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How Many Carbs Do You Need?A perennial question, argument and debate in the field of nutrition has to do with how

many carbohydrates people should be eating. While the nutritional mainstream is still

more or less advocating a large amount of daily carbohydrate (with fat being blamed for

the health problems of the modern world), groups often considered at the fringe of

nutrition are adamant that carbohydrates are the source of all evil when it comes to health, obesity, etc.

They advocate lowering carbohydrates and replacing them with dietary protein, fat or both.

This is a topic that I discussed in some detail in

Carbohydrates and Fat Controversies Part 1 and

Carbohydrate and Fat Controversies Part 2 and Id

recommend readers take a look at those for a slightly

different look at the issue than what is discussed here.

Arguments over recommended carbohydrate intake

have a long history and it doesnt appear to be close to

ending any time soon. Typical mainstream

recommendations have carbohydrates contributing

50% or more of total calories while many low-

carbohydrate advocates suggest far fewer (ranging

from the 40% of the Zone diet to close to zero for

ketogenic diets).

This article looks at the topic in detail. And while I

originally wrote it quite a while back (some of you have

probably seen it before), it was nice going over it with

fine toothed comb for an update. While the majority of

it stands up well over time, I was able to make some

slight changes to the values, along with removing some

original stuff that wasnt really relevant. Enjoy.

IntroductionIts safe to say that most carbohydrate recommendations that you will see are put in terms of percentages,

you should be eating 45% of your calories as carbs, or 65% or whatever number is being used.

As I discussed in Diet Percentages: Part 2, I dont like this method. Rather, putting nutrient recommendations

in terms of grams per kilogram or per pound is generally more valid (with one exception I discuss below).

The percentages are simply meaningless without knowing how many carbohydrates are being provided in

terms of gram amounts.

In that context, a typical ketogenic/low-carbohydrate diet might contain 0.5 g/lb (~1

gram/kilogram) of carbohydrate. An average moderate carb diet (such as The Zone or

Duchaines Isocaloric Diet) might contain 1 g/lb (~2 g/kg) of carbohydrate or slightly

more. A typical high-carbohydrate diet would, of course contain more than that (perhaps 2

-3 g/lb or more). Typical recommendations for endurance athletes are in the 3-4 g/lb (6-8

g/kg) range and carb-loading may require 5-8 g/lb (10-16 g/kg) of carbohydrate.

Still, whether youre looking at carb recommendations in terms of percentages of g/lb (g/kg), there is still a

huge discrepancy between different experts. Some recommend lots of carbs, some recommend medium

amounts, some recommend almost none.

Whos right? Well, I am. Because rather than giving some single carbohydrate recommendation (that cant

possibly take into account all possible situations), I look at the individual and their needs to decide how many

carbohydrates should be consumed daily.

Which is what Im going to look at in detail in this article. The punchline, of course is that Ill end up

concluding that how many carbohydrates someone needs (or should consume) daily depends on the same

factors that affect other nutrient recommendations: goals, preferences, types and amounts of activity, and

our old friend, genetic variation. By the end of the discussion, Ill have set both minimum and maximum

intake values depending on different conditions that might crop up. Lets start with minimum amounts.

Are Carbohydrates Essential?Despite oft-heard claims to the contrary, there is no actual physiological requirement for dietary

carbohydrate. Even the RDA handbook acknowledges this, right before recommending that a prudent diet

should contain a lot of carbohydrates.

To understand why carbs arent essential, I need to discuss the concept of an essential nutrient briefly. And,

in brief, an essential nutrient is defined as:

Any nutrient that is required for survival.1.

1 de 7Pgina How Many Carbs Do You Need? | Fit Universee

24-04-2012http://fit-universe.com/how-many-carbs-do-you-need.html


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Cant be made by the body.2.

Quoting from my own Rapid Fat Loss Handbook:

The second criterion is the reason that dietary carbohydrate is not an essential nutrient: the

body is able to make as much glucose as the brain and the few other tissues need on a day-

to-day basis from other sources. I should mention that the body is not able to provide

sufficient carbohydrate to fuel high intensity exercise such as sprinting or weight training

and carbs might be considered essential for individuals who want to do that type of

exercise. Ill come back to exercise later in this article.

But from the standpoint of survival, the minimum amount of carbohydrates that are required in a diet is zero

grams per day. The body can make what little it needs from other sources. What, you ask, are those other

sources? Read on.

Where Does the Glucose that the Body Makes Come from?When carbohydrates are restricted completely, the body still has a small requirement for glucose (although

this decreases over time) and the body has to find something to make glucose out of. That something is

lactate and pyruvate (produced from glucose metabolism), glycerol (from fat metabolism) and some amino

acids. Its the amino acid use that can be problematic since they have to come from somewhere.

Now, if no food is being consumed (e.g. total starvation), that somewhere is generally muscle tissue (the

body will also break down liver proteins); the body will readily break down body protein to scavenge the

amino acids it needs to produce glucose. In doing so, the muscle released alanine and glutamine (produced

in the muscle from the breakdown of leucine and the branch chained amino acids, so you know) which can

be converted to glucose in the liver. This process goes by the unwieldy name of gluconeogenesis which just

means the production of new glucose.

Protein losses during total starvation are extremely high to start, gradually decreasing as the brain switches

over to using ketones for fuel ( this reduces the bodys glucose requirements which means less protein has to

be broken down to make glucose). Even so, during complete starvation there is always some loss of body

protein. Over long periods of time, this goes from harmful (because function is compromised from muscle

loss) to downright fatal. Especially as folks get extremely lean and body protein breakdown increases.

In this context, an under-appreciated fact of liver and protein metabolism (but discussed in detail in The

Protein Book) is that over half of all ingested amino acids are broken down in the liver in the first place. A

good portion of those can be used to make glucose and this is especially true when carbohydrates are

restricted.

Switching from starvation to dieting, this is fundamentally a big part of why protein

requirements go up when folks are dieting, more of the ingested protein is being used in the

liver to make glucose, meaning that more total protein has to be ingested to make sure

there is sufficient amounts to support things like protein synthesis in skeletal muscle.

I dont want to discuss this in detail here (since this article is about carbohydrates) but the topic is covered to

some degree in nearly all of my books. My original Ketogenic Diet had a thorough examination of protein

sparing on a diet and, of course The Protein Book discusses how protein requirements change during dieting

in detail.

Id also note that, as long as protein intake is sufficiently high (e.g. the diet is covering the increased

breakdown of protein in the liver and elsewhere), the amount of carbohydrates which are truly required is

still zero; this is the basis of my Rapid Fat Loss Handbook approach: eliminate all non-essential nutrients

(including carbohydrates) and provide only those that are essential (in this case large amounts of high-quality

protein and essential fatty acids) to generate the largest deficit and maximum fat loss per day.

But, lets assume that you dont just want to eat massive amounts of protein, how many carbohydrates are

needed to limit (or prevent) protein loss on a diet?




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How Many Carbs Do I Need to Spare Protein Loss?Early research into the topic of starvation and low-carbohydrate dieting found that as few as 15 grams of

carbohydrates per day can limit nitrogen loss in the body. And raising carbohydrate intake to 50 grams per

day severely limits the need for the body to use amino acids for gluoconeogenesis (which is why I suggested

setting daily carbs on the low-carb days of The Ultimate Diet 2.0 at 50 grams).

This occurs via at least two mechanisms:

The increased carb intake maintains blood glucose and insulin at a higher level (inhibiting cortisol

release).

1.

The carbohydrate provides glucose for the brain, limiting the need to break down body protein.2.

Basically, in the context of dieting, dieters can either jack up dietary protein to cover the increased

carbohydrate requirements of dieting or simply eat slightly more carbohydrates to provide them directly. Both

have the same end-result. 15-50 grams per day limits the bodys need to break down protein and will allow

protein requirements to be set lower than a diet providing essentially zero carbohydrates per day.

But What About Ketosis?Since Im going to use the term in just a second, I need to define what it means.When fatty acid burning is

ramped up to high levels (as when carbohydrates are restricted), the body starts producing ketone bodies in

the liver. As noted above, many tissues in the body can use ketones for fuel, basically they are an alternative

energy source to glucose when its not available. When ketones build up in the bloodstream beyond a certain

point, a condition called ketosis is said to develop. In contrast to the diabetic ketoacidosis (which occurs in

poorly treated Type I diabetics), dietary ketosis is not dangerous and is an adaptation by the body to total

starvation.

Many diets such as The Atkins Diet and other very low-carbohydrate diets are based around establishing

ketosis for various reasons which are beyond the scope of this article. I only bring this up as most ketogenic

diets set a carbohydrate intake level of roughly 30 grams per day (allowing some vegetables but little else)

although Ive never found support for that specific value.

I bring this up in the context of this article as many people start such diets with the specific goal of

developing ketosis (again, for a variety of reasons). Since many books give the 30 g/day value for a

ketogenic diet, folks get a little anxious about carb intakes that are higher than that.

However, strictly speaking, any diet with less than 100 g/day of carbohydrate will cause

ketosis to develop to some degree (more ketones will be generated as carbs are lowered).

Id note that many ketogenic dieters use Ketostix to track ketosis, small sticks that measure

urinary ketone levels. These are misleading for a number of reasons, not the least of which

is that while ketosis (as defined by blood concentrations of ketones) may develop, urinary

ketones dont always show up, especially as carbs are raised to nearer the 100 g/day high

end.

In any case, an intake of 15-50 grams per day of carbohydrate will still allow ketosis to develop and those

ketogenic dieters attempting to eat as few carbs as possible might want to consider that in the context of

not only providing much needed food variety (at 50 g/day, even a small amount of fruit can often be fit in)

but also in the context of the protein sparing issues I discussed above.

Getting to the point, although the physiological requirement for dietary carbohydrates is zero, we might set a

practical minimum (in terms of preventing excessive body protein loss) at 50 grams per day. Id note again

that, within the context of The Rapid Fat Loss Handbook approach, carbs are limited to essentially trace

amounts; however protein (which makes up the majority of the diet) is set high enough to limit muscle loss.

However, not everyone functions well in ketosis. They get brain fuzzed, lethargic and just generally feel

awful. Even with weeks of being on a ketogenic diet, they never seem to adapt completely. Thats not a good

recipe for long-term adherence to a diet or healthy functioning or training.

Tangentially, Id note that this seems to be related to inherent levels of insulin sensitivity. Individuals with

good insulin sensitivity, who typically run well on carbohydrates, tend to not do well on low-carbohydrate




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diets. In contrast, individuals with insulin resistance often do far better reducing carbohydrates and that often

means going to ketogenic levels. Finally, some people seem to have the metabolic flexibility to do well with

either diet. I address this issue in more detail in article Insulin Sensitivity and Fat Loss.

So what if people want to avoid ketosis?In general, assuming zero or very low levels of activity, an intake of

100-120 grams of carbohydrates per day will prevent the development of ketosis, just providing the brain

with enough carbohydrates to function normally. So, for folks who want (or need) to just avoid ketosis, 100-

120 grams per day will act as a practical limit. Again, this wont quite work as a recommendation for people

involved in high-intensity activity since not all of the incoming carbs will be available for the brain.

So, summing up mid-article, the absolute requirement for carbohydrates is zero grams per day. However,

depending on protein intake, a practical minimum for carbs lies between 50 grams/day (if someone functionswell in ketosis) to 100-120 grams per day (if they dont function well in ketosis). Let me mention very

specifically that Im not suggesting those numbers are a recommended level, Im simply using them to

represent a practical minimum value.

As a final note, before addressing the issue of exercise, I want to note that the above values

above dont change significantly with body size (e.g. its one of the few places that an

absolute number of carbs, rather than an amount set relative to bodyweight is appropriate).

Most of the above discussion deals with the carbohydrate requirements of the brain which,

for the most part, doesnt change massively with body size. A 120 pound female and a 200

pound male have roughly similar carbohydrate requirements for their brains because brain

size simply doesnt differ that much between them.

The Impact of ExerciseSo far I havent considered the impact of activity on all of this as this can affect daily carbohydrate

requirements. Id comment that all exercise is not the same and different types of activities will affect

carbohydrate requirements very differently. The type, amount and intensity of activity will impact on

carbohydrate requirements.

Typical low intensity aerobic/cardiovascular work doesnt generally use a lot of carbohydrate. So if someone

were only performing that type of activity (i.e. walking 3-5 times per week), there wouldnt be any real need

to increase carbohydrate intake over the above minimum. They might want to increase carbohydrates to

higher levels than that (for various reasons) but, strictly speaking, they probably dont need to.

The carbohydrate requirements for weight training actually arent that great. I did some roughcalculations in

The Ketogenic Diet and concluded that, for every 2 work sets (assuming a set length of 30-45 seconds) or

so, youll need 5 grams of carbohydrates to replenish the glycogen used.

So if you did a workout containing 24 work sets, youd only need about 60 extra grams (24 sets * 5 grams/2

sets = 60 grams) of carbohydrate to replace the glycogen used. So if you were starting at the bare minimum

of 50 grams per day and were doing roughly 24 sets/workout, youd need to consume an additional 60 grams

(total 110 grams/day) to cover it. If you didnt function well in ketosis and were starting at the 100-120

g/day, youd increase to 160-180 g/day. Id note that, for the average male lifter, this works out to about 1

g/lb or ~2 g/kg lean body mass carbohydrate per day

In this context, bodybuilding nutrition (much of which has been determined empirically over

the years) has long recommended carbohydrate intakes ranging from 1 g/lb on fat loss diets

to 3 g/lb for mass gains so were definitely in that range at this point. General

recommendations for strength athletes by the nutrition mainstream are in the range of 5-7

g/kg or 2.2-3 g/lb so these values are all pretty consistent.

Higher intensity cardiovascular exercise is a little bit harder to pinpoint in terms of carbohydrate requirements

and can vary pretty significantly depending on the intensities and volumes. A sprinter running 60m repeats

isnt using a lot of glycogen, a trained endurance athlete working near their lactate threshold for extended

periods can deplete glycogen fairly completely in 1-2 hours. Even at lower intensities, the 2-6 hour sessions

done by endurance athletes can completely deplete both muscle and liver glycogen stores on a daily basis.

Full skeletal muscle glycogen depletion for these athletes might represent 300-400 grams of total

carbohydrate or more. For an average sized endurance athlete this might represent 3 g per pound or ~6

g/kg on a more or less daily basis. Under less extreme circumstances, carbohydrate requirements wont be as

high. And while current recommendations for endurance athletes are in the 7-10 g/kg (3-4.5 g/lb) range,

studies show that most athletes consume closer to 5 g/kg (2.2 g/lb).

However, only the most highly trained athletes are going to be able to do that on a daily basis. Even with

exercise, the average recreational trainee wont have carb requirements near that level. Essentially, if

competition athletes are getting sufficient carbohydrate intake at a level of ~5 g/kg (roughly 2 g/lb), I see

little reason for the average individual to consume more or for people to recommend that they consume

more.

I should note that the above sections assume that maintenance of muscle glycogen is the goal. Under some

situations (generally fat loss), glycogen depletion, or maintenance of glycogen at a lowered level is the goal.

This means that an athlete or d ieter may deliberately under consume carbohydrates such that, over some

time period, glycogen concentrations decline. In such a situation, where someone deliberately wanted to

maintain muscle glycogen at lower levels, the above values would be too high since they are aimed at full

glycogen repletion after heavy exercise.

Of course, there are also situations where dieters or athletes want to increase muscle

glycogen levels far above normal; this will require higher carbohydrate intakes than the

values above.




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Is There a Maximal Level of Carbohydrate Intake?Logically, a practical upper limit for carbohydrates intake would be a situation where they made up 100% of

someones total energy intake. An average individual has a daily caloric intake in the realm of 14-16 cal/lb.

Since carbs have 4 calories/gram, this would represent a maximum intake of roughly 4 grams/lb (8.8 g/kg).

Of course, athletes involved in heavy training (who are burning far more calories than 14-16 cal/lb) have

higher caloric (and hence carbohydrate requirements). But for the typical person at maintenance, a realistic

upper limit would be ~4 g/lb and this would leave no room for either dietary protein or fat (without going

over maintenance calories).

Of course, there are also situations where a dieter or athlete wants to super-compensate their muscle

glycogen levels; that is load the skeletal muscle far above the levels which are normally maintained. This is

often done by endurance athletes looking to improve performance and various cyclical diets (such as my

Ultimate Diet 2.0) use glycogen compensation for anabolic (muscle building) purposes.

Generally speaking, to generate maximal levels of glycogen requires first depleting the

skeletal muscle with the combination of heavy training and a low-carbohydrate diet. Given

those conditions, carbohydrate intakes in the realm of 16 g/kg (a little over 7 grams/pound)

of lean body mass can be tolerated over a 24 hour period. This probably represents a

practical maximum for carbohydrate intake but it would only be achievable under this very

specific situation.

Summing UpSo lets sum up, looking at both practical minimum and maximum carbohydrate intakes under different

circumstances. For illustrative purposes, after each of the g/lb recommendations, Ill give an absolute number

of carbohydrate, assuming an athlete with 160 pounds of lean body mass.

CircumstanceCarbohydrate

Requirement1

Grams for an athlete with

160 lbs. LBM

Physiological Requirement 0 g/day 0 g/day

PracticalMinimum to Avoid Muscle Breakdown2 50 g/day 50 g/day

Practical Minimum for Individuals Who Function

Poorly In Ketosis3

100-120 g/day 100-120 g/day

Additional Amount to Sustain Low Intensity

ExerciseMinimal approaching zero Minimal approaching zero

Additional Amount Needed to Sustain Weight

Training

5 g carbs. per 2 work

sets4 5 g carbs. per 2 work sets

4

Average Recommendations in Bodybuilding

Nutrition1-3 g/lb. 160-480 g/day

Average Recommendations by Mainstream

Nutritionists2-3 g/lb 320-480 g/day

Average Intake for Endurance Athletes 2 g/lb 320 g/day

Recommended Intake for Endurance Athletes 3-4.5 g/lb 480-720 g/day

Practical Maximum for Non-Carb Loading

Individuals4 g/lb 640 g/day

Maximal Intakes for Carb-Loading ~7 g/lb 1120 g/day

All values are in g/lb. To convert to g/kg, multiply by 2.2.1.

Note: If protein intake is sufficient, this amount of carbohydrate is not required.2.

All values above this line assume no exercise and do not change significantly with body weight.3.

Assumes a set length of 30-45 seconds.4.

Clearly the above represents a pretty drastic range of carbohydrate requirements, depending on the

specifics. For a typical male with 160 pounds of lean body mass, daily carbohydrate intake could range fromthe physiological requirement of zero grams per day to a near maximum of 1120 g/day during a carb-load.

Which makes it no wonder that people are confused.

Simply, the question How Many Carbohydrates Do You Need? has no singular answer. The goals of the

person, the amount and type of activity, their individual needs (e.g. insulin sensitive vs. resistant, whether or

not they function well in ketosis or not), their individual goals all determine how many carbs are ideal in the

diet.

Author: Lyle Mcdonald

Source:bodyrecomposition.com

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