Figure 49.2 The Double Bind of Water Breathers

Figure 49.3 Gas Exchange Systems

Figure 49.5 Fish Gills

Figure 49.5 Fish Gills (Part 2)

Figure 49.6 Countercurrent Exchange Is More Efficient

Figure 49.9 Measuring Lung Ventilation

Figure 49.10 The Human Respiratory System (Part 1)

Figure 49.10 The Human Respiratory System (Part 2)

Figure 49.12 Binding of O2 to Hemoglobin Depends on PO2

Figure 49.12 Binding of O2 to Hemoglobin Depends on PO2

Figure 49.13 Oxygen-Binding Adaptations

Figure 49.14 Carbon Dioxide Is Transported as Bicarbonate Ions

Figure 49.14 Carbon Dioxide Is Transported as Bicarbonate Ions (Part 1)

Figure 49.15 Breathing Is Controlled in the Brainstem

Figure 49.16 Carbon Dioxide Affects Breathing Rate

Figure 49.18 Feedback Information Controls Breathing

LE 42-29a

O2 unloaded fromhemoglobinduring normalmetabolism

O2 reserve that canbe unloaded fromhemoglobin totissues with highmetabolism

P and hemoglobin dissociation at 37°C and pH 7.4O2

P (mm Hg)O2

Tissues duringexercise

Tissues at rest

Lungs

1008060402000

20

40

60

80

100

O2

satu

rati

on

of

hem

og

lob

in (

%)

LE 42-29b

Bohr shift:additional O2 released fromhemoglobin atlower pH(higher CO2

concentration)

pH and hemoglobin dissociation

P (mm Hg)O2

1008060402000

20

40

60

80

100

O2

satu

rati

on

of

hem

og

lob

in (

%)

pH 7.2

pH 7.4