female hormones

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male Hormones: Synthesis and Funct

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Page 1: Female hormones

Female Hormones: Synthesis and Function

Page 2: Female hormones

Reproductive System Hormone

Though endocrine, paracrine signaling also important hereCross-talk Between different cells within each gonad and Between endocrine and germ cells that are close to each other Between cells of maternal and fetal originAutocrine function also important

In addition, peptides that are synthesized in the hypothalamus and that initiate functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis may also be produced locally within the gonads and placenta, where they may have additional functions

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Steroid Hormones

Synthesized from cholesterol

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Steroid Hormones

17-ketosteroids

17-hydroxycorticoids or 17-hydroxycorticosteroids

OH

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20,22-desmolase

17-hydroxylase

Gonadal Hormones Synthesis

3β-ol-dehydrogenase and Δ4,5-isomerase

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17,20-desmolase

aromatase

Gonadal Hormones Synthesis

3β-ol-dehydrogenase and Δ4,5-isomerase

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aromatase

aromatase

17β-OH-steroid dehydrogenase

3β-ol-dehydrogenase and Δ4,5-isomerase

Gonadal Hormones Synthesis

17β-OH-steroid dehydrogenase

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5α-reductase

3α-reductase

3β-ol-dehydrogenase and Δ4,5-isomerase

aromatase

Gonadal Hormones Synthesis

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Ovary

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ovary orchestrates the development and release of a mature oocyte and also elaborates hormones (e.g., estrogen, progesterone, inhibin) that are critical for pubertal development and preparation of the uterus for conception, implantation, and the early stages of pregnancy

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Estrogen production in the ovary

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Feed back pathway

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Harmonal level during menstrual cycle

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Levels of FSH & LH Hormones

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Effects on the Female Genitalia

Effects on Endocrine Organs

Effects on the Central Nervous System

Effects on the Breasts

Female Secondary Sex Characteristics

significant plasma cholesterol-lowering action

Function of estrogen

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Progesterone

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Principal target organs of progesterone are the uterus, the breasts, and the brain

Cyclic changes in the cervix and vagina

Maintenance of Pregnancy

Function of Progesterone

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progesterone receptor is bound to a heat shock protein in the absence of the steroid, and progesterone binding releases the heat shock protein, exposing the DNA-binding domain of the receptor. The synthetic steroid mifepristone (RU 486) binds to the receptor but does not release the heat shock protein, and it blocks the binding of progesterone.

Substances that mimic the action of progesterone are sometimes called progestational agents, gestagens, or progestins. They are used along with synthetic estrogens as oral contraceptive agents

Mechanism of Action of Progesterone

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Polycystic Ovary SyndromeEssentials of DiagnosisClinical or biochemical evidence of hyperandrogenism. Oligoovulation or anovulation. Polycystic ovaries on ultrasonography.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting 4–7% of women of reproductive age and is a common source of chronic anovulation. The underlying etiology is unknown, although most of these women have an aberration of gonadotropin stimulation. This is manifested by an increased release of luteinizing hormone (LH) relative to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), resulting in an increased production of androstenedione and testosterone by ovarian theca cells

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

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Females…

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Females…The female reproductive

system is much more complicated than the male reproductive system.

The male produces sperm at a

constant rate, whereas the female goes through a complicated cycle in which an egg matures and is released over the course of a month.

The hormonal levels of the female fluctuate throughout her reproductive years until menopause.

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The creation of an ovum is called oogenesis: Ovaries contain follicles. Follicles are made up of the primary oocyte and the granulosa cells. The primary oocyte undergoes meiosis and becomes a mature ovum. The granulosa cells provide nutrients for the oocyte.

Although the ovary contains around 400 000 follicles, only about

400 or so will develop into mature ovum (from age 12 to about age 50).

Since many genetic disorders occur to the offspring of older mothers, it is theorized that as the follicles mature, they become genetically inferior.

Menopause signals the end of the female reproductive life as all

ovarian hormones, the female sex hormones, cease to be secreted.

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As the primary oocyte goes through meiosis I, one of the cells garners the majority of the cytoplasm and grows to a much larger size... this is the secondary oocyte. The remaining portion is termed a polar body. The secondary oocyte pushes against the ovary wall and eventually bursts through... ovulation.

Surrounding follicle cells around the burst form the corpus luteum

which secretes hormones essential for pregnancy. If pregnancy does not happen, the corpus luteum degenerates after about 10 days.

The secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis II in the oviduct. The one

garnering all the cytoplasm this time is the mature ovum. The other is another polar body.

As with the male, there is a negative feedback loop that regulates

the production of female sex hormones (progesterone and estrogen).

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The Feedback LoopHypothalamus releases

gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) to the pituitary

Pituitary releases FSH to stimulate the follicles in the ovary to mature

The follicle releases estrogen which causes the endometrial lining of the uterus to thicken

This estrogen, at midcycle, also causes the pituitary to release LH and stop secreting FSH.

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The Feedback LoopThe rise in LH secretions cause

ovulation to occur .

LH makes the remaining follicles turn into the corpus luteum.

The corpus luteum secretes both progesterone and a small level of estrogen which promote the building up of the endometrium.

As progesterone and estrogen build up in the female, they inhibit the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary.

This causes the corpus luteum to deteriorate and thus decrease the levels of estrogen and progesterone which causes menstruation.

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Menstrual Cycle

The whole thing lasts about 28 days, but can be irregular due to a number of factors.

There are 4 phases to the menstrual cycle.

Flow Phase: Days 1-5: This is the shedding of the endometrial lining and is the only phase of the female cycle that can be determined externally. It takes about 5 days for the entire lining to be shed.

Follicular Phase: Days 6-13: The follicles are developing inside the ovary and as they mature they are releasing estrogen.

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Menstrual CycleOvulation: Day 14: The egg bursts from the

ovary and is caught by the fimbriae and sent into the oviduct. The corpus luteum is made from the follicles around where the egg burst. Slight dip in estrogen level when the burst occurs.

Luteal Phase: Days 15-28:Estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the corpus luteum. Progesterone continues to stimulate the thickening of the uterine lining as well as preventing further ovulation and uterine contractions. If the egg is not fertilized, the concentrations of estrogen and progesterone drop which causes a return to the flow phase.

Birth control pills contain high concentrations

of progesterone which inhibits ovulation and thereby prevents conception.

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Thank you