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FERROMANGANESE SLAG:

DATA AND CLASSIFICATION

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Overview

• Substance Identification

• “Production process”

• Definitions: waste, by-product, hazardous

• How to analyse hazard

• Available data

• Classification

• Global classification status of FeMn slag

• Conclusions

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Substance ID

• Cas name: slags, ferromanganese-manufg

• Common names: HCFeMn slag, FeMn slag, Manganese component ferroalloy slag…

• An inorganic substance

• Unknown variable complex reaction products of biological material (UVCB) in nature

• EINEC No.:273-728-1

• Cas No.: 69012-28-8

• Composition: Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, K2O, CaO, TiO2, V2O5, Cr2O3, Fe2O3,BaO, ZrO2, ZnO, SrO,FeMn

3 October 2014

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“Production process”

November2014

850 kg/t-alloy - slag generated during FeMn production

54% recovered in SiMn production

36% utilized as aggregate material for construction

10% ultimately deposited as a waste product

FeMn slag recovery and processing

Average FeMn Slag Characteristics – 25% manganese

– 16% silicon

Benefits – A comparable substitute for low-grade ore

– Hard core for roads

– Cement industry

– Enhanced Mn-recovery

– Potential revenue stream for FeMn producers.

Importance of FeMn slag in SiMn production

• Waste framework directive – Directive 2008/98/EC ...For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions shall apply: ‘waste’ means any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to

discard.

• The US EPA defines solid waste as garbage, refuse, sludge, or other discarded material (including solids, semisolids, liquids, and contained gaseous materials).

• Waste refers to materials that are not prime products (that is, products produced for the market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose.

• Australian EPA under the Environment Protection Act 1993, defines waste as any discarded, rejected, abandoned, unwanted or surplus matter, whether or not intended for sale or for recycling, reprocessing, recovery or purification by a separate operation from that which produced the matter…

Definitions of waste…

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• Waste framework directive – Directive 2008/98/EC ... By-product is a substance or object, resulting from a production process, the primary aim of which is not the production of that item.

• The US EPA defines "by-product" as "a production residue that is not a waste." In turn, "production residue" is defined as "a material that is not deliberately produced in a production process." A production residue may be considered a by-product if it possesses characteristics that make it ready for further use in the economy; its further use must be a certainty without any further processing …

• A by-product is a secondary product derived from a manufacturing process or chemical reaction. It is not the primary product or service being produced. In the context of production, a by-product can be defined as the 'output from a joint production process that is minor in quantity and/or net value when compared to the main products

Definitions of by-product…

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• EU Regulations define hazardous as a substance/material that meet that criteria for classification as, toxic, irritant, harmful, corrosive... Under the CLP Regulation NO. 1272/2008 which is the European adaptation of the GHS - Global Harmonized System of Classification & Labelling

• The US EPA defines hazardous as…. Any thing that exhibits at least one of four characteristics -toxicity, ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity

• UNEP definition of hazardous...anything (regardless of its origin) which, by reason of their chemical activity or toxic, explosive, corrosive or other characteristics cause danger or are likely to cause danger to health or the environment

• Any material (excluding radioactive material), which because of its physical, chemical or infectious characteristics can cause significant hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed of or otherwise managed

Definitions of hazardous

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How to analyse hazard

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

PHYSICAL FORM

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

COMPOSITION

ECOTOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

Available data

Results of studies are reviewed against regulatory guidelines for classification &

labelling

Ecotox studies: Acute & chronic

Hazard Phys-chem

studies

Tox studies:

Acute & chronic

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Phys-chem data •Flammability •Oxidizing properties •Explosive properties •Water solubility...

Available Tox data •Acute toxicity to oral, inhalation and dermal exposure •Irritation: skin and eye •Sensitization & corrosion potential •Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity and toxic to reproduction potential via read across Ecotox data

•Acute toxicity to fish, daphnia and effects on activated sludge •Chronic data: Daphnia

reproduction, algae…

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Classification

• There are many different classifications schemes, all of them have the same aim- identification of hazard and labelling as a form of communicating the hazard

• They all use similar study types but sometimes the test species must be a local specie – this is typical for ecotox evaluations

• Generally speaking testing to GLP and OECD guidelines is internationally recognised however, the results of such test can result to different interpretations- example: acute oral test result of ... LD50 = 257 mg/kg/day

EU Harmful

USA Toxic

Australia Harmful

India Non-toxic

Malaysia Harmful

China Not Dangerous

Metal Bulletin 13

EU Registration, Evaluation, Authorization of Chemical regulation (REACH)- Not classified

Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) – Not classified

US Occupational Safety & Health Admin (OSHA) & EPA – Not classified

Australia, Work Health & Safety Regulation – Not classified

Under the Global Harmonised System of Classification & Labelling (GHS) – Not classified

Global classification status

Global Harmonized System (GHS) of classification and labeling in 2011

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Conclusion

• Comparing the definition of waste vs. by-products, FeMn slag should

be considered a by-product

• Classification schemes vary worldwide, but the rapid adoption of the GHS means that FeMn slag should have one classification status worldwide – No classification

• There is sufficient data on FeMn slag to derive a classification under any regulation – available data is to internationally recognized guidelines

• Analysis of the phy-chem, tox and ecotox data with the classification criteria in many countries concluded – No classification

• FeMn slag is a by-product with revenue potential

FeMn slag is therefore a non-hazardous inorganic

by-product, with a significant economic value

Thank you!

Happy to answer any questions!