CE 198– Engineering Design Process in Civil Engineering 03 March 2011Final Paper

ProposedConstruction of a Floodwater Treatment Facility in Artex Compound, Brgy.Panghulo, MalabonCity

Calivo, Chrislene D.Diaz, Jose Ramil V.

Maybituin, Anacel Justine S.Reginio, Jessabel R.

B.S. Civil Engineering ProgramInstitute of Civil Engineering,

University of the PhilippinesDiliman

Adviser:Engr. Ma. Doreen Candelaria

Instructor, Institute of Civil Engineering,University of the PhilippinesDiliman

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The supply of fresh water often depletes over time due to water pollution, over extraction of groundwater, saline water intrusion, forest and water denudation, and inefficient use of water. The problem is compounded by unusual climatic changes which results to an imbalance between water demand and supply.

The delivery of an acceptable supply of safe, potable water to consumers has become increasingly constrained by the capacity of existing water sources and poor efficiency of existing infrastructure. The problem of water supply is also stretched because of rapid population growth and economic development.

To alleviate water shortage problems, other developed countries such as United States, Asian countries like China, Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong, and other European countries have made various efforts to promote wastewater treatment and reuse since the 1890s.

Wastewater reuse in many ways has been considered as a reliable, practical and economic alternative water resource. It is considered viable for reasons including the application and fulfillment of stringent standards supervised by the government and the use of advanced technology.

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Abstract:

Water has been a necessity to human beings since the beginning of time. Eventhough this is the case, not all has an access to a clean daily supply of water. Ironically in the Philippines, specifically in Malabon City, residents of Artex Compound which was known as the “Water World”—four-walled compound filled with flood water, belong to these families who lack the supply of clean water. This paper would like to present a solution to the said problem by constructing a small-scale low-cost water treatment facility that will treat and distribute clean water to the residents of Artex compound as well as the nearby barangay, Brgy. Panghulo. The water treatment facility will use ABR-SBR Hybrid System and Cocopeat Filtration as its secondary and tertiary treatment techniques. With this project implemented, it is projected that the residents would only have to spend 1peso/50gallons of water instead of 1.25peso/1gallon. It is also projected in 25 years of its operation that investment returns will be attained within 2-3 years.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The residents of Artex Compound in Barangay Panghulo, Malabon City and nearby areas have been struggling from inadequate supply of water. Only one household in the compound has a line from NAWASA and therefore, the only source of water for the other residents.

However, residents do not only suffer from scarce supply of water but also from being submerged in more than 5 feet (2 meters) of floodwater for the whole year, up to 10 feet during heavy rains affecting more than 150 families.

1.3 Objectives

The main objective of this study is to provide an alternative source of water for the residents of Artex Compound, Barangay Panghulo, Malabon City through treatment of floodwater trapped in the said low-lying area. This proposed project includes measures to ease shortages of water for municipal use, and at the same time, will remedy the extreme volume of floodwater which always has been a burden during rainy seasons for the residents of the compound. This project involves the construction of a treatment facility that complies with treatment standards and thus, will guaranteeand will promotewastewater reuse in the best and safest possible conditions.

1.4 Significance

This proposed project of treating floodwater as another potential water source will have a great impact not only to the residents of Artex Compound, who will be served by this facility, but also those who will indirectly benefit from this project. Residents will no longer need to use water pumps (artesian wells)thatare contributing to the increased level of groundwater extraction which causes further subsidence of the area. This project will also help the government in its water resources planning and development. The results of this study can be used as a reference for the evaluation or replication of the proposed treatment facility in other flood-prone areas suffering from water crisis.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

The study will focus only on the construction and implementation of the treatment facility in Artex Compound in its projected 25 years of operation.

There was no laboratory water testing done due to financial and time constraints. Water characteristics and floodwater classification based from earlier study done by other UP students were used in planning and designing of the proposed treatment facilityinstead.

Specifications of the facility, e.g. materials to be used in the construction were not included in this study. However, its total area was estimated to be 160 sq. m., given the availabilityof space in Artex Compound.A daily output of 2500 m3 was assumed based fromthe daily consumption of the residents.For simplicity, it is also assumed that there is no significant increase in the floodwater level within the 25 years of operation.

2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

1. Site ocular inspection2. Interview with officials

a. Artex Officials and residentsb. Brgy. Panghulo, Malabon officialsc. Malabon City officials

3. Field Sampling at Artex Compound4. In situ sampling

a. Floodwater Sample Collectionb. Laboratory Test

- pH- DO

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- BOD5

- TSS- TDS- Coliform- Oil and grease- Heavy metals

5. Location of lowest-cost area for Floodwater Treatment Facility construction6. Design of Floodwater Treatment Facility

- Considering available space in Artex- Alternatives Evaluation for Filtration Process

3. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In 20 years, 60% of the world's population will be living in the cities (UN 2006), thus more water will be needed for municipal use and consequently additional municipal wastewater will be produced all in the same place and within a limited area. This situation represents both a risk and an opportunity to better use water, for example by increasing and diversifying municipal wastewater reuse.

Non-potable and indirect potable use of reclaimed wastewater is practiced in Asian countries. Tianjin city in China has a wastewater reclamation plant which treats 50,000 m3/d of secondary effluent to serve about 160,000 residents. Korean practice is characterized by onsite water recycling systems for toilet flushing, cleaning and cooling. Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore also have wastewater treatment plants.

In the Philippines, at least 22 anaerobic industrial treatment plants have been installed since 1991, 21 by Enviroasia and 1 by Paques. 16 plants use UASB reactors and the other 6 use UAC reactors.

A case study regarding water sanitation, “Pro-poor Water and Wastewater Management in Small Towns”, documents the installation of a low-cost wastewater treatment facility in Muntinlupa Public Market. This case study examines the design and construction of the said treatment facility and the means employed by the local government of Muntinlupa tocomply with the requirements mandated by the Philippine Clean Water Act 2004.They proposed to convert wastewater producedby the marketto water that can be used for irrigation, flushing toilets and street cleaning.

Using flood as the source of water subjected to treatment and recycling has not yet been practiced in the Philippines. The country is a flood-prone area and it experiences an average of 19.6 typhoons a year in its area of responsibility. Storm surges accompany tropical depressions and cause extreme flood occurrence. Eighteen to 20 flood events occur in Metro Manila each year (Daligdig&Besana, 1993) and in 1985, it was estimated in 1990, 14 percent of Metro Manila (86.7 square kilometers) are inundated with floodwaters (JICA, 1990). Floods directly affect 190,000 households in the metropolis and inconvenience almost 70 percent of its total population. The amount of flood losses escalates through time and health-related risks such as dengue fever, diarrhea diseases, unsanitary conditions, and water contamination have become prevalent.

Malabon is a low-lying area and has been highly affected by such flood occurrences. Since the construction of the Dagat-dagatan Road, spearheaded by Mrs. Imelda Marcos, the Artex Compound in Barangay Panghulo has become the catch basin of nearby areas for long periods of time.

A study on the evaluation of kangkong grown on floodwater of Artex Compound in Malabon was made by Briones, et al. under the Department of Environmental Engineering at the Univeristy of the Philippines (2010).Kangkong grown at Artex turned out to be safe for consumption based on the metal toxicity analysis. The researchers also tested the floodwater for its pH, DO, BOD5, TSS, TDS, oil & grease, coliform and heavy metals.

Results of the above studies were used for conceptualizing the design and implementation of the proposed floodwater treatment facility in Artex Compound in Malabon.

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4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 Study Process

Readily available laboratory test results for the floodwater in Artex Compound on pH, DO, BOD 5, TSS, TDS, oil & grease, coliform and heavy metals were obtained and used as basis for the design of the filtration process in the floodwater treatment facility. The procedures of analysis were based from the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. In-situ testing was also done by the previous study using conductivity measure and Hach colorimeter.

4.2 Method of Analysis

Data and results of the laboratory done by the previous study were compared with the DAO 34 water quality criteria for coastal and marine waters.The floodwater in Artex Compound was categorized under Class SC.

Design of the most effective and cost-efficient floodwater treatment facility was envisaged given the allocated space and budget constraints for the construction of the facility, floodwater quality, and innovations that can be applied in the facility.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Wastewater Characteristics

There were three sampling dates at least one month apart done by the group of Briones. Within this period of sampling, seasonal changes have occurred, from rainy season during the 1st sampling on December 11 to summer on the last sampling on March 1. It was found out that this change n weather conditions, aside from other factors, greatly affected the results on the analysis. Some parameters gave very different values for the three sampling periods.

There were three sampling points – from the inlet, dumpsite, and residential area – selected by Briones’s group. Shown in Tables 1 to 3 are the in-situ and laboratory results.

Table 1. Laboratory results for sample point 1

ParameterSample point 1

11 Dec 31 Jan 01 MarTime collected 10:55 am 9:15 am 9:56 amFloodwater depth, m 0.94 0.98 0.86Temperature, °C 29.0 27.7 28.0Temperature (ambient) 31.5 29.5 33.0Temperature rise 0 -1.3 0.3Conductivity, μS 3.3 5.3 7.4Turbidity, NTU 1 3 19Color, PCU 47 22 105pH 7.00 6.61 8.16DO, mg/L 6.9 4.8 4.5BOD5, mg/L - 15.6 12.0TSS, mg/L 4.5 13 4.5TDS, mg/L - 3220 4454Oil & grease, mg/L - - 52.6Total Coliform, MPN/100mL

170x10 80x103 1600x103

Fecal Coliform, MPN/100mL

- 80x103 220x103

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Table 2. Laboratory results for sample point 2

ParameterSample point 2

11 Dec 31 Jan 01 MarTime collected 10:35 am 9:31 am 10:05amFloodwater depth, m 0.99 1.02 0.92Temperature, °C 29.0 27.6 27.5Temperature (ambient) 27.9 27.4 33.0Temperature rise 0 -1.4 -0.1Conductivity, μS 3.2 5.4 7.3Turbidity, NTU 3 4 22Color, PCU 47 30 171pH 6.70 6.97 7.89DO, mg/L 5.7 2.9 5.4BOD5, mg/L - 15.6 19.2TSS, mg/L 9 21 14TDS, mg/L - 3256 4258Oil & grease, mg/L - - 31.4Total Coliform, MPN/100mL

- 140x103 >1600x103

Fecal Coliform, MPN/100mL

- 90x103 >1600x103

Table 3. Laboratory results for sample point 3

ParameterSample point 3

11 Dec 31 Jan 01 MarTime collected 11:07 am 9:46 am 10:16 amFloodwater depth, m 1.05 0.90 0.93Temperature, °C 27.4 27.9 27.2Temperature (ambient) 28.1 28.5 33.0Temperature rise 0 0.5 -0.7Conductivity, μS 3.1 5.0 7.3Turbidity, NTU 4 3 14Color, PCU 60 35 177pH 6.50 7.63 7.70DO, mg/L 7.4 2.4 4.4BOD5, mg/L - 29.4 22.8TSS, mg/L 6 28 31TDS, mg/L - 3106 4414Oil & grease, mg/L - - 44.8Total Coliform, MPN/100mL

- >1600x103 >1600x103

Fecal Coliform, MPN/100mL

- >1600x103 >1600x103

Effects of hot climate are very evident in the results. Water depth has decreased by 1 meter which may have caused increased concentration of pollutants which was apparent in the increase of turbidity, TSS, TDS, conductivity and color during the sampling in March. Algae production must also have proliferated as suggested by the green color of filtered suspended solids.

Coliform count was also found to be highest at point 3, which is the residential area. This must be explained of having no proper sanitary measures of other residents of Artex. Some do not have proper septic tank and they directly throw their wastes into the floodwater.

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5.2 Floodwater Classification

Water can be categorized into fresh water and marine water. Salt/marine water can be further categorized based on Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) amount as brackish, highly brackish, saline, seawater and brine. Water classification based on TDS amount is in Table 4 below.

Table 4. Water classification based on TDS

Water Classification

Total Dissolved Solids (ppm)

Fresh water <1,000Brackish 1,000 – 5,000Highly brackish 5,000 – 15,000Saline 15,000 – 30,000Sea water 30,000 – 40,000Brine >40,000

Based from the laboratory results, the TDS value ranges from 3,000 – 4,500 ppm. This means that the floodwater in ArtexCompound falls under the category of brackish water.In addition to that, according to DAO 34“water which serve its purpose for recreational (i.e. boating) and fishing activities class II must be classified under class C or SC.” Thus, floodwater was classified as class SC.

Table 5. Comparison with DAO 34 Class SC

ParameterMax, min values Std. value (DA) 34

Class SC)1 2 3

pH8.16, 6.61

7.89, 6.707.70, 6.50

6.0-9.0 Passed

DO, mg/L 6.9, 4.5 5.7, 2.97.4, 2.4

5 Failed

BOD5, mg/L15.6, 12.0

19.2, 15.629.4, 22.8

7-10 Failed

TSS, mg/L13.00, 4.50

21.00, 9.0030.90, 6.00

<30 mg/L increase

Passed

TDS, mg/L4454, 3220

4258, 32564414, 3106

- -

Oil & grease, mg/L

52.60 31.40 44.80 3 Failed

Total Coliform, MPN/100mL

80x103, 170x103 140x103 1600x

103 5000 Failed

Fecal Coliform, MPN/100mL

80x103, 220x103 90x103 1600x

103 - -

5.3 Heavy Metals Analysis

Based from the study conducted by Briones, et al., concentrations of Pb in the leaves of kangkong is caused by the lead-laden dust in the environment from air-borne emissions of a nearby noodle factory (Bassuk). It is emphasized that the metal detected in the kangkong leaves were due to the environment and not to the adsorption of the latter from the floodwater.

5.4 Strategies on Designing Floodwater Treatment Facility

In designing the treatment facility, there were a lot of factors considered such as the target beneficiary of the facility, site specifications, construction cost, and investment return scheme and technology consideration.

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The treatment facility directly benefitted 150 families residing in Artex Compound, residents of Barangay Panghulo and from other nearby areas suffering from inadequate supply of water.

The proposed floodwater treatment facility was limited to an area of 160 m2 due to availability of land and cost of the construction.

Construction cost and expected benefit or returns from the facility were also considered.

Aside from the chosen Hybrid design, other alternative technologies were considered as shown in Table 6 below.

Table 6. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies

Types of TechnologyCapital

Cost

O & M Monthly

(Estimates)

Land Requirements

Remarks

ABR/SBR HYBRID $130,000 $500 160 m2 Most Applicable (Selected)LAGOON $80,000 $175 2000 m2 Large area requirement

CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS

$120,000 $175 1500 m2

Large area requirement with additional pre-treatment devices

to reduce high-strength of wastewater

ACTIVATED SLUDGE $200,000 $700 160 m2expensive and long-term

operation and maintenance systems requirement

TRICKLING FILTER $200,000 $700 160 m2rotating biological contractor

(RBC)13 could not be effectively installed

Exchange rate used: US$1 = Php 51.5

5.4.1 Innovations

Certain innovations were introduced in the design of the proposed floodwater treatment facility. These were the use of ABR-SBR Hybrid System and Cocopeat Filtration as the main components of secondary and tertiary treatment.

ABR-SBR (Anaerobic baffled reactor-sequence batch reactor) Hybrid System combines the effectiveness of bothmethods without the use of costly and complicated equipments. This method introduces the use of the oxygen-activated bacteria that consumes most of the organic compounds in the wastewater. In contrast to the water treatment employed by using Sequence Batch Reactor or SBR, it takes less time for the Hybrid System to treat the water since the mixing and aeration of the sludge and wastewater are done simultaneously in every compartment.

CocopeatFiltrationis an emerging alternative for costly filtration systems. It was proven to be effective in reducing the amount of heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium and lead as well as the total suspended and dissolved compounds in the water. In the proposed facility, stacks of rolled cocopeat will be used to maximize the surface area, hence maximizing its efficiency.

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5.4.1 Sketch of Floodwater Treatment Facility

Shown below are the sketches of the proposed floodwater treatment facility in ArtexCopmound.

Figure 2.Isometric views of Floodwater Treatment Facility

5.4.2 Schematic Diagram of Filtration Process

Shown in Figure 3 is the schematic diagram of the filtration process which the floodwater will undergo.

Figure 3. Schematic Diagram of Filtration Process

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The treatment facility operates 24 hours, 7 day a week and is generally used by the residents of the compound and nearby neighbors. The floodwater trapped in the area is diverted to a holding tank which I connected to the treatment facility. During the treatment, the floodwater will undergo several steps where the waste is screened and clarified to be able to meet the Philippines National Standards for Chemical and Acceptability Quality. 5.5 Economic Analysis

5.5.1 Project Rationale

The proposed project addresses the need for the government to make further actions regarding water crisis, and at the same time, improvement of flood reduction plan especially in Metro Manila area. With

SCREENING AND GRIT REMOVALLarge suspended materials like debris, clothes, and branches are screened from the water and grit are allowed to settle at the bottom of large pipes as it flows through it.

ANAEROBIC BAFFLED REACTOR

The screened wastewater enters the ABR tank through the inlet structure, which directs the flow to the bottom of the first compartment. Due to the nature of wastewater under anaerobic conditions, a granulated sludge blanket is formed.

SEQUENCE BATCH REACTOR

Connected to the ABR is an aeration chamber with coarse bubble diffusers designed to impart dissolved oxygen to the effluent prior to discharge. The oxygen activates bacteria that consume most of the organic compounds in the water.

SETTLING (CLARIFIER)

The water then proceeds to the last compartment which allows the remaining suspended solids to settle down at the bottom. Inclined parallel plates (lamella plates) were placed to improve the settling capacity of the tank. In addition, the design allows the clarified water to continuously flow up between plates without entraining or impending the descent of already settled solid.

COCO PEAT FILTRATIONRolls of coco peat were stacked together to form a filter. Located below the pile is a sheet of geofabric filter that removes particles larger the 80 microns.

CHLORINATION

The filtered water flows to the chlorination facility where controlled amounts of chlorine were added to the water. Chlorine is an effective disinfectant that kills bacteria, germs, and some microorganisms. It also prevents contamination as water flows through the pipes. However, for chlorine to fully disinfect the water, it must be allowed to flow in the contact basin for a few minutes before storage.

STORAGE The water is pumped to an elevated water tank before distribution.

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this project, it has a potential to answer the problem of water supply and flood water dilemma which always have been a burden during rainy seasons, particularly in Artex Compound in Malabon. Aside from proposals and already existing yet inadequate drainages, river channel floodways as solutions to the flood water problem, this project poses another feasible way, using other advanced structural measures, to remedy the extreme volume of flood water.

Public sectors in the government such as Water supply, Sanitation, and Waste Management can partake in this endeavor to minimize water shortage as it poses opportunities for these sectors to help manage and maintain this project. Water quality can be guaranteed by the Sanitation and approved by Health, Nutrition and Social Protection. Private sectors can also take part by investing in this proposed project.

The main alternative to the project is to increase water conservation. Recycle and reuse water especially in the household. Promote better use and protection of water resources. The groundwater has becoming depleted and contaminated which risks the only source of freshwater.Efficiency improvements on water utilities have been identified from the ongoing projects addressing the water scarcity. There have been improvements on water pipelines for better water access and service. On the other hand, capacity expansions of water supply might not be an answer to water scarcity. For an instance, Angat Dam is not in its full capacity since water level has been lower than it critical level. Water level is continually lowering because of too much demand and because of water drought.

5.5.2 Macroeconomics and sectoral context

In a macroeconomic context, this project relates to the overall strategy of the government for water resources planning and development. Water supply is one of the sub-components of the water planning and development project of the government along with irrigation, hydropower, flood control, pollution, watershed management, and etc. Various government agencies are in-charge in most of water resources programs and projects in the country.

This project can be a sectoral strategy of the government for addressing the water shortage in our particular area of interest. Since the area of interest, Artex Compound in Malabon is a flood-prone area, this project is just applicable to be a plan of action by making use of the floodwater trapped in the area as a source of water supply. If in case, our project becomes a success, expansion within the whole Malabon area will be considered.

5.5.3 Demand Analysis

The basis for projecting the demand for project output includes the individuals or consumers who are experiencing the problems addressed by our project, specifically water shortage problem. In this proposed project, this is not profit-driven but for self-sustenance of Artex compound in Malabon which usually experience water shortage and high level of flood water. Demand for water might not be highly affected since water is a basic commodity. Even supply gets lower; demand is not affected and changing. Other sources of supply for meeting the demands include the existing water reservoirs such as Angat Dam and other product alternatives.

5.5.4 Identification, Quantification and Valuation of Costs and Benefits

This proposed construction of floodwater treatment facility aims to alleviate the problem of water shortage. If it is implemented, many families within the affected area will surely benefit. First and foremost, there will an adequate and safe water supply for the residents. Second, water pumps will no longer be used to extract groundwater. Residents will be able to allocate their saved money for their other expenses because of having cheaper water supply yet safe quality of water. Floodwater level will decrease

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and hopefully the area will no longer be submerged in flood. If by chance it happens, residents no longer need to paddle their way out through the flood when going to school or work. Health risks including dengue fever or water-borne disease will also be prevented. The vegetation within the neighbourhood will also be improved. All of these will not be achieved if the current situation still prevails.

Without the project, there is no need for the government to change the protocols and management plan for the mitigation of the water shortage issue, hence saving their efforts and time. There is also no need for them to allocate budget that will be used for this which will come from the tax of the people. They can save it for more important projects. The delays caused by the construction such as heavy traffic will also be avoided. However for the people, the implementation of the project will be a big help. There will be enough water to maintain the cleanliness of the surroundings, the house and their hygiene.

One of the benefits that can be quantified is cost reduction of water supply and service since water supply is already in-situ in the area of interest of this proposed project.

Construction costs for the floodwater treatment facility was estimated to reach around 6.7 M. Monthly expenditures for the operation of the facility were approximated to Php. 24,000 for the salary of 4 employees (to cover monitoring operations and maintenance) and Php. 15,000 for electric cost. Technology used, which is the combination of ABR and SBR will cot around 5.59 M and its maintenance was estimated to reach around Php. 21,500 monthly.

To recover the expenses from the construction of the facility, it will be implemented in the Artex Compound and other residents who will be served by this facility, of a “user fee collection scheme”. The residents will have to pay P1.00 for every 50 gallons of water. Table 7 shows the results of the cost-benefit analysis of the project. A cash flow diagram is shown in Figure 4.

Table 8 below illustrates the comparison of expenses of buying water from NAWASA versus the treated water provided by the proposed water treatment facility.

Table 7. Cost-Benefit Analysis

Facility land area (m2) 160Output volume (m3) 2500

Monthly YearlyConstruction cost 6.7 M

O&M of facilitySalary (P6000/month x 4 workers) P24, 000.00 P288, 000.00Electric Cost P15, 000.00 P180, 000.00

TechnologyABR/SBR Hybrid 5.59 MO&M of ABR/SBR Hybrid P21, 500.00 P258, 000.00

User fee(P1.00/50 gal) P396, 258.00 P4, 755, 096.00

Figure 4.Cashflow Diagram

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Project life: 25 yearsInterest rate (projected): 5%Net Present Worth: Php. 45 086 461.00

Table 8. Comparison of Expenses for Water Consumption with and without the proposed Floodwater Treatment Facility

no. of households 180daily monthly yearly

*without treatment facilitycrude oil for pumping out water (drum) 4 48crude oil cost (P) 32614.40 391372.80water consumption (gal) 15.85 475.5 5706water consumption cost (P) 12.50 375.00 4500.00total water consumption (gal) 2853 85590 1027080total water consumption cost (P) 2250.00 67500.00 810000.00total cost (P) 100114.40 1201372.80

*treated water from facilitywater consumption cost (P) 45.00 1350.00 16200.00

Figure 5. Graph of Water Consumption Comparison with and without the project

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25-190000

10000

210000

410000

610000

810000

1010000

1210000

w/ treatment facility

without treatment facility

Operational Years of the Facility

Cost

of W

ater

Con

sum

ption

(Pes

o)

Interest rate, i 0.05projected life (years) 25NPW (w/o treatment facility), Php 16932081.65NPW (w/ treatment facility), Php 228321.902

6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

6.1 Project Description

This proposed project of floodwater treatment will provide solutions to water related issues due to scarcity and/or lack of access to clean water. This project includes measures to ease shortages of water for municipal use and will reduce dependence on groundwater resources.

The proposed project involves the construction of a treatment facility where the raw water would be collected and conveyed. It is an innovative wastewater treatment facility using technologies such as anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) and sequencing batch reactor (SBC) and filtration system to treat available flood and sewage water from the market into discharge standards for domestic and household uses.

6.2 Baseline Environmental Conditions

The ecological and environmental aspects presented in this report pertain to the geology, land use, hydrology, water quality, biology, vegetation and socio-economic setting of the project site.

A. Physical Environment

1. Geography

Malabon is located at the northern part of Metro Manila with an area of 1,571.40 has which is approximately 2.5% of the total land area of the latter. Its borders consist of the following: Caloocan City (south), Navotas City (west), Valezuela (north), and Obando (northwest). Malabon is characterized by flat plains with an average elevation of 17 meters. The Artex Compound, Bautista St., Barangay Panghulo, Malabon is an 8.5 hectare property and 1 hectare of it was intended for the workers of the Yupangco Textile Mill Inc. during the 1980’s.Artex Compound is a low-lying area wherein it became a catch basin of flood during heavy rains.

Figure 6.Google Map location of Artex Compound, Bgry.Panghulo, Malabon

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2. Demography

Malabon is composed of 21 barangays. The whole area is a combination of commercial districts, residential neighborhoods, and gated communities where a population of approximately 338,855 is residing. Artex Compound houses more than 150 families, most of whom were originally workers from the closed factory/

3. Hydrology

Malabon is predominantly composed of 11 rivers extending to its boundaries. Out of the 21 barangays, 7 are affected by high tide, 2 are flooded during heavy rain, and 5 barangays are affected by both high tide and heavy rainfall. Depending on the location, the level of water during floods varies from 0.25 meters to more than 2 meters, especially during heavy downpour.

4. Water Quality

The water quality of the area is poor due to leakage of flood through pipes and garbage clogging the waterways caused by improper waste disposal of informal settlers inhabiting the riversides. In Artex Compound, it has been found out that the supply of water from NAWASA is unfit for drinking due to presence of E.coli.

5. Air Quality

Due to polluting industries present such as the nearby noodle factory, the air quality of the area is at stake.

B. Biological Environment

1. Terrestrial Flora and Fauna

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Most of the land area of Malabon is occupied by residential and industrial facilities. Due to constant flooding, it becomes very difficult for the exposed residents to take care of plants and animals. However some areas, although minimal, are still abundant in flora and fauna. Take note that Malabon is famous for its Malabon Zoo.

2. Aquatic Ecology

Because of the pollution in Manila Bay and the rivers of Malabon, the quality of the saltwater coming from them is no longer suitable for growing bangus. Also, because of Malabon's proximity to Manila, the increase in the value of land now makes it more viable to turn fishponds into residential or commercial land.

C. Socio-Cultural, Economic and Political Environment

Approximately 160 sq. meters is anticipated to be covered by the facility to be built. The development of the proposed project will have an impact to barangays within the City of Malabon, especially the Artex Compound. During the site inspection, residents of Artex Compound were interviewed. They were actually open for proposals of improvement since the area was considered already as area for improvement and development.

D. Environmental Management Plan

Environmental Impact/Issue

Mitigation Measures Location Responsibility

A. Construction Phase

Soil Loss of Topsoil Stripping and storing topsoil prior to

construction and reusing it for rehabilitation

All construction sites

Contractor

Rehabilitation of borrow areas

Sand and coarse aggregate will be used for project activities. In other cases, erosion will be minimized by regular rehabilitation of areas not in use for project activities during construction. Rehabilitation will include: - Immediate revegetation using fast-growing species to keep soil in place - Installation of sediment runoff control devices - Erosion and revegetation monitoring

All construction sites

Contactor

Soil Contamination Installation of soil separators at washdown and refueling areas, and secondary containment at fuel storage sites

Material storage areas

Contractor

Disposal of excess excavated materialsfrom construction activities

Use of excavated rock and aggregates in construction, while the spoils will be deposited in areas with minimum landslide potential, layered and covered with soil, and planted with tress, shrubs, and grasses.

Spoil areas Contractor

Water Quality

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Disposal of sewage Waste water discharge during construction phase will consists of wastewater effluent discharge from the work camps. All wastewater will be treated to comply with the Effluent Standards. There will be no direct discharge of untreated sanitary waste to surface bodies. Truck and other vehicle maintenance will be strictly controlled to prevent discharge of waste oil.

Work camps, construction camps

Contractor

Wastewater from construction works

Wastewater contains high concentration of suspended solids which pollute the body of water. Installation of sedimentation tanks for the treatment of wastewater from sand and gravel washing. Reuse of treated effluent In coarse aggregate washing while residual dewatered sludge may be transported to waste disposal area.

Work camps, construction sites

Contractor

Air Quality Generation of Dust Regular water sprinkling of areas prone to

dust emission particularly during dry and windy conditions. Adopt wet approach in aggregate screening process and mix concrete in closed integrated mixing equipment. Erect clear warning signs for vehicles slow running. Paving of exposed parts of service roads, particularly through populated communities. Provide protective gadgets such as respirators to workers.

All construction sites, access roads

Contractor

Noise Noise Impacts Install clear warning signs.

Enforce ban on nighttime blasting. Install vibration isolation facilities to high noise-generating equipment and on-site sound barriers around concrete mixing machines. Noise mitigation measures for noise impacts on construction workers will include standards for occupational health and safety practices such as ear protection and enforcement of exposure duration restrictions.

All blasting sites

Contractor

Solid Waste Solid Waste Segregation of domestic waste from

construction waste. Regular disposal to a designated waste storage area.

All construction sites

Contractor

Flora Temporary land use Vegetation will be removed at the All Contractor

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and excavation will cause removal or relocation of tress and other vegetation as well as changes of land functions.

construction sites. All work should be carried out in a manner such that damage or disruption to vegetation is minimized. After completion of construction activities, temporary occupied areas should be revegetated.

construction sites

Fauna Disturbance to wild animals from construction activities, forcing them to migrate to other places

Provision of environmental training on environmental management issues. Deployment of environmental protection guards and imposing fines for illegal activities.

Entire project cycle

Contractor, Project Head with coordination with DENR-FMB

Social Changes in the lives of affected communities due to land acquisition and resettlement.

Design and implementation of a Land Acquisition and Resettlement Action Plan

Water treatment Plant

Project Head

Public Health and safety

Epidemics and infectious diseases among construction workers

Enhance hygiene and sanitation at the construction camps. Health checks and awareness should be provided regularly for disease prevention. Clinic facilities should also be provided within the construction sites.

Safety hazard to the general public

Provide warning barriers and signage All construction sites

Contractor

E. Estimated Cost of EIA.

1. Conduct of EIA1.1 Site scoping, public consultation, and public hearing 5,0001.2 Environmental sampling and study 10,000

1.2.1 Survey of land uses and ownership1.2.2 Flora and fauna 5,0001.2.3 Engineering geological and geohazard assessment report 10,0001.2.4 Survey of water use 5,0001.2.5 Air and noise quality 5,0001.2.6 Other supplemental environmental sampling

that may be required by DENR 20,0001.3 ECC Application and DENR review 50,000

1.3.1 DENR filing and processing fee and review fund 50,0001.3.2 Travel and transportation expenses 5,0001.3.3 Other incidental expenses 5,000

1.4 EIS consultancy 20,000TOTAL Php 190,000

F. Type of agreements or guarantees that will ensure the realization of such programs

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The construction of the proposed wastewater treatment facility will be done by the City of Malabon together with its City Engineer’s Office, Malabon Central Development Cooperative and City Planning and Development Office with expert guidance from United States Agency for International Development, Planning and Development Collaborative International Inc. (PADCO) and National Water Resources Board (Philippines), a water industry under Department of Environment and Natural Resources that is responsible for ensuring optimum utilization, development, conservation and preservation of the country’s water resources.

Artex Compound and Malabon will sign a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with USAID specifying their responsibilities from planning to operation and maintenance of the project.The City Government spearheaded by their municipal mayor in cooperation will be the one to develop the project design, advocacy campaign, fund the construction, and monitor the operation facility, shoulder construction and labor costs of the employees. PADCO in cooperation with USAID and NWRB will be the ones to provide technical assistance to Malabon in the initial plan, design and construction of the proposed treatment facility, and provide expert assistance on the selection of the appropriate technology. During construction, Artex Compound and then the Malabon City submit a report of the developments and future plans to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).

7. CONCLUSION

The proposed floodwater treatment facility as projected to operate for 25 years ensures that there will be sufficient supply of clean water to the residents of Brgy. Panghulo, specifically Artex Compound.In addition, the residents would only have to pay Php. 1.00 per 50 gallons of water instead of Php 1.25 per gallon which will lessen their financial burdens given that these families belong to the middle class Filipinos.

Aside from having a low-cost supply of water, extreme volume of floodwater in the area will also be remedied. As stated in the economic analysisthat the daily operation of the facility will extract 2500 cubic meters from the stagnant flood water in Artex Compound, it is expected that it will take 2 months of continuous operation to fully empty the flood, assuming that within this span of time there will be no significant raise in the level of water.

8. RECOMMENDATION

We recommended for further improvements the consideration of the months thatthe vicinity is experiencing drought, meaning, all the floodwater were extracted, and the months that there are typhoons and heavy rains that will cause great increase in the level of water that our facility cannot accommodate.

We also recommend the conceptualization of a piping plan that will collect the waste and flood water from its sources and distribute the treated water to the households in the most efficient way.

9. REFERENCES

1. Case Study on Water and Sanitation for the Poor done by the organization of United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific entitled, “Pro-poor Water and Wastewater Management in Small Towns”.

2. Briones, et al (April 2010). “A Study on the Evaluation of KangkongGrown on Floodwater of Artex Compound in Malabon”.

3. WasteWater System: Anaerobic Baffled Reactors (ABR); Retrieved from http://www.wastewatersystem.net/2009/10/anaerobic-baffled-reactors-abr.html, on February 28.

4. Biological Processes, batch reactor process (sbr water treatment) with decanter: AquaExcel; Retrieved from http://www.aqua-aerobic.com/aquaExcel.asp# on February 28.

5. Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR); Retrieved from http://www.thewatertreatments.com/waste-water-treatment-filtration-purify-sepration-sewage/sequential-batch-reactor-sbr on February 28.

6. Biolytix :: BioPod at Work; Retrieved from http://www.biolytix.co.nz/commercial/technology/how_the_biopod_works/ on February 28.

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