fea final project
TRANSCRIPT
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
ANALYSIS OF A FORKLIFT Problem Description: This tutorial analyzes the fork tine on a forklift, and used Abaqus to analyze the deflection of the fork and the maximum Von Misses stress caused by a distributed/pressure load. The magnitude of the deflection at the tip of the fork, and the location and influence of AISI 4140 Alloy Steel (Young's Modulus of 190 GPa; Poisson's Ratio of 0.27) will be analyzed as the fork material. This analysis will look at a single fork tinemeters. A comparison of maximum Von Mises stress and vertical tip deflection will be made under a distributed/pressure load of 1000 Nanalysis are illustrated in Figure 1 shown below
Figure 1: Loading and Boundary Conditions of a Single Forklift Fork
TUTORIAL 1
LIFT TINE USING 8-NODED BRICK ELEMENTS
This tutorial analyzes the fork tine on a forklift, and used Abaqus to analyze the deflection of the fork and the maximum Von Misses stress caused by a distributed/pressure load. The magnitude of the deflection at the tip of the fork, and the location and magnitude of the largest stress are of interest. The influence of AISI 4140 Alloy Steel (Young's Modulus of 190 GPa; Poisson's Ratio of 0.27) will be analyzed
s will look at a single fork tine for two cases of lengths: 1 mmeters. A comparison of maximum Von Mises stress and vertical tip deflection will be made under a
load of 1000 N/m2. A sketch of the loading and boundary conditions for this analysis are illustrated in Figure 1 shown below.
Figure 1: Loading and Boundary Conditions of a Single Forklift Fork
Class: MECH5130, Spring 2016 Final Project Tutorial Author(s): Christy Cavaleri and Benjamin SalisburyPrograms used: ABAQUS/CAE- Version 6.14
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NODED BRICK ELEMENTS
This tutorial analyzes the fork tine on a forklift, and used Abaqus to analyze the deflection of the fork and the maximum Von Misses stress caused by a distributed/pressure load. The magnitude of the
magnitude of the largest stress are of interest. The influence of AISI 4140 Alloy Steel (Young's Modulus of 190 GPa; Poisson's Ratio of 0.27) will be analyzed
for two cases of lengths: 1 meter and 1.5 meters. A comparison of maximum Von Mises stress and vertical tip deflection will be made under a
. A sketch of the loading and boundary conditions for this
Figure 1: Loading and Boundary Conditions of a Single Forklift Fork
Christy Cavaleri and Benjamin Salisbury Version 6.14-2
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Tutorial steps: Creating the Model Geometry
Go to the Start Menu and open You may be prompted with an
box by clicking the X in the top right hand corner.
Figure 1:Abaqus/CAE 6.1
TUTORIAL 2
and open Abaqus/CAE You may be prompted with an Abaqus/CAE 6.14-2 Start Session dialog box (Figure 1). Close this
in the top right hand corner.
Abaqus/CAE 6.14-2 Start Session Dialog Box.
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dialog box (Figure 1). Close this
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Once the Start Session box is exited, the Abaqus/CAE Viewport should look similar to Figure 2.
(Please note the model tree while the module is the list of icons to the right of the model tree)
To create the model geometry of the Using the left mouse button, double click
dialog box appears. Enter a new name for the part (to 10. The Create Part dialog box should look identical to Figure 3b.
Click Continue… and the graphics window will change to a set of gridlines.
TUTORIAL 3
box is exited, the Abaqus/CAE Viewport should look similar to Figure 2. model tree is the series of functions listed on the left hand side of the viewport,
is the list of icons to the right of the model tree)
Figure 2: Abaqus/CAE Viewport
To create the model geometry of the tine, a sketch of the profile of the part must be generated. Using the left mouse button, double click Parts in the model tree and the Create Part dialog box appears. Enter a new name for the part (TINE). Change the approximate size option
dialog box should look identical to Figure 3b. … and the graphics window will change to a set of gridlines.
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box is exited, the Abaqus/CAE Viewport should look similar to Figure 2. is the series of functions listed on the left hand side of the viewport,
, a sketch of the profile of the part must be generated. Create Part (Figure 3a)
). Change the approximate size option
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 3a: Create Part Dialog Box
The first step in generating the model geometry, an outline of the profile of the
created. Click the Create Isolated Point At the bottom of the viewport the
the tine geometry are entered using X,Y coordinates. listed in Table 1. After each entry press the enter key on the keyboard. If done successfully, a different point should appear in the viewport each time the e
TUTORIAL 4
Create Part Dialog Box Figure 3b: Create Part Dialog Box (
The first step in generating the model geometry, an outline of the profile of the
Create Isolated Point icon in the module. At the bottom of the viewport the Pick a point - - or enter X,Y: option should appear. Points of
geometry are entered using X,Y coordinates. Enter the X,Y coordinates for each point . After each entry press the enter key on the keyboard. If done successfully, a
different point should appear in the viewport each time the enter button is pressed.
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Create Part Dialog Box (TINE)
The first step in generating the model geometry, an outline of the profile of the tine will be
option should appear. Points of Enter the X,Y coordinates for each point
. After each entry press the enter key on the keyboard. If done successfully, a nter button is pressed.
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Press F6 to automatically scale the points to fit the screen. If all the points have been entered correctly, the viewport should look similar to
TUTORIAL 5
Table 1: Points for Geometry
to automatically scale the points to fit the screen. If all the points have been entered correctly, the viewport should look similar to Figure 4.
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to automatically scale the points to fit the screen. If all the points have been entered
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Click the Create Lines: Connected points 1&2. After this first line has been created click the center scroll wheel on the mouse to exit the creation of this segment of lines.
Next, create lines between points 15&16, 16&17, 17&18, 18&19, 19&20, 20&6Lines: Connected tool. If done correctly, the viewport should look similar to
TUTORIAL 6
Figure 4: Geometry Points
Create Lines: Connected icon in the module. Click and create lines between . After this first line has been created click the center scroll wheel on the mouse to
exit the creation of this segment of lines. ate lines between points 5&7, 7&8, 8&9, 9&10, 10&11, 11&12, 12&13, 13&14, 14&15,
15&16, 16&17, 17&18, 18&19, 19&20, 20&6. Press Esc on the keyboard to exit the tool. If done correctly, the viewport should look similar to Figure 5
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in the module. Click and create lines between . After this first line has been created click the center scroll wheel on the mouse to
5&7, 7&8, 8&9, 9&10, 10&11, 11&12, 12&13, 13&14, 14&15, on the keyboard to exit the Create
Figure 5.
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Next, the two fillets must be created. Click the the module. To set the center point of the first fillet, left click starting point of the arc. Select
To select the center of the second fillet, again leftpoint of the arc. Select point6
If done correctly, the geometry should look similar to
TUTORIAL 7
Figure 5: Geometry Lines
Next, the two fillets must be created. Click the Create Arc: Center and 2 Endpointsthe module. To set the center point of the first fillet, left click point 3. Next, click starting point of the arc. Select point5 as the end point of the arc to finish creating the fillet.To select the center of the second fillet, again left-click point 3. Next, click point
point6 as the end point of the arc to finish creating finalIf done correctly, the geometry should look similar to Figure 6.
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Create Arc: Center and 2 Endpoints icon in . Next, click point 2as the
as the end point of the arc to finish creating the fillet. point4 as the starting final fillet.
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Next, the inside angle for the tip of the
Construction: Oblique Line Thru 2 Points
Construction: Line at an Angle At the bottom of the viewport, the
tine tip angle should be enterefield and press Enter on the keyboard. A red line of infinite length with a downward slope from left to right should now follow the cursor in the viewport.
Left-click point 1 and then pr If done correctly, the geometry in the viewport should match that illustrated in
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Figure 6: Geometry Fillets
Next, the inside angle for the tip of the tine must be established. Click and hold
lique Line Thru 2 Points icon in the module. Then select the
Construction: Line at an Angle icon from the expanded menu. At the bottom of the viewport, the Angle: option should appear. Angle measurements for the
tip angle should be entered as degrees relative to the X-axis. Enter a value of on the keyboard. A red line of infinite length with a downward slope from
left to right should now follow the cursor in the viewport. and then press Esc to exit the Create Construction: Line at an Angle
If done correctly, the geometry in the viewport should match that illustrated in
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and hold the Create
. Then select the Create
icon from the expanded menu. Angle measurements for the Enter a value of -5.0 into this
on the keyboard. A red line of infinite length with a downward slope from
Create Construction: Line at an Angle tool. If done correctly, the geometry in the viewport should match that illustrated in Figure 7:
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 7:
The final step in drawing the profile of the
4. Once again, click the Create Lines: Connected starting point for the line. Next, drag the cursor in a horizontal line until it intersects with the construction line. When done correctly, an seen in Figure 8. (note: if the marker is a
Figure 8: Proper Intersection of New Line and Construction Line Indicated by “X”
Select this intersection as the second point of the new line. Finally, create a line between the intersection point and
geometry of the tine. Press If done correctly, the geometry in the viewport will match that viewed in
TUTORIAL 9
Figure 7: Tip Angle Construction Line
The final step in drawing the profile of the tine is to close the border between point 1 and point
Create Lines: Connected icon in the module. Select starting point for the line. Next, drag the cursor in a horizontal line until it intersects with the
e. When done correctly, an X will appear at the intersection of the two lines, (note: if the marker is a O and not an X, the new line is not horizontal)
Proper Intersection of New Line and Construction Line Indicated by “X”
Select this intersection as the second point of the new line. Finally, create a line between the intersection point and point 1 to complete the profile
. Press Esc on the keyboard to exit the Create Lines: Connectedne correctly, the geometry in the viewport will match that viewed in Figure 9
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close the border between point 1 and point
in the module. Select point 4 as the starting point for the line. Next, drag the cursor in a horizontal line until it intersects with the
will appear at the intersection of the two lines, , the new line is not horizontal)
Proper Intersection of New Line and Construction Line Indicated by “X” Marker
to complete the profile Create Lines: Connected tool.
Figure 9.
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 9:
The geometry of the tine is now complete. Click sketching viewport.
The Edit Base Extrusion (Figure 10a) dialog box should appear. In the Edit Base Extrusion dialog box should be identical to
Figure 10a: Edit Base Extrusion dialog box
Click Okay. The part should turn a solid grey color and rotate into an isometric view similar to Figure 11.
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Figure 9: Completed Fork Profile Geometry
is now complete. Click Doneat the bottom of the viewport to exit the
(Figure 10a) dialog box should appear. In the Depth field enter dialog box should be identical to Figure 10b.
Edit Base Extrusion dialog box Figure 10b: Edit Base Extrusion dialog box (
. The part should turn a solid grey color and rotate into an isometric view similar to
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at the bottom of the viewport to exit the
field enter 0.1. The
Edit Base Extrusion dialog box (TINE)
. The part should turn a solid grey color and rotate into an isometric view similar to
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 11:
Defining Material Properties
To define material properties for this model, double click on Edit Material dialog box will appear (Alloy Steel), and click the Mechanical Young’s Modulus = 190E09 GPabeen entered, the Edit Material
Click Ok.
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Figure 11:Completed Model of Individual Forklift Tine
To define material properties for this model, double click on Materials in the model tree and the dialog box will appear (Figure 12a). Enter a Name for the material (
Mechanical tab, highlight Elasticity and click Elastic. = 190E09 GPa, and Poisson’s Ratio = 0.27. After the material properties have Edit Material dialog box should look identical to Figure 12b.
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in the model tree and the for the material (AISI 4140
Elastic. Enter values of = 0.27. After the material properties have
.
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 12a: Edit Material Dialog Box
It should be noted that there is no feature in ABAQUS that sets specific units. All dimensions used in this tutorial have been entered in meters. Because of this, Young’s Modulus must be entered in Pa (Pascals) in order to maintain consistency.
Creating Sections
To create a solid section in ABAQUS, double click (Figure 13a) dialog box will appear. In the dialog box should look identical to
Click Continue…
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Edit Material Dialog Box Figure 12b: Edit Material Dialog Box (Alloy Steel)
It should be noted that there is no feature in ABAQUS that sets specific units. All dimensions used in entered in meters. Because of this, Young’s Modulus must be entered in Pa
(Pascals) in order to maintain consistency.
To create a solid section in ABAQUS, double click Sections in the model tree and the ) dialog box will appear. In the Name field, enter SOLID. The complete
dialog box should look identical to Figure 13b.
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Edit Material Dialog Box (AISI 4140
It should be noted that there is no feature in ABAQUS that sets specific units. All dimensions used in entered in meters. Because of this, Young’s Modulus must be entered in Pa
in the model tree and the Create Section field, enter SOLID. The complete Create Section
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 13a: Create Section Dialog Box
The Edit Section (Figure 14) dialog box will appear.
Figure 14:
Click OK to accept the default values.
Assigning Sections
To assign sections to the model, expand the next to Part.
Next, expand the TINE branch. Double click the Section Assignments
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Create Section Dialog Box Figure 13b: Create Section Dialog Box (SOLID)
) dialog box will appear.
Figure 14: Edit Section Dialog Box (SOLID)
to accept the default values.
To assign sections to the model, expand the Part branch of the model tree by pressing the
Assignmentsicon, seen in Figure 15.
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Create Section Dialog Box (SOLID)
branch of the model tree by pressing the + symbol
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 15: Expanded Model Tree Showing Section Assignment icon
Left click in the viewport and drag a box across the entirety of the model. If the section has been chosen correctly all edges should change from black to red (
Uncheck the box below the view Click Done.
Figure 16:
The Edit Section Assignment (Figure 17
TUTORIAL 14
Expanded Model Tree Showing Section Assignment icon
Left click in the viewport and drag a box across the entirety of the model. If the section has been chosen correctly all edges should change from black to red (Figure 16). Uncheck the box below the viewport next to “Create Set:”
Figure 16: Section Assignment Selection
Figure 17) dialog box will then appear.
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Left click in the viewport and drag a box across the entirety of the model. If the section has been
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 17:
Click OK. The geometry should now turn
Creating an Instance
The part must be brought into the assembly before it is able to be meshed. This process is started by left clicking the + to the left of the branch is seen in Figure 18.
Double click Instances.
Figure 18:
The Create Instance (Figure 19) dialog box will appear. Under the that Dependent (mesh on part)
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Figure 17: Edit Section Assignment (SOLID)
The geometry should now turn a light blue/green color.
The part must be brought into the assembly before it is able to be meshed. This process is started to the left of the Assembly icon in the model tree. The expanded
Figure 18: Expanded Assembly Branch
) dialog box will appear. Under the Instance Type Option be sure Dependent (mesh on part) is selected.
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The part must be brought into the assembly before it is able to be meshed. This process is started icon in the model tree. The expanded Assembly
Option be sure
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 19:
Click OK. If done correctly, the model will turn blue (
TUTORIAL 16
Figure 19: Create Instance Dialog Box
done correctly, the model will turn blue (Figure 20).
Figure 20: Instance Tine
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ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Creating a Mesh
Since the Instance Type is set to established through the part tree. Under the Figure 21. If done correctly, the geometry should change color to yellow.
The geometry must be partitioned before creating the mesh. Click the icon in the module.
At the top of the screen, click View
The Views Toolbar
From the views toolbar, select the now be visible.Click the front face of the model. If done correctly, t
Click Done. You will be prompted to select an edge or axis. In the dropof the viewport, select horizontal and on the bottom
Use the Create Lines: Connectedidentical to that in Figure 22.
TUTORIAL 17
is set to Dependent (mesh on part), the mesh for the model will be established through the part tree. Under the TINE branch, double click Mesh (Empty)
. If done correctly, the geometry should change color to yellow.
Figure 21: Expanded Part Branch
The geometry must be partitioned before creating the mesh. Click the Partition Face: Sketch
View and in the dropdown menu select Toolbars, then click
will appear.
toolbar, select the Apply Front View icon. The front face of the model should front face of the model. If done correctly, the face will turn red.
. You will be prompted to select an edge or axis. In the drop-down menu at the bottom horizontal and on the bottom, then click the bottom edge of the face.
Create Lines: Connected icon in the module and create lines such that the geometry is
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, the mesh for the model will be Mesh (Empty), seen in
Partition Face: Sketch
, then click Views.
will appear.
face of the model should he face will turn red.
down menu at the bottom om edge of the face.
icon in the module and create lines such that the geometry is
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Click Done. If done correctly, the model should turn yellow.
The next step in creating the mesh is to seedmodule, seed the edges listed in order to seed by number of elements, the option Window (Figure 24). Select the edges one at a time, click doneto the desired amount, then click ok. Click the next edge and repeat,
Figure 23: Selected Edges
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Figure 22: Partitioned Geometry If done correctly, the model should turn yellow.
p in creating the mesh is to seed the part. Using the Seed Edges icon in the module, seed the edges listed in Figure 23 with their respective values shown in Table 2order to seed by number of elements, the option By Number should be selected in the
Select the edges one at a time, click done, and change the number of elements to the desired amount, then click ok. Click the next edge and repeat, through edge 32.
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icon in the Table 2. (Note: In
should be selected in the Local Seeds , and change the number of elements
through edge 32.
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL 19 REV 04.25.2016
Table 2: Elements per Edge
Edge # of Elements1 252 253 174 175 36 67 88 69 210 311 212 113 114 115 116 1817 418 1219 220 321 222 123 124 125 126 227 228 229 230 231 232 2
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
From the views toolbar, select the should now be visible.
Hold Shift and drag a line bisecting the model through the center, from left to rigcorrectly, the viewport will appear identical to
TUTORIAL 20
Figure 24: Local Seeds Dialog Box
toolbar, select the Apply Bottom View icon. The bottom face of the model
Hold Shift and drag a line bisecting the model through the center, from left to right. If done correctly, the viewport will appear identical to Figure 25.
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face of the model
ht. If done
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Click Done. Under Sizing Controls, enter 4 as the number of elements. The window should look identical to
Figure 26.
TUTORIAL 21
Figure 25: Depth Edge Selection
as the number of elements. The window should look identical to
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as the number of elements. The window should look identical to
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 26:
Click OK. Click Done.
Click the Apply Iso Viewmodel.
Click the Assign Element Type The Element Type (Figure 27a
option. The Element Type
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Figure 26: Local Seeds Window for Depth Edges
icon in the Views Toolbar to return to the isometric view of the
Assign Element Type icon in the module. Figure 27a) dialog box will appear. Uncheck the Reduced Integration
Element Type dialog box should be identical to Figure 27b.
Figure 27a: Element Type Dialog Box
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to return to the isometric view of the
Reduced Integration
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 27b:
Click OK.
Next, click the Mesh Part mesh the part? Click Yes. If done correctly, the model should appear similar to
TUTORIAL 23
Figure 27b: Element Type Dialog Box (TINE)
icon in the module. At the bottom of the viewport, next to . If done correctly, the model should appear similar to
Figure 28: Meshed Model
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e viewport, next to OK to . If done correctly, the model should appear similar to Figure 28.
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Creating a Step
A step is used to define the type of loading and boundary conditions. In the model tree, double click the
appear. In the Name field, enter choose General. Next, select should look identical to Figure 29b
Figure 29a: Create Step Dialog Box
Click Continue….The Edit Step
TUTORIAL 24
A step is used to define the type of loading and boundary conditions. In the model tree, double click the Steps (1) icon. The Create Step (Figure 29a
field, enter LOADING STEP. In the dropdown menu for Procedure type. Next, select Static, General in the menu below. The Create Step
Figure 29b.
Create Step Dialog Box Figure 29b: Create Step Dialog Box (LOADING STEP)
Edit Step (Figure 30)dialog box will immediately appear.
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Figure 29a) dialog box will Procedure type,
Create Step dialog box
Create Step Dialog Box (LOADING STEP)
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Click OK to accept the default values.
Apply Boundary Conditions
Boundary conditions will be defined to simulate the forklift tine while in use. The underside of the mounting brackets will be fixed and a distributed load will be appltine.
Double click BCs in the model tree and the will appear. Enter Fixed in the Be sure under Category the optionSymmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre
The Create Boundary Condition
TUTORIAL 25
Figure 30: Edit Step Dialog Box
to accept the default values.
Boundary conditions will be defined to simulate the forklift tine while in use. The underside of the mounting brackets will be fixed and a distributed load will be applied along the length of the
in the model tree and the Create Boundary Condition (Figure 31ain the Name field, and under the Step drop down menu select the option for Mechanical is selected. Additionally,
Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre should be selected under Types for Selected StepCreate Boundary Condition window should look identical to Figure 31b.
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Boundary conditions will be defined to simulate the forklift tine while in use. The underside of ied along the length of the
Figure 31a) dialog box drop down menu select Initial.
Types for Selected Step.
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 31a: Create Boundary Condition Dialog Box
Click Continue….
At the top of the screen select the rotate the model so that the undersides of both brackets are visible.
If done correctly the viewport should look similar to
Figure 32: Rotated View of Model Exposing Undersides of Brackets
TUTORIAL 26
Create Boundary Condition Dialog Box Figure 31b: Create Boundary Condition Dialog Box (FIXED)
At the top of the screen select the Rotate View icon. Click inside the circle in the viewport and rotate the model so that the undersides of both brackets are visible.
ectly the viewport should look similar to Figure 32.
Rotated View of Model Exposing Undersides of Brackets
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Create Boundary Condition Dialog
icon. Click inside the circle in the viewport and
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Click the X in the bottom left corner Hold Shift and left click the two visible faces
bracket. Uncheck the Create Set: The Edit Boundary Condition (Figure 33
Figure 33:
Select ENCASTRE (U1=U2=U3=UR1=UR2=UR3=0) If done correctly, the model should look identical to
Figure 34: Model with Proper Boundary Conditions Applied
TUTORIAL 27
bottom left corner of the screen. the two visible faces that create a right angle, (see Figure 32
Create Set: box at the bottom and click Done. Figure 33) dialog box will appear.
Figure 33: Edit Boundary Condition Dialog Box
ENCASTRE (U1=U2=U3=UR1=UR2=UR3=0) option and click OK. If done correctly, the model should look identical to Figure 34.
Model with Proper Boundary Conditions Applied
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32) under each
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Click the Apply Iso View icon in the model.
Applying a Pressure Load to the Model
A uniform pressure load of 1000 NLoads in the model tree and the for the load called PRESSURE, and ensuAdditionally, the Category should be set to have Pressure selected. The Create Load
Figure 35a: Create Load Dialog Box
Click Continue…. Left click the largest visible surface parallel with the Create surface option at the bottom and click red and the Edit Load (Figure 36a
In the Magnitude field, enter 1000
TUTORIAL 28
icon in the Views Toolbar to return to the isometric view of the
Pressure Load to the Model
uniform pressure load of 1000 N/m2 will be applied to the length of the model. Double click in the model tree and the Create Load (Figure 35a) dialog box will appear. Create a
, and ensure that the Step option is set to LOADING STEPshould be set to Mechanical and the Types for Selected Step
Create Load dialog box should appear identical to Figure 35b
Create Load Dialog Box Figure 35b: Create Load Dialog Box (PRESSURE)
. Left click the largest visible surface parallel with the XZ-Plane. Uncheck the option at the bottom and click Done. The selected face of the model sh
Figure 36a) dialog box will immediately appear. 1000. The Edit Load dialog box should be identical to
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to return to the isometric view of the
will be applied to the length of the model. Double click ) dialog box will appear. Create a Name
LOADING STEP. Types for Selected Step should
Figure 35b.
Create Load Dialog Box (PRESSURE)
. Uncheck the . The selected face of the model should turn
dialog box should be identical to Figure 36b.
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 36a: Edit Load Dialog Box
Click OK. If done correctly, the viewport should be similar to
Figure 37:
Creating a Job
To create a job for this model, start by double clicking the The Create Job (Figure 38) dialog box will appear. In the
TUTORIAL 29
Edit Load Dialog Box Figure 36b: Edit Load Dialog Box (PRESSURE)
If done correctly, the viewport should be similar to Figure 37.
Figure 37: Model with Pressure Load Applied
To create a job for this model, start by double clicking the Jobs icon in the model tre) dialog box will appear. In the Name field, enter Case_1
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Edit Load Dialog Box (PRESSURE)
icon in the model tree. Case_1.
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 38:
Click Continue…. The Edit Job
Click OK to accept the default settings.
Model Analysis
Click the + next to Jobs to view your newly created job. Right clickCase_1 and select Submit If you see a warning (Figure 40
unintentionally overwriting a previously completed analysis with the same name.
TUTORIAL 30
Figure 38: Create Job Dialog Box (Case_1)
Edit Job (Figure 39) dialog box will immediately appear.
Figure 39: Edit Job Dialog Box
accept the default settings.
to view your newly created job. Submit from the menu.
Figure 40), click OK. The intent of the warning is to prevent the user from entionally overwriting a previously completed analysis with the same name.
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. The intent of the warning is to prevent the user from
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
The model is now submitted for analysis by Abaqus
Postprocessing using Abaqus/CAE
When ready, right click the Case_1 (Completed) If this selection was done correctly, the model will turn green and the geometry will remain in an
isometric view. This is illustrated in
To plot the deformed shape of ththe Visualization module. The model should look similar to
TUTORIAL 31
Figure 40: Submission Warning
The model is now submitted for analysis by Abaqus.
Case_1 (Completed) icon in the model tree and select If this selection was done correctly, the model will turn green and the geometry will remain in an isometric view. This is illustrated in Figure 41.
Figure 41: Results Viewport
To plot the deformed shape of the model, click the Plot Contours on Deformed Shapemodule. The model should look similar to Figure 42.
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icon in the model tree and select Results. If this selection was done correctly, the model will turn green and the geometry will remain in an
Plot Contours on Deformed Shape icon in
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 42:
In the toolbar at the top of the screen, select Output… The Report Field Output
Figure 43:
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Figure 42: View of Deformed Model
In the toolbar at the top of the screen, select Report and in the dropdown menu click Report Field Output (Figure 43) dialog box will appear.
Figure 43: Report Field Output Dialog Box
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and in the dropdown menu click Field
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Select the Setup tab. In the Name At the bottom of the window, uncheck The Report Field Output Setup Tab
Figure 44:
Return to the Variable tab and click the arrow next to Mises. The Variable tab should look identical to
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Name field, replace abaqus.rpt with Case_1.rpt At the bottom of the window, uncheck Column totals.
Field Output Setup Tab dialog box should look identical to Figure 44.
Figure 44: Report Field Output Setup Tab
tab and click the arrow next to S: Stress components. Click the box next to tab should look identical to Figure 45.
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. Click the box next to
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 45:
Click Apply. Next, uncheck the box next to In the dropdown menu next to Scroll down to the bottom of the list and click the arrow next to Check the box next to U2. The Variable tab should now look identical to
Figure 46:
Click OK.
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Figure 45: Report Field Output Von Mises Stress
. Next, uncheck the box next to S: Stress components. In the dropdown menu next to Position, select Unique Nodal. Scroll down to the bottom of the list and click the arrow next to U: Spatial displacement
tab should now look identical to Figure 46.
Figure 46: Report Field Output Tip Deflection
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U: Spatial displacement
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
The maximum Von Mises stress and maximum deflection (located at the tip of the tine) can now be viewed in Case_1.rpt located in the
Changing the Geometry to Satisfy Case 2
This task requires an analysis of a forklift tine at two separate lengths in order to makcomparison. Rather than creating an entirely new model, it is possible to modify the existing geometry to satisfy this requirement.
The previous model should be saved first before any modifications are made. Save the file by
either clicking File > Save or by clicking the screen.
Click the Model tab above the In the Tine branch, click the + Right click the Solid extrude-1
appear. Click the Edit Section Sketch
The viewport should now look similar to
TUTORIAL 35
ress and maximum deflection (located at the tip of the tine) can now be located in the Working Directory.
Changing the Geometry to Satisfy Case 2
This task requires an analysis of a forklift tine at two separate lengths in order to makcomparison. Rather than creating an entirely new model, it is possible to modify the existing geometry to satisfy this requirement. The previous model should be saved first before any modifications are made. Save the file by
or by clicking the Save Model Database icon in the top left of the
tab above the Results Tree to return to the model tree. next to the Features (2) icon.
1 icon and select Edit. The Edit Feature (Figure 47) dialog box will
Edit Section Sketch icon to modify the current geometry.
Figure 47: Edit Feature Dialog Box
The viewport should now look similar to Figure 48.
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ress and maximum deflection (located at the tip of the tine) can now be
This task requires an analysis of a forklift tine at two separate lengths in order to make a comparison. Rather than creating an entirely new model, it is possible to modify the existing
The previous model should be saved first before any modifications are made. Save the file by
icon in the top left of the
) dialog box will
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Using the scroll-wheel on the mouse, zoom out so that the geometry is about half as large in the window.
Next, click the Pan View icon and using the left mouse button, move the geometry to the center of the window.
When centered, press Esc on the keyboard to exit the
Click the Delete icon in the module. Next, click the construction linetip of the tine. If done correctly, the line will turn red.
Click Done. Press Esc on the keyboard to exit the In order to modify the geometry, the dimensions of certain edges will be altered. Before doing so it
is important to apply appropriate constraints. For example, in this case we want to extend the length of the top edge of the tine (where the presin the negative x direction, otherwise there would be unstable geometry.
Click the Add Constraint appear.
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Figure 48: Edit Feature Viewport
wheel on the mouse, zoom out so that the geometry is about half as large in the
icon and using the left mouse button, move the geometry to the center
on the keyboard to exit the Pan View tool.
icon in the module. Next, click the construction line that passes through the . If done correctly, the line will turn red.
on the keyboard to exit the Delete tool. In order to modify the geometry, the dimensions of certain edges will be altered. Before doing so it is important to apply appropriate constraints. For example, in this case we want to extend the length of the top edge of the tine (where the pressure load is applied). This extension must occur
, otherwise there would be unstable geometry.
icon from the module. The Add Constraint (Figure 49
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wheel on the mouse, zoom out so that the geometry is about half as large in the
icon and using the left mouse button, move the geometry to the center
that passes through the
In order to modify the geometry, the dimensions of certain edges will be altered. Before doing so it is important to apply appropriate constraints. For example, in this case we want to extend the
sure load is applied). This extension must occur
Figure 49) window will
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Select Fixedand click on the point circled in red Click Done. Now select Horizontal in the Add Constraint
50a. The constraints should appear on the viewport si
Figure 50a:
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Figure 49: Add Constraint Window
point circled in red from Figure 50a.
Add Constraint window and click the edge boxed in white
The constraints should appear on the viewport similar to Figure 50b.
Figure 50a: Added Constraint Locations
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edge boxed in whitefrom Figure
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 50b:
Click the X in the bottom left cornermanually close the Add Constraint
The dimensions are now ready to be modified. Click the Next, click the angled edge circled in red
click again. You will be prompted tviewport. Press Enter on the keyboard to accept the original length as the dimension. (This step ensures that this edge will not change length when the top edge is extended.)
Click once on the top edge of the tine that is to be extended, the mouse above the edge and click again.
In the New Dimension field at the bottom of the viewport, Press Enter on the keyboard. If done correctly, the geometry of the model should be identical to
Figure 51b.
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Figure 50b: Added Constraint Verification
bottom left corner to exit the Add Constraint tool. (You may also need to Add Constraint window by clicking the X in the corner of that window.
The dimensions are now ready to be modified. Click the Add Dimension icon in the module. edge circled in redin Figure 51a once. Drag the mouse down slightly and
click again. You will be prompted to input a value in the New Dimension field at the bottom of the on the keyboard to accept the original length as the dimension. (This step
ensures that this edge will not change length when the top edge is extended.) he top edge of the tine that is to be extended, circled in white in Figure 51a
the mouse above the edge and click again. field at the bottom of the viewport, type1.5
on the keyboard. If done correctly, the geometry of the model should be identical to
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tool. (You may also need to in the corner of that window.
icon in the module. once. Drag the mouse down slightly and
field at the bottom of the on the keyboard to accept the original length as the dimension. (This step
Figure 51a. Drag
on the keyboard. If done correctly, the geometry of the model should be identical to
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 51b:
Press Esc on the keyboard to exit the
TUTORIAL 39
Figure 51a: Edges for Dimensioning
Figure 51b: Dimensioned Geometry
on the keyboard to exit the Add Dimension tool.
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ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Click Done. Click OK in the Edit Feature dialog box to finish editing the geometry. The model should appear
similar to Figure 52.
This new model should be saved with a different name, so as not to lose the previous model. Click File>Save As… and create a save file with the name Click OK.
Redefining the Mesh
Because the geometry of the model changed, the original mesh will not fit the new model. Double click Mesh (Empty) in the model tree.
Click the Apply Front View
Next, click the Seed Edges replace the current number of elements with the appropriate values from edges not listed maintain their original number of seeds.)
A more in depth explanation of how to seed edges is found in the tutorial.
TUTORIAL 40
dialog box to finish editing the geometry. The model should appear
Figure 52: Case_2 Abaqus Model
This new model should be saved with a different name, so as not to lose the previous model. and create a save file with the name Case_2.cae
Because the geometry of the model changed, the original mesh will not fit the new model. in the model tree.
icon from the Views toolbar.
icon in the module. Based on the edge labels seen in Freplace the current number of elements with the appropriate values from Table 3edges not listed maintain their original number of seeds.) A more in depth explanation of how to seed edges is found in the Create a Mesh
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dialog box to finish editing the geometry. The model should appear
This new model should be saved with a different name, so as not to lose the previous model.
Because the geometry of the model changed, the original mesh will not fit the new model.
icon in the module. Based on the edge labels seen in Figure 53, 3. (Note: Any
section of this
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Figure 53:
Table 3:
When finished seeding the part, click
Next, click the Mesh Part mesh the part? Click Yes. If done correctly, the model should appear similar to
TUTORIAL 41
Figure 53: Labeled Edges for Assigning Local Seeds
Table 3: Adjusted Elements per Edge (Case_2)
When finished seeding the part, click Done.
icon in the module. At the bottom of the viewport, next to . If done correctly, the model should appear similar to Figure 54.
Edge # of Elements3 324 325 4
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icon in the module. At the bottom of the viewport, next to OK to Figure 54.
ABAQUS CAE FORKLIFT TINE TUTORIAL
Creating a Job, Running the Analysis, and Post Processing
Details on how to create a job for this model, perform an analysis, and how to post process the data are explained in the Create a Job using Abaqus/CAE (pgs 31-35) sections of this tutorial. steps that require a name entry,collected from the first half of
Conclusion:
Save the file by clicking the Save Model Database Close Abaqus/CAE: File>Exit or This completes the Finite AnalysisofaForklift
TUTORIAL 42
Figure 54: Case_2 Meshed Model
Creating a Job, Running the Analysis, and Post Processing
Details on how to create a job for this model, perform an analysis, and how to post process the Create a Job (pgs. 29-30), Modal Analysis (pgs 30-31), and
) sections of this tutorial. It should be noted, however, that for any steps that require a name entry, Case_2 should be entered instead of Case_1. Otherwise, data collected from the first half of this tutorial may be over written.
Save Model Database icon in the top left of the screen. or Ctrl+Q
nalysisofaForklift Tine Using 8-Noded Brick Elements
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Details on how to create a job for this model, perform an analysis, and how to post process the ), and Postprocessing
however, that for any . Otherwise, data
icon in the top left of the screen.
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Interpretation of the Results:
This tutorial analyzeda single fork tine on a forklift, and used Abaqus to build, run and postprocess the model. When the tutorial is run correctly, the deflection at the tip of the tine and the maximum Von Misses stress (caused by the pressure load of 1000 N/m2) are found. The program is run for two different cases: Case 1: L = 1.0 m, and Case 2: L = 1.5 m. The magnitude of the deflection at the tip of the tine for Case 1 was found to be 1.03043E-06 m, and was found to be 2.22711E-06 m for Case 2. The maximum Von Misses stress for Case 1 was found to be 1.11233 MPa, and was found to be 2.38622 MPa for Case 2. Comparing these results with hand calculations performed using beam theory; the Abaqus results yield an18% error between Maximum Von Mises stress for both cases. These results are tabulated below for easier viewing. This difference can be attributed to the element types used during analysis. The eight gauss points for the eight-noded brick element are located inside the element halfway between the centroid and the faces of the brick. Because the maximum stress in the model occurs due to bending; the highest stresses occur on the faces of the elements. In light of this, the analysis was run again for both cases using 20-noded bricks elements. The idea behind this theory was that due to the 20-noded brick having more gauss points, their locations would need to be closer to the face of the element. The closer the integration points are to the surface, the closer the recorded stress value will be to the surface stress. From this analysis, maximum Von Mises stresses of 1.43 Mpa and 3.08 Mpa were obtained for cases 1 and 2 respectively. When compared to the theoretical approach, these results show an average of 5.5% error, and are tabulated below. These results suggest that the 20-noded brick elements are better suited for this type of analysis.
8-Noded Brick σexp (Mpa) σtheory (Mpa) %error δexp(m) δtheory(m) %error Case 1 1112330 1359360 18.1725 -0.000159703 -0.000152 5.067763 Case 2 2386220 2910910 18.02495 -0.000584637 -0.000586 0.232594
20-Noded Brick σexp (Mpa) σtheory (Mpa) %error Case 1 1.43E+06 1359360 5.21 Case 2 3.08E+06 2910910 5.69