1. FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE

2. Distribution of body fluids Intra cellular Extra cellular O out of total body water two third (40% of bodyweight)is intracellular fluid & one third (20% of weight) is intracellular fluid & one third (20% of body weight) is extracellular fluid. 3. contd. Interstitial fluid Transcellular fluid Intra vascular fluid 4. Movements of body fluids Osmosis Diffusion Filtration Active transport 5. osmosis Diffusion of fluid through a semi permeablemembrane from a solution with a low solute concentration to a solution with a higher solute concentration until there is an equal concentration of fluid on both sides of the membrane 6. diffusion The process by which solutes move from an area ofhigher concentration to one of the lower concentration, without any expending extra energy 7. Active transport The physiologic pump that moves fluid from an area oflower concentration to one of higher concentration; active transport requires ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for energy 8. filtration : Passage through a filter or through a material thatprevents passage of certain molecules, e.g. capillary wall, bloodbrain barrier, radiographic grid. 9. REGULATION OF ELECTROLYTES 10. Regulation of body fluids 11. Fluid intake 12. Hormonal regulation 13. Lymphatic system It plays an important role in returning excess fluid andprotein from the interstitial spaces to the bloodKidneys Maintain fluid volume and the concentration of urine by filtering the ecf 14. Nervous system When ecf increases mechanoreceptors in the wall ofthe left atrium respond to atria distension by increasing cardiac stroke volume and triggering a sympathetic responses to kidney 15. Fluid imbalances Extra cellular fluid volume deficitDecrease in the interstitial and extra cellular fluid. Risk factors Clinical manifestation management 16. Contd. Extra cellular fluid volume excess Increased fluid retention, Risk factors Clinical manifestation Management 17. extra cellular fluid volume shift Basically a change in the location of extra cellular fluidbetween intra vascular and interstitial fluid 18. Intra cellular fluid volume excess Water intoxication hypo osmolar disorders result fromeither water excess or solute deficit and are mainly due to sodium loss 19. Electrolyte imbalances 20. Clinical manifestation Decreased skin burger. Dry mucous membrane.Dry cracked lips or tongue. Eye balls sunken & soft. Restlessness, Coma in severe deficit. Elevated temperature. Tachycardia. Postural, systolic blood pressure > 15 mm Hg Diastolic fall 25 mg/d1) Hyperglycaemia (> 120 mg / dl) Elevated hematocrit (>55%), Increased Specific gravity. 23. Medical Management: Pharmacologic Management : An intravenous solution of 5% Dextrose in water (D5W)or 5% Dextrose in 0.2% saline (D5/0.2% Nacl) may be prescribed. If haemorrhage is the cause of ECFVD blood replacement may be necessary if blood losses greater than 1L. In situation in which the blood losses are less than 1L, normal saline & lactated Ringers solution may be used to restore fluid volume. 24. Nursing management 25. NURSING MANAGEMENT