weighing balance

    3. Switch on the pump and adjust the flow control valve to give maximum possible

    flow through nozzle

    4. Note down the flow rate in rotometer and weighing balance reading

    5. Reduce the discharge in steps by adjusting the bypass valve and record the series of

    rotometer and weighing balance readings

    6. Repeat the above procedure for different shapes of vane

    Specifications:

    i. Diameter of Nozzle

    ii. Angle of inclination for an inclined vane

    Tabular column:

    Type of vane No. of

    trials

    R

    lpm

    Qr

    m3/s

    Fact

    N

    V

    m/s

    Fth

    N

    Ci

    Flat vane 1

    2

    3

    Inclined vane 1

    2

    3

    Hemispherical

    vane

    1

    2

    3

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 17 of 61

    R= Rotometer reading, lpm

    Qr = Discharge through Rotometer, m3/S

    = 601000

    R

    Fact= Actual force exerted by the jet, N

    V= Velocity of jet, m/s

    =a

    Qr

    a= Cross sectional area of nozzle, m2

    =4

    2d

    d= Diameter of nozzle, m

    Fth= Theoretical force applied by the jet, N

    =2aV for flat plate

    = 22 sinaV for inclined vane

    =22 aV for hemispherical vane

    = Density of water= 1000kg/m3

    = Angle of inclination, degrees

    Ci= Coefficient of impact

    = th

    act

    F

    F

    Result:

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 18 of 61

    EXPERIMENT No.6

    PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

    Aim: To study the performance of Pelton Wheel turbine under constant speed and

    constant head and draw the Main (constant head) and operating (constant speed)

    characteristic curves

    Apparatus: Pelton wheel experimental setup, stop watch

    Theory: Write theory on following topics

    i. Layout of hydroelectric power plant with some examples

    ii. Definition of gross head, net head, head race, tail race, penstock, surge

    tank

    iii. Definition of Prime mover, Classification of turbines, Impulse turbine

    iv. Neat sketch of Pelton Wheel Turbine

    v. Construction and working of Pelton wheel

    vi. Turbine efficiencies( hydraulic, mechanical, overall, volumetric)

    vii. Define unit quantities and draw unit characteristic curves

    viii. Explain main, operating and iso-efficiency curves

    PELTON WHEEL EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

    TURBINE

    SPEAR

    FLOW POWER SUPPLY

    PUMP

    COUPLINGMOTOR

    WATER TANK

    P1

    P2DP

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 19 of 61

    SINGLE JET PELTON WHEEL

    Procedure:

    Constant speed:

    1. Remove all the loads on the turbine

    2. Switch on the pump starter, allow the pump to pick up full speed and becomes

    operational

    3. Keep the gate valve opening at the maximum

    4. Run the turbine with no load condition at the given speed

    5. Apply the load (say 1kg) on brake drum using spring balance. Due to this speed of

    the turbine decreases.

    6. Get back the original speed of the turbine by adjusting gate valve/ spear

    7. Note down spring balance readings, pressure gauge and head over V-notch readings

    8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for different load conditions

    9. Make sure that the load is released before switching off the turbine.

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 20 of 61

    Constant head:

    1. Remove all the loads on the turbine

    2. Switch on the pump starter, allow the pump to pick up full speed and becomes

    operational

    3. Keep the gate valve opening at the maximum

    4. Set the pressure gauge to the given head (say 4kgf/cm2) using spear

    5. Apply the load on brake drum using spring balance. Due this pressure head

    decreases.

    6. Adjust the spear until the constant head is obtained

    7. Note down spring balance readings, head over V-notch and speed of the turbine

    8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for different load conditions

    9. Make sure that the load is released before switching off the turbine.

    Tabular column: common for both constant head and constant speed conditions

    S.

    No.

    W

    Kgs

    Pg

    kg/cm2

    N

    rpm

    h

    =(P1 P2)x10

    m

    S

    kg

    H

    m

    Q

    m3/s

    I/P

    kW

    O/P

    kW

    Nu Pu o

    %

    P1 P2 h

    Pg= Gauge pressure, kg/cm2

    W= Load applied, kg

    S=Spring balance reading, kg

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 21 of 61

    N= Speed of the turbine or brake drum, rpm

    h= Venturimeter Head, m

    H= Head on turbine, m of water

    =10 Pg +Z

    Z=Gauge correction with respect to the centreline of turbine, m

    Q= Discharge through the turbine, m3/s

    = Cd 2

    2

    2

    1

    21 2

    aa

    ghaa

    Cd= Coefficient of discharge of V notch=0.6

    = Angle of V-notch=900

    I/P= Input power of the turbine, kW

    =1000

    wQH

    w= Specific weight of water=9810N/m3

    O/P=Out Power of the turbine, kW

    =2 NT/(60x1000)

    T=Torque induced, Nm

    =2

    81.9 bD

    SW

    Db= Diameter of the brake drum, m = 0.36 m

    o= Overall efficiency of the turbine, %

    = 100/

    /

    PI

    PO

    Ns= Specific speed of the turbine,

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 22 of 61

    Unit Speed Nu = N/ H

    Unit Power Pu = OP/ H3/2

    ,Unit Discharge Qu = Q/ H

    Graphs Main characteristic curves

    i. o v/s N

    ii. O/P v/s N

    iii. Q v/s N

    Operating characteristic curves

    i. o v/s H

    ii. O/P v/s H

    iii. Q v/s H

    Result:

    UN

    IT D

    ISC

    HA

    RG

    E

    UNIT SPEED Nu

    1/4 GATE OPENING

    FULL GATE OPENING

    3/4 GATE OPENING

    1/2 GATE OPENING

    UN

    IT P

    OW

    ER

    Pu

    UNIT SPEED Nu

    1/4

    1/2

    3/4

    FULL

    NIT

    EF

    FIC

    IEN

    CY

    ?

    UNIT SPEED Nu

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 23 of 61

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 24 of 61

    EXPERIMENT No.7

    FRANCIS TURBINE

    Aim: To study the performance of Francis turbine under constant speed and constant

    head and draw the Main (constant head) and operating (constant speed) characteristic

    curves

    Apparatus: Francis experimental setup, stop watch

    FRANCIS TURBINE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

    Theory: Write theory on following topics

    i. Definition of reaction turbine

    ii. Neat sketch of Francis Turbine

    iii. Construction and working of Francis turbine

    iv. Definition of inward and outward turbines

    v. Draft tube, functions, types

    vi. Difference between impulse and reaction turbines

    vii. Explain main, operating and iso-efficiency curves for Francis turbine

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 25 of 61

    Procedure:

    Constant speed:

    1. Remove all the loads on the turbine

    2. Switch on the pump starter, allow the pump to pick up full speed and becomes

    operational

    3. Keep the gate valve opening at the maximum

    4. Run the turbine with no load condition at the given speed

    5. Apply electrical load (say 400 W) on alternator. Due to this speed of the turbine

    decreases.

    6. Get back the original speed of the turbine by adjusting gate valve/ guide wheel

    7. Note down readings on pressure gauge, vacuum gauge, time for n revolutions of

    energy meter disc and head over V-notch

    8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for different load conditions

    9. Make sure that the load is released before switching off the turbine.

    Constant head:

    1. Remove all the loads on the turbine

    2. Switch on the pump starter, allow the pump to pick up full speed and becomes

    operational

    3. Keep the gate valve opening at the maximum

    4. Set the pressure gauge to the given head (say 0.75kgf/cm2) using guide wheel

    5. Apply electrical load (say 400 W) on alternator. Due this pressure head decreases.

    6. Adjust the guide wheel until the constant head is obtained

    7. Note down readings on pressure gauge, vacuum gauge, time for n revolutions of

    energy meter disc and head over V-notch

    8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for different load conditions

    9. Make sure that the load is released before switching off the turbine.

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 26 of 61

    Tabular column: common for both constant head and constant speed conditions

    Sl.

    No.

    W

    Kgs

    Pg

    kg/cm2

    Vg

    Mm of

    Hg

    N

    rpm

    h =(P1 P2)x10

    m

    S

    kg

    H

    m

    Q

    m3/s

    I/P

    kW

    O/P

    kW

    o

    %

    P1 P2 h

    W = load in Kgs

    Pg= Gauge pressure, kg/cm2

    Vg=Vacuum gauge reading, mm of Hg, Wo = Hanger weight = 1 Kg

    N= Speed of the turbine or brake drum, rpm, Rb = Brake Drum diameter = 0.3m

    h= Venturimeter head

    t= time taken for n revolutions of energy

    meter disc

    H= Head on turbine, m of water

    =10 Pg +0.0136 Vg +Z

    Z=Gauge correction with respect to the

    centreline of turbine, m

    Q= Discharge through the turbine, m3/s

    = Cd 2

    2

    2

    1

    21 2

    aa

    ghaa

    Cd= Coefficient of discharge of Venturimeter

    I/P= Input power of the turbine, kW

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 27 of 61

    =1000

    wQH

    w= Specific weight of water=9810N/m3

    O/P=Out Power of the turbine, kW

    =2 NT/(1000x60).KW

    T = (W-S+Wo) 9.81 Rb.N-m

    o= Overall efficiency of the turbine, %

    = 100/

    /

    PI

    PO

    Graphs:

    Main characteristic curves

    iv. o v/s N

    v. O/P v/s N

    vi. Q v/s N

    Operating characteristic curves

    iv. o v/s H

    v. O/P v/s H

    vi. Q v/s H

    Result:

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 28 of 61

    EXPERIMENT No. 8

    CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

    Aim: To study the performance of Centrifugal Pump and draw the characteristic

    curves

    Apparatus: Centrifugal experimental setup, stop watch

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 29 of 61

    SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

    Theory:

    Write the following theory topics

    i. Neat sketch of centrifugal pump, working principle

    ii. Different types of casings

    iii. Efficiencies of centrifugal pump

    iv. Manometric head, NPSH, total head

    v. Priming of centrifugal pump

    Procedure:

    1. Prime the pump

    2. Open the delivery valve fully and start the pump.

    3. Note down the values of delivery pressure, suction pressure, speed of pump

    4. Note down the time taken to collect R m of water in measuring tank and time for

    n revolutions of energy meter disc

    5. Change the discharge using delivery valve and once again note down the above

    readings

    6. Repeat the experiment for different discharges

    Tabular column:

    Sl.

    No.

    Pg

    kg/cm2

    Vg

    mm

    of Hg

    N

    rpm

    R

    m

    T

    s

    t

    s

    H

    m

    Q

    m3/s

    I/P

    kW

    O/P

    kW

    %

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 30 of 61

    Pg=Delivery pressure, kg/cm2

    Vg= Vacuum gauge reading, mm of Hg

    N= Speed of the pump, rpm

    R= Rise of water in Measuring tank, m

    T= Time taken to collect R m of water in measuring tank, s

    t= time taken for n revolutions of energy meter disc

    H= Total Head of the pump, m of water

    =10 Pg +0.0136 Vg

    Q =Actual discharge m3/s

    =T

    RA A= Area of the measuring tank, m

    2 =l x b,

    l= Length of the tank, m

    b=Breadth of the tank, m

    I/P=Input Power of the turbine, kW

    =m

    tk

    n3600

    n= Number of revolutions of energy

    meter disc

    k= Energy meter constant

    m= Efficiency of motor=0.7

    O/P= Output power of the turbine,

    kW

    =1000

    wQH

    w= Specific weight of water=9810 N/m3

    =Efficiency of pump, %

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 31 of 61

    = 100/

    /

    PI

    PO

    Graphs:

    i. Efficiency v/s H

    ii. I/P v/s N

    iii. Q v/s H

    iv. O/P v/s H

    Result:

    Operating characteristic curves of a centrifugal pump

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 32 of 61

    EXPERIMENT No.09

    RECIPROCATING PUMP

    Aim: To find the percentage slip and study the performance of Reciprocating Pump

    Apparatus: Reciprocating pump experimental setup, stop watch

    Theory: Write the following theory topics

    i. Neat sketch of reciprocating pump, working principle

    ii. Slip, % slip

    iii. Air vessels- working and applications

    iii. Indicator diagram

    Fig : - Double-Action Piston Pump

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 33 of 61

    Procedure:

    1. Prime the pump

    2. Open the delivery valve fully and start the pump.

    3. Note down the values of delivery pressure, suction pressure and speed of pump

    4. Note down the time taken to collect R m of water in measuring tank and time for

    n revolutions of energy meter disc

    5. Change the discharge using delivery valve and once again note down the above

    readings

    6. Repeat the experiment for different discharges

    Tabular column:

    Sl.

    No.

    Pg

    kg/cm2

    Vg

    mm

    of

    Hg

    N

    Rpm

    R

    M

    T

    s

    t

    s

    H

    m

    Qth

    m3/s

    Qact

    m3/s

    S

    %

    I/P

    kW

    O/P

    kW

    %

    Where

    Pg1=Delivery pressure of water in stage 1, kg/cm2

    Pg2= Delivery pressure of water in stage 2, kg/cm2

    Vg= Vacuum gauge reading, mm of Hg

    N= Speed of the pump, rpm

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 34 of 61

    R= Rise of water in Measuring tank, m

    T= Time taken to collect R m rise of water in measuring tank, s

    t= time taken for n revolutions of energy meter disc

    H= Total Head of the pump, m of water

    =10 Pg+0.0136 Vg

    Qth= 60

    NLAc

    L=Stroke length of cylinder, m

    Ac= Area of the cylinder, m2

    =4

    2D

    D= Diameter of cylinder, m

    Qact =Actual discharge m3/s

    =T

    RA

    A= Area of the measuring tank, m2

    =lxb

    l= Length of the tank, m

    b=Breadth of the tank, m

    S= Percentage Slip

    = 100th

    actth

    Q

    QQ

    I/P=Input Power of the turbine, kW

    =m

    tk

    n3600

    n= Number of revolutions of energy meter disc

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 35 of 61

    k= Energy meter constant

    m= Efficiency of motor=0.7

    O/P= Output power of the turbine, kW

    =1000

    wQH

    w= Specific weight of water=9810 N/m3

    =Efficiency of pump, %

    = 100/

    /

    PI

    PO

    Graphs:

    iii. Efficiency v/s H

    iv. Q v/s H

    v. O/P v/s H

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 36 of 61

    EXPERIMENT NO.10

    RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR

    Aim: To conduct a performance test on two stage reciprocating air compressor

    Apparatus: Two stage reciprocating air compressor setup, tachometer

    Theory: Write the following theory topics

    i. Compressed air applications

    ii. Working of two stage air compressor

    iii. Compressor efficiencies

    iv. Methods used to get nearly isothermal compression

    ON/OFF RPM

    AIRT

    1

    o

    C

    MainFirst stage Second stage

    Manometer

    AIR COOLER

    HPLP

    COMPRESSOR

    OUTLET

    TWO STAGE RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

    Procedure:

    1. Close the delivery valve

    2. Switch on the compressor and leave for some time to attain normal speed

    3. When the compressor develops the pressure, adjust the control valve and

    maintain a constant delivery pressure

    4. Note down the manometer reading, speed of motor and compressor,

    intermediate pressure, discharge pressure

    5. Repeat the experiment for different discharge pressures

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 37 of 61

    Specifications:

    i. Diameter of LP Cylinder=mm

    ii. Stroke length of LP Cylinder=.mm

    iii. Diameter of orifice= .mm

    Tabular column:

    Sl.

    No.

    Plp

    kgf/cm2

    Php

    kgf/cm2

    N

    rpm

    hw

    m of water

    Ha

    m of

    air

    Va

    m3/s

    Vth

    m3/

    s

    Wiso

    kW

    v

    %

    h1 h2 hw

    Plp= Delivery pressure of air, kgf/cm2

    Php= Pressure of HP cylinder, kgf/cm2

    N= Speed, rpm

    hw= Manometer reading, m of water

    Ha= Head of air, m of air

    =a

    wwh w = Density of water, 1000kg/m3

    , a = Density of air, kg/m3 =a

    a

    RT

    P

    Pa= Atmospheric pressure, 1.013 x100 kPa, R= Gas constant =0.287 kJ/kg K for air

    Ta= Atmospheric or room temperature, K, Va= Actual volume of air delivered, m3/s,

    = aod gHAC 2

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 38 of 61

    Cd= Coefficient of Discharge=0.62, Ao= Area of orifice, m2 =

    4

    2

    0d

    do= Diameter of orifice, m g= Acceleration due to gravity, 9.81m/s2

    Vth= Theoretical Volume of air delivered, m3/s

    = (dlp2Llp +dhp

    2Lhp )/4

    dlp=Diameter of LP Cylinder, m dhp=Diameter of HP Cylinder, m

    Llp=Stroke length of LP Cylinder, m Lhp=Stroke length of HP Cylinder, m

    Wiso=Isothermal work, kW

    =1

    1

    1

    100log

    P

    PPVP dea

    P1= Pa= Atmospheric pressure=1.013x100 kPa

    v= Volumetric efficiency, %

    v = 100th

    a

    V

    V

    Graphs:

    i. v v/s Pd

    ii. iso v/s Pd

    iii. v v/s Nc

    iv. Ws v/s Va

    Result:

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 39 of 61

    EXPERIMENT No. 11 & 12

    NOTCHES

    [RECTANGULAR & V NOTCH]

    Aim: To calibrate the given rectangular &V notch

    Apparatus used:

    1. V notch I Rectangular notch provided in the channel.

    2. Hook gauge to measure the head over the notch.

    3. A discharge measuring tank fitted with a piezometer and graduated scale.

    4. Stop watch.

    Theory: A notch is defined as a sharp edged obstruction over which the flow of liquid

    occurs. Notches are used for measuring the rate of flow of liquid from a reservoir,

    small channel or tank. Gene rally notches are rectangular, triangular [V notch] or

    trapezoidal notch. Triangular notch has advantage of greater accuracy at reduced flow

    rate compared with other shapes. The coefficient of contraction will be constant for all

    heads. The sheet of water discharged by a notch is called "Nappe" or Vein.

    Procedure:

    1. Place the notch under test at the end of the approach channel, in the vertical plane,

    with the sharp edge on the up-stream side.

    2. Record the geometric shape of the notch.

    3. Allow the water in the tank till it just passes over the notch [up to the crest level].

    4. Stop the water supply and record the level of the water by hook gauge when water

    just passes over the notch[h1].

    5. Increase the supply of water by operating the valve [say by one revolution]. Then

    wait for few seconds till the level of the water flow becomes constant. Record the

    reading shown on the hook gauge for the water level [h2].

    6. The difference h1-h2 give the head over the notch.

    7. Collect the water discharging from the notch in measuring tank and measure the

    rise of water level 'R' in the tank for certain period of time '1' sec.

    8. Repeat the above the procedure for various discharges by operating regulating

    valve.

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 40 of 61

    WATER TANK

    MEASURINGTANK

    HOOK GUAGEDIFFERENT SIZE

    OF STONES

    Graphs:

    V notch 1. H vs. Oa 2. Log H vs. log Oa

    Rectangular notch 1. H vs Oa 2. Log H vs log Qa

    Specification:

    V notch Rectangular notch

    1. Angle of V notch 90 Width of the notch, b = 0.26m

    2. Measuring tank dimensions, A = 0.25m

    Formulae:

    1. THEORETICAL DISCHARGE:

    Through V Notch, Qt = (8 / 15) g2 tan (/2) H5/2

    m3 /

    sec

    Through Rectangular Notch, Qt = (2 / 3) b g2 H3/2

    m3 / sec

    Where, b = width of notch = 100 mm

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 41 of 61

    2. ACTUAL DISCHARGE

    Through V-notch & Rectangular notch,Qa = (A * R) / (t)

    3. CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE

    Cd = (Actual Discharge) / (Theoretical Discharge)

    Tabular column NOTCHES [V NOTCH]

    Sl No.

    Gauge Reading

    (cm)

    Head, over

    notch,

    H = h1 h2

    (m)

    Time taken

    for R m

    rise of water

    (sec)

    Actual. Discharge

    Qact

    m/s

    Theoritical. Discharge

    Qth

    m/s

    Cd Log

    Qact

    Log

    H

    h1 h2

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 42 of 61

    Tabular column NOTCHES [RECTANGULAR]

    Sl No.

    Gauge Reading

    (cm)

    Head, over

    notch,

    H = h1 h2

    (m)

    Time taken

    for R m

    rise of water

    (sec)

    Actual. Discharge

    Qact

    m/s

    Theoritical. Discharge

    Qth

    m/s

    Cd Log

    Qact

    Log

    H

    h1 h2

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 43 of 61

    EXPERIMENT No. 13

    AIR BLOWER

    Aim: To study the performance of a centrifugal blower.

    Apparatus: Centrifugal blower test rig, Motor digital tachometer, Manometer etc,

    Theory: Write following theory topics

    i. Definition of Air Blower

    ii. Principle behind the Blower

    iii. Applications of Air Blower

    ON / OFF SPEED

    CONSOLE

    ENERGY

    METER

    IMPELLER

    STATIC HEAD

    PITOT TUBE

    MAINS

    ST

    AT

    IC H

    EA

    D

    FL

    OW

    RA

    TE

    Pr. In

    volu

    te casing MOTOR

    DOOR Opeaning

    Casing

    Flow Rate

    Procedure:

    1. Connect the input power for console 3HP , ac supply with neutral and earth.

    2. Switch as the mains and observe the light indicators are on beneath the

    console

    3. Switch on the console mains on.

    4. Switch on the instrumentation

    5. Keep the inlet and outlet valves fully open.

    6. Switch on the starter so that motor speed builds up to the constant Rpm

    7. Adjust the gate opening and maintain a static head and notedown the readings

    I) Blower speed flow ,ii)Static head iii) Energy meter reading Iv) Casing

    presurre distribution

    8. Repeat the experiment for different heads

    9. Switch off the motor and electrical mains

    10. Tabulate the readings and draw the following characterstic curves

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 44 of 61

    Sl

    no

    Blower

    speed in

    rpm

    Time taken for 2

    revs of energy

    meter disc tsec

    Static head rise

    hstaic m

    Flow diff Head of

    pitot tube hf m of

    water

    Input power

    KW

    Specifications :

    1. Area of the duct = 0.066 m2

    2. Diameter of the duct = 300 mm

    3. Type of the impeller =forward propeller

    4. Maximum speed 2800rpm

    5. Motor capacity 5HP

    6. Electrical input 3phase, 415volts, 30amp ac supply with neutral and earth

    Volume flow rate of

    discharge m3/min

    Static presurre rise of air

    Hstatic (m)

    Output power

    KW

    Overall efficiency

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 45 of 61

    Calculations:

    1. Input power IP=(n x 3600)/(K x t) KW

    Where n = no of revolutions of energy metre disc

    K = energy meter constant = --------------rev/KWhr

    t = time taken for n revolutions of energy meter disc=..sec

    2. Static head of air Hstatic = [(( w / a) 1)(hstatic)] ..m

    Where w = Density of water i.e., 1000 Kg/m3

    a = Density of air at room temperature =..Kg/m3

    hstatic = manometer reading

    Hstatic = Head of the air

    3. Velocity head or flow head Hf = hf [( w / a) 1]..m

    Where

    hf = manometer reading

    Hf = Head of the air

    4. Volume flow rate or discharge Q = CdA g2 Hf

    5. Output power = (wQHstatic)/1000

    w = specific weight of air

    6.Efficiency =(OP/IP)100

    Graphs:

    Volume flow rate v/s static head

    Volume flow rate v/s efficiency

    Result:

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 46 of 61

    KAPLAN TURBINE TEST RIG

    AIM:

    1) To study the working principle of Kaplan (reaction) turbine. 2) To understand the functional aspects of various components constituting the

    turbine.

    To study performance characteristics of turbine at various heads, flow rates and

    speeds

    INTRODUCTION:

    Hydraulic (water) Turbines are the machines, which use the energy of water (Hydro

    power) and convert it into Mechanical energy, which is further converted into

    electrical energy. Thus the turbine becomes the primover to run the electrical

    generators to produce electricity (Hydroelectric power).

    The Turbines are classified as impulse & reaction types. In impulse turbine,

    the head of water is completely converted into a jet, which exerts the force on the

    turbine; it is the pressure of the flowing water, which rotates the runner of the turbine.

    Of many types of turbine, the Pelton wheel, most commonly used, falls into the

    category of impulse turbine, while the Francis & Kaplan falls into the category of

    reaction turbines.

    Normally, Pelton wheel (impulse turbine) requires high heads and low

    discharge, while the Francis & Kaplan (reaction turbines) require relatively low heads

    and high discharge. These corresponding heads and discharges are difficult to create

    in laboratory because of the limitation of required head & discharges. Nevertheless,

    an attempt has been made to study the performance characteristics within the limited

    facility available in the laboratories. Further, understanding various elements

    associated with any particular turbine is possible with this kind of facility.

    DESCRIPTION:

    While the impulse turbine is discussed elsewhere in standard textbooks, Kaplan

    turbine (reaction type) which is of present concern consists of main components such

    as propeller (runner), scroll casing and draft tube. Between the scroll casing and the

    runner, the water turns through right angle into axial direction and passes over the

    runner and thus rotating the runner shaft. The runner has four blades, which can be

    turned about their own axis so that the angle of inclination may be adjusted while the

    turbine is in motion. The runner blade angles can be varied to obtain higher efficiency

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 47 of 61

    over wide range of operating conditions. In other words even at part loads, when a

    low discharge is flowing over the runner, a high efficiency can be attained in case of

    Kaplan turbine. Where as this provision does not exist in Francis & Propeller turbines

    where the runner blade angles are fixed and integral with the hub.

    The actual experimental setup consist of a centrifugal pump set, turbine unit, sump

    tank, arranged in such a way that the whole unit works on recirculating water system.

    The centrifugal pump set supplies the water from the sump tank to the turbine through

    control valve (Butterfly valve) and passes through and orifice meter connected to a

    double column mercury manometer which facilitates to obtain the quantity of water

    discharged form the turbine unit. Water after passing through the turbine unit enters

    the sump tank through the draft tube.

    The loading of the turbine is achieved by electrical dynamometer coupled to

    the turbine through a V- Belt drive (V grooved pulley). A set of heaters (electrical

    resistance) in steps of 200 Watts each, 10 no. (Total 2Kw) with individual switches

    provided for loading the electrical dynamometer (in turn loading the turbine). The

    provisions for measurement of turbine speed (digital RPM indicator), head on turbine

    (pressure gauge) are built-in on the control panel.

    A NOTE ON THE SPECIFICATION OF KAPLAN TURBINE

    DATA:

    * Maximum head available on turbine = 9 - 12 Mts. (H)

    * Maximum flow rate available through runner = 0.05 Mt3 / sec (Q)

    = 3000 Litters / Min

    * Propeller Diameter = 150 mm (D)

    * Number of Propeller Blades = 4 No (adjustable)

    * Hub Diameter = 60 mm (d)

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 48 of 61

    APPARATUS:

    a) Centrifugal pump set, sump tank, turbine, piping system to operate the Turbine on closed circuit water circulating system.

    b) Digital RPM indicator, pressure gauge, flow control valve, with suitable electrical dynamometer loading with resistance bank (heaters), switches, fan to decipate

    heat form the resistance (heaters) load.

    SPECIFICATION:

    Supply pump capacity : 7.5 Kw (10 Hp) 3ph, 400V, 50 Hz

    Turbine capacity : 2.5 HP (1.87 Kw)

    Run away speed : 2500 RPM

    Loading : Electrical dynamometer (alternator) belt

    driven.

    2 kva, single phase, 220V, 10 amps, at 1500

    RPM.

    Transmission efficiency 90% (0.9),

    Generator (Alternator) efficiency 75 % ( 0.75).

    Resistance (heater) load bank 200 watts each

    10 No

    Panel mounting & Instrumentation : Digital voltmeter 0-750 V A.C.

    Digital ammeter 0- 20 A A.C.

    Digital RPM indicator with sensor

    (Situated near the Turbine shaft)

    Pressure gauge (Bourdon type)

    Pump Starter, switches, indicator lamps &

    Main rotary switch.

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 49 of 61

    OPERATING PROCEDURE:

    1) Install the equipment near a 3 phase 440 volts, 50 Hz, 20 amps power source &water source.

    2) Connect the panel to the electrical source & ascertain the direction of the pump is in order (clock wise direction from shaft end) by momentarily starting the pump.

    3) Fill filtered clear water into the sump tank &discharge tank upto the flow channel level.

    4) Keep the butterfly valve situated above the pump in partially closed position & turbine runner blade in full open position.

    5) Start the pump, gradually open / close the butterfly valve so that the turbine achieves sufficient speed to generate 220volts on the panel voltmeter

    6) Wait till the speed of the turbine & generated voltage maintained constant. 7) Open all the valves provided on the manometer fully and the valves across the

    orifice meter partially to release the air trapped in the manometer and observe

    water flowing through the air vent tubes.

    8) Close both the air vent valves simultaneously and read the difference of mercury level in the manometer limbs to obtain the discharge.

    9) Switch ON the first two electrical load switches and adjust the speed of Turbine to 220V on the panel Voltmeter by adjusting the flow control valve and record the

    corresponding Ammeter, Pressure gauge and manometer readings.

    10) Continue increasing the load on the Turbine step by step by switching ON the consecutive load switches in sets of two and maintain the panel voltmeter reading

    at 220V by adjusting the flow control valve accordingly.

    11) Record the relative voltmeter, ammeter, pressure gauge and manometer readings on each step.

    12) Bring the Turbine to no load condition by switching OFF the load switches in steps.

    13) Change the Turbine Runner position by operating the hand wheel situated at the rear end of the Turbine & repeat the experiment following the steps 10 to 12.

    14) After the experiment is over bring the turbine to no load condition & stop the pump.

    15) Tabulate all the recorded readings and calculate the output power, input power & efficiency of the Turbine.

    Note: Drain all the water from the sump tank, refill the sump tank with fresh clean

    water once in a month. When the equipment is not in use for a longer duration drain

    all the water from the sump tank and keep it clean & dry.

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 50 of 61

    OBSERVATION TABLE

    Diameter of pipe =150mm (0.15m)

    diameter of orifice = 90mm(0.09m)

    Sl

    No

    Turbine

    speed

    N rpm

    Pr Gauge

    reading

    P

    Kg/cm2

    Head

    over

    turbine

    H

    meters

    Presser

    Gauge

    reading in

    Kg/cm2

    Across

    Orificemete

    r

    Load Flow

    rate

    Q

    m3/se

    c

    Input

    power

    kW

    Brake

    power

    Bp

    kW

    Turbine

    efficienc

    y %

    turb

    Voltag

    e

    V

    Volts

    Curren

    t

    I

    Amps

    h1 h2

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    6

    7

    CALCULATIONS:

    1) Head on turbine H: H = 10 x P where P is the pressure gauge reading in Kg/cm

    2

    2) Flow rate of water, Q =Cd k2ghw m3/sec

    g = 9.81 m/sec2

    Cd = 0.62

    K = a1 a2 =6.81x10-3

    m2

    a12 a2

    2

    hw = h1-h2

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 51 of 61

    3) Input power ( Hydraulic power ) Ip = WQH / 1000 kW where W = 9810 N/m

    3

    4) Brake power

    BP = V x I kW where Gen = 0.75

    1000 x Gen

    5 ) Turbine efficiency

    turb = BP / IP x 100 %

    CALCULATIONS:

    1. Head on turbine H :

    H = 10 x P where P is the pressure gauge reading in Kg/cm2

    Cd x a1 x a2

    Flow rate of water Q = x 2gh m3/sec

    a12 - a2

    2

    Where g = 9.81 m/sec2

    Cd = 0.62

    a1 = m2

    a2 = m2

    hw = (h1 h2) x 10 m

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 52 of 61

    2. Input power (Hydraulic power input to Turbine)

    Ip = WQH Kw where W = 9810 N/m3

    1000

    3. Output power

    Op = V x I Kw

    1000 x gen

    4. % Turbine efficiency

    turb = Output power x 100

    Input power

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 53 of 61

    MULTI STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TEST RIG

    (2 - STAGE)

    AIM:

    To conduct performance test and draw characteristic curves on a Multi stage (2

    stages) Centrifugal pump test rig.

    INTRODUCTION:

    A pump may be defined as mechanical device when interposed in a pipe line, converts

    the mechanical energy supplied to it from an external source into hydraulic energy,

    thus resulting in the flow of liquid from lower potential to higher potential.

    The pumps are of major concern to most engineers and technicians. The types of

    pumps vary in principle and design. The selection of the pump for any particular

    application is to be done by understanding their characteristics. The most commonly

    used pumps for domestic, agricultural and industrial are Centrifugal, axial flow,

    reciprocating, air jet, and diaphram and turbine pumps. Most of these pumps fall into

    the main class namely Rotodynamic, Reciprocating (positive displacement) and Fluid

    operated pumps.

    THEORY:

    The principle of operation of a multi stage centrifugal pump is covered under

    Rotodynamic pump category. In this pump, the liquid is made to rotate in a closed

    volute chamber. Thus creating the centrifugal action, which gradually builds the

    pressure gradient towards outlet resulting in a continuous flow.

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    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 54 of 61

    These pumps are of simple construction can be directly coupled to electric

    motor and more suitable for handling clear, semi viscous, as well as turbid

    liquids. The hydraulic head per stage at low flow rates is limited and hence

    not suitable for high heads, in case of single stage centrifugal pumps. But as

    the pump in this case in a multi stage construction the pressure gradually

    builds up in successive stages almost equally in each stage. Thus achieving

    considerably higher heads. The multi stage centrifugal pump test rig allows

    the students to understand and study the various characteristics and pressure

    build up pattern in individual stages.

    DISCRIPTION:

    The multi stage Centrifugal pump test rig mainly consists of:

    a) Multi stage Centrifugal pump (2 stages) b) AC Drive motor of suitable capacity coupled to pump by stepped pulley

    arrangement .

    c) SS sump tank and measuring tank with a piezometer d) G. I. Pipe connections with necessary control valve etc mounted on a neatly

    painted M.S. structure. The panel board is equipped with an energy meter

    for measurement of power input to the motor, a digital RPM indicator to

    indicate the speed of the pump/motor, a Vacuum gauge to measure suction

    head, two nos. pressure gauges for measurement of stage & delivery head, a

    starter of suitable capacity, indicating lamps and fuse.

    SPECIFICATIONS:

    Multi stage pump (2stage) with Motor

    Sump tank:

    MOC: Stainless Steel,

    Measuring tank:

    MOC: Stainless Steel

    Area of cross section: 0.125 m2 (Measuring tank)

    Drive Belt Size A-29.

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    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 55 of 61

    PROCEDURE:

    1. Install the equipment near a 1 phase, 220V, 50 Hz, power source and a 25mm tap size water source.

    2. Connect the main power input cable to the power source keeping the switch in off position.

    3. Fill clear soft water into the sump tank approx. to its full capacity (little less than its full capacity)

    4. Keep the outlet control valve (Gate valve) and Butterfly valve situated at the bottom of the measuring tank fully open.

    5. Prime the pump if necessary. 6. Start the pump by switching on the motor. 7. Water starts flowing into the measuring tank and drains into sump tank. 8. Observe the readings indicated on Vacuum gauge, pressure gauge stage1&

    delivery head, energy meter and record the same.

    9. Close fully the butterfly valve situated at the bottom of the measuring tank and observe the rise in water level in the piezometer record the time taken for 10cm

    rise in water level on piezometer with the help of a stop watch. Open the butterfly

    valve to drain the water back to sump tank.

    10. Vary the flow rate by operating the outlet control valve in clock wise direction to any desired position (in steps) and follow steps 10 & 11.

    11. Tabulate all the readings and calculate Input power to the pump, outlet power of pump, discharge, efficiency at each step:

    CALCULATIONS:

    Basic data / constants: 1kg/cm

    2 = 760 mm Hg (10 m of water)

    Density of water = 1000 kg / m3

    Area of collecting tank = 0.125 m2

    Discharge rate Q in m3 / sec Q = A x h

    t

    where h is height of water collected in measuring tank for a time interval of t sec.

    Total head H in mts

    H = 10(Delivery Pressure + Vacuum head)

    = 10(P + Pv / 760)

    where P is pressure in kg / cm2 , Pv is the Vacuum in mm of Hg

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fluid Machinery Laboratory Manual

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 56 of 61

    Power input to motor (kW)

    Data: Energy meter constant E.M.C. = 1500 Rev/kW .h

    K 60 x 60

    I.H.P. = x x m = kW.

    E.M.C. t

    Where motor = 0.87, (87 %)

    Where K is the number of revolutions energy meter disc = 5

    t is the time taken in seconds by the Energy Meter for K revolutions

    m = motor efficiency 0.70 (70% assumed)

    (1hp = 0.736 kW)

    (1 kW = 1.36

    Output Power ( delivered by the pump)

    = W x Q x H kW

    1000

    Where W is 9810 N/m3

    % overall = Out power x 100

    Shaft power

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN LABORATORY MANUAL

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 57 of 61

    TABULAR COLUMN:

    SL

    .

    N

    O

    Vacuu

    m

    gauge

    readin

    g

    MM

    Hg

    Delivery Head

    in kg / cm2

    Time t for 10

    cm raise of

    water in

    measuring

    tank

    Of area 0.125

    m2

    Dischar

    ge

    Q

    in m3 /

    sec

    Total

    head

    (suction

    +deliver

    y)

    in mts

    Input

    power

    In kW

    Out put

    power

    In kW

    Over

    all

    in %

    P1

    Stage

    1

    Delive

    ry

    Head

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

  • DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN LABORATORY MANUAL

    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 58 of 61

    QUESTION BANK FOR FLOW AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES EXPERIMENTS

    1. Define fluid. 2. Differentiate between fluid and solid. 3. Define Specific volume 4. Define Specific gravity. 5. Define Viscosity. 6. Define Compressibility. 7. Define vapour pressure. 8. Define Capillarity. 9. Define Surface tension. 10. Differentiate between Absolute and gauge pressures. 11. Mention two pressure measuring instruments. 12. What is peizometer? 13. How manometers are classified. 14. What is pitot static tube? 15. Write down the units for dynamic and kinematic viscosity. 16. State Newtons law of viscosity. 17. Differentiate between Newtonian and non Newtonian fluid. 18. Differentiate between ideal and real fluid. 19. What is ideal plastic fluid? 20. Define velocity gradient. 21. What is the difference weight density and mass density? 22. What is the difference between dynamic and kinematic viscosity? 23. Differentiate between specific weight and specific volume. 24. Define relative density. 25. What is vacuum pressure? 26. What is absolute zero pressure? 27. Write down the value of atmospheric pressure head in terms of water and Hg. 28. Define steady flow. 29. Define uniform flow. 30. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow. 31. How will you classify the flow as laminar and turbulent? 32. Differentiate between compressible and incompressible flow. 33. Differentiate between rotational and irrotational flow. 34. Define stream function. 35. Define velocity potential function. 36. Write down continuity equation for compressible and incompressible fluid. 37. Write down continuity equation in three dimensions. 38. Write down Eulers equation of motion. 39. Write down Bernoullis equation of motion for ideal and real fluid. 40. State the assumptions made in Bernoullis equation of motion. 41. Mention the applications of Bernoullis equation of motion. 42. Mention few discharge measuring devices

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    43. Draw the venturimeter and mention the parts. 44. Why the divergent cone is longer than convergent cone in venturimeter? 45. Compare the merits and demerits of venturimeter with orifice meter. 46. Why Cd value is high in venturimeter than orifice meter? 47. What is the difference between Pitot tube and Pitot static tube? 48. What is orifice plate? 49. What do you mean by vena contracta? 50. Define coefficient of discharge. 51. Define coefficient of velocity. 52. Define coefficient of contraction. 53. State Buckinghams Pi Theorem. 54. What is dimensional homogeneity? 55. What is dimensionless number? 56. Mention the methods for dimensional analysis. 57. Mention few important dimensionless numbers. 58. Mention the type of forces acting in moving fluid. 59. Define Reynolds number. 60. What is the difference between model and prototype? 61. Mention two application of similarity laws 62. Define geometric similarity. 63. Define kinematic similarity. 64. Define dynamic similarity. 65. What is the difference between fluid kinematics and fluid dynamics? 66. Write down Hagen poiseulle's equation 67. Sketch the velocity distribution for laminar flow between parallel plates. 68. Sketch the shear stress distribution for laminar flow between parallel plates 69. Differentiate between Hydraulic Gradient line and Total Energy line. 70. Write down Darcy -weisback's equation. 71. Mention the application of moody diagram. 72. What is the difference between friction factor and coefficient of friction? 73. What do you mean by major energy loss? 74. List down the type of minor energy losses. 75. Define drag force. 76. Define lift force. 77. What are the classifications of turbine 78. Define impulse turbine. 79. Define reaction turbine. 80. Differentiate between impulse and reaction turbine. 81. What is the function of draft tube? 82. Define specific speed of turbine. 83. What are the main parameters in designing a Pelton wheel turbine? 84. What is breaking jet in Pelton wheel turbine? 85. What is the function of casing in Pelton turbine 86. Draw a simple sketch of Pelton wheel bucket. 87. What is the function of surge tank fixed to penstock in Pelton turbine? 88. How the inlet discharge is controlled in Pelton turbine?

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    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 60 of 61

    89. What is water hammer? 90. What do you mean by head race? 91. What do you mean by tail race? 92. What is speed ratio? 93. What is flow ratio? 94. What is the difference between propeller and Kaplan turbine? 95. Mention the parts of Kaplan turbine. 96. Differentiate between inward and outward flow reaction turbine. 97. What is the difference between Francis turbine and Modern Francis turbine? 98. What is the difference between outward and inward flow turbine? 99. What is mixed flow reaction turbine? Give an example. 100. Why draft tube is not required in impulse turbine? 101. How turbines are classified based on head. Give example. 102. How turbines are classified based on flow. Give example 103. How turbines are classified based on working principle. Give example. 104. What does velocity triangle indicates? 105. Draw the velocity triangle for radial flow reaction turbine. 106. Draw the velocity triangle for tangential flow turbine. 107. Mention the type of characteristic curves for turbines. 108. How performance characteristic curves are drawn for turbine. 109. Mention the types of efficiencies calculated for turbine. 110. Define Hydraulic efficiency 111. Define Mechanical efficiency. 112. Define overall efficiency. 113. Define pump. 114. How pumps are classified? 115. Differentiate pump and turbine. 116. Define Rotodynamic pump. 117. Define Positive displacement pump. 118. Differentiate between Rotodynamic and positive displacement pump. 119. Define cavitation in pump. 120. What is the need for priming in pump? 121. Give examples for Rotodynamic pump 122. Give examples for Positive displacement pump. 123. Mention the parts of centrifugal pump. 124. Mention the type of casing used in centrifugal pump. 125. Why the foot valve is fitted with strainer? 126. Why the foot valve is a non return type valve? 127. Differentiate between volute casing and vortex casing. 128. What is the function of volute casing? 129. What is the function of guide vanes? 130. Why the vanes are curved radially backward? 131. What do you mean by relative velocity? 132. What is whirl velocity? 133. What do you mean by absolute velocity? 134. What is the function of impeller?

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    HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BENGALURU Page 61 of 61

    135. Mention the types of impeller used. 136. Mention the types of efficiencies calculated for pump. 137. Define Hydraulic efficiency 138. Define Mechanical efficiency. 139. Define overall efficiency 140. Define specific speed of pump. 141. Mention the type of characteristic curves for pump 142. How performance characteristic curves are drawn for pump. 143. Mention the parts of reciprocating pump. 144. What is the function of air vessel? 145. What is slip of reciprocating pump? 146. What is negative slip? 147. What is the condition for occurrence of negative slip? 148. What does indicator diagram indicates? 149. What is the difference between actual and ideal indicator diagram? 150. Briefly explain Gear pump. 151. Differentiate between internal gear pump and external gear pump. 152. Briefly explain vane pump. 153. What is rotary pump? 154. Draw the velocity triangle for centrifugal pump. 155. Draw the indicator diagram fro reciprocating pump. 156. What is the amount of work saved by air vessel? 157. Mention the merits and demerits of centrifugal pump. 158. Mention the merits and demerits of reciprocating pump. 159. What is separation in reciprocating pump? 160. How separation occurs in reciprocating pump? 161. Write down the equation for loss of head due to acceleration in reciprocating pump.

    162. Write down the equation for loss of head due to friction in reciprocating pump. 163. Differentiate single acting and double acting reciprocating pump.