fate cec’ in animal manure amended soils-soil processes
TRANSCRIPT
Fate of CECs in Animal Manure Amended Soils‐Impact of Manure Application Technologies
K. Xia1*, R. O. Maguire1, and K. F. Knowlton2
1Dept. Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech.2Dept. Dairy Sciences, Virginia Tech.
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Current manure land application technologies are designed for N and P pollution reduction
Manure land application methods
Broadcast(surface application)
advantages disadvantages
Soil incorporationtillage ‐soil compaction
‐surface crusting & sealing↑ carbon loss
easy operationlow cost
‐runoff‐volatilization
low cost↓ short term runoff↓ volatilization (possibly)
no‐till/reduced tillage ‐specialized equipment‐higher cost‐slower
↓ runoff↓ greenhouse gas↓ soil disturbance↑ N, P, water use efficiency
2
‐subsurface injection
• Manure application method?• Manure application timing?• Spatial variation?• Temporal change?
Major research questions on fate of CECs
Methods and Materials
• Field‐scale rainfall simulation experiment
Study site: McCoy, VirginiaSoil type: Braddock Loam
9‐11% slope
CECs investigated:‐ 11 hormones‐ 4 antibiotics
4
Manure (wet weight):‐ Dairy/cattle manure
‐ Poultry litter56 Mg/Ha
6.7 Mg/Ha
Treatments: Study design:randomized complete block3 replicates/treatmentsurface application
subsurface injection
Simulated rainfall intensity: 70 mm hr‐1
Runoff collected/plot: 30 min of runoff
Soil sampling: 0‐5 and 5‐20 cm0, 5, 14, 60, 180 days after simulated rainfall
control without manure
6
Simulated rainfall events:
Manure application 0 3days 7days
R2R1R1 R1 R1
2 rain events (scheme #1, fall 2014)1 rain event (scheme #2, fall 2015)
runoff water: solid phase extraction (SPE)
• Sample extraction and cleanup
• UPLC/MS/MS analysis runoff sediment & soil: liquid/solid extraction
• Statistical analysis:Tukey multiple comparison analysis in SAS (P < 0.5 indicates significant differences) 7
11 Hormones InvestigatedHormone Class HormonesEstrogens Estrone (E1)
17α‐estradiol (α‐E2)17β‐estradiol (β‐E2)Estriol (E3)
Androgens 1,4‐Androstadiene‐3,17‐dione (1‐4‐ADD)4‐Androstene‐3,17‐dione. (4‐AD)
Progestagens Progesterone (P)Estrogen‐Conjugates
Estrone‐3‐Sulfate (E1‐3S)Estrone‐3‐Glucorinide (E1‐3G)Estradiol‐3‐Sulfate (E2‐3S)Estradiol‐3‐Glucorinide (E2‐3G)
4 Antibiotics InvestigatedClass CompoundLincosamide PirlimycinSulfonamide SulfamerazineMacrolide TylosinTetracycline Chlortetracycline
Results
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• Manure application method?• Manure application timing?• Spatial variation?• Temporal change?
Con
cent
ratio
n (n
g/g,
dry
wei
ght b
asis
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400PirlimycinSulfamerazineTylosinChlortetracycline
Col 2
Before rain
0-5 cm
Col 2
Surface Slit 5 15 25 400
50
100
150
200
250
300
3505-20 cm
distance from the slit (cm)Subsurface injection
Surface application
Manure application
Con
cent
ratio
n (n
g/g,
d.w
.)
9
• Manure application method?
CECs in soil
Surface broadcast
Manure
Soil aggregate
Subsurface injection
Manure
Soil aggregate
Manure aggregate
Soil aggregate
Soil organic matter
Soil microflora
CECs
Mass balance of pirlimycin applied with manure
water: 2.5%sediment: 0.06%
1st rainfall (day 0)
water: 1.1%sediment: 0.01%47%
35%
11%
7.7%
runoff
40%
56%
runoff
water: 0.05%sediment: 0.01%
2nd rainfall (day 7)
water: 0.01%sediment: 0%30%
9%
4%
0%
runoff
3%
17%
runoff
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• Manure application method & impact of 2 consecutive rain events?
Con
cent
ratio
n (n
g/g,
dry
wei
ght b
asis
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400PirlimycinSulfamerazineTylosinChlortetracycline
Days between manure application rain - before rain0 day
0-5 cm
Surf
ace
Slit 5 15 25 40
0-5 cm
5-20 cm
5 15 25 400.0
0.1
0.2
5.0
10.0
5 15 25 400.0
0.5
1.0
Surf
ace
Slit 5 15 25 40
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
3505-20 cm
Surf
ace
Slit 5 15 25 40
3 days 7 days
5 15 25 400.0
0.1
0.2
5.0
10.0
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• Manure application method & timing relative to rain events?
distance from the slit (cm)Subsurface injection
Surf
ace
appl
icat
ion
Surf
ace
appl
icat
ion
Surf
ace
appl
icat
ion
distance from the slit (cm)Subsurface injection
distance from the slit (cm)Subsurface injection
CECs in soilDays between manure application & rain event – before rain
Con
cent
ratio
n (n
g/g,
d.w
.)
Con
cent
ratio
n (n
g/g,
dry
wei
ght b
asis
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400PirlimycinSulfamerazineTylosinChlortetracycline
Days between manure application rain - after rain0 day
0-5 cm
Surf
ace
Slit 5 15 25 40
0-5 cm
5-20 cm
5 15 25 400.0
0.1
0.2
5.0
10.0
5 15 25 400.0
0.5
1.0
Surf
ace
Slit 5 15 25 40
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
3505-20 cm
Surf
ace
Slit 5 15 25 40
3 days 7 days
5 15 25 400.0
0.1
0.2
5.0
10.0
5 15 25 400.0
0.5
1.0
5 15 25 400
2
4
6
8
10
5 15 25 400.0
0.11.02.03.04.0
12
• Manure application method & timing‐relative to rain events?
distance from the slit (cm)Subsurface injection Su
rfac
e ap
plic
atio
n
Surf
ace
appl
icat
ion
Surf
ace
appl
icat
ion
distance from the slit (cm)Subsurface injection
distance from the slit (cm)Subsurface injection
CECs in soilDays between manure application & rain event – after rain
Con
cent
ratio
n (n
g/g,
d.w
.)
Loss
with
runo
ff w
ater
/initi
al a
mou
nt in
man
ure
(%)
0
1
2
3Surface applicationSubsurface injection
Loss with runoff w
ater/initial amount in m
anure (%)
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50Pirlimycin
0 3 70.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Sulfamerazine
Chlortetracycline
Days between manure application and rain event0 3 7
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Tylosin
13
• Manure application method & timing relative to rain events?
Loss of CECs with surface runoff
Loss
with
runo
ff w
ater
/initi
al a
mou
nt in
man
ure
(%)
0
1
2
3Surface applicationSubsurface injection
Loss with runoff w
ater/initial amount in m
anure (%)
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50Pirlimycin
0 3 70.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Sulfamerazine
Chlortetracycline
Days between manure application and rain event0 3 7
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Tylosin
14
• Manure application method & timing relative to rain events?
Loss of CECs with surface runoff
Loss
with
runo
ff w
ater
/initi
al a
mou
nt in
man
ure
(%)
0
1
2
3Surface applicationSubsurface injection
Loss with runoff w
ater/initial amount in m
anure (%)
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50Pirlimycin
0 3 70.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Sulfamerazine
Chlortetracycline
Days between manure application and rain event0 3 7
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Tylosin
15
• Manure application method & timing relative to rain events?
Loss of CECs with surface runoff
16
• Spatial variation?C
once
ntra
tion
(ng/
g, d
ry w
eigh
t bas
is)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400 PirlimycinSulfamerazineTylosinChlortetracycline
Days between manure application rain - after rain0 day
0-5 cm
Surfa
ce Slit 5 15 25 40
0-5 cm
5-20 cm
5 15 25 400.0
0.1
0.2
5.0
10.0
5 15 25 400.0
0.5
1.0
Surfa
ce Slit 5 15 25 40
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
3505-20 cm
Surfa
ce Slit 5 15 25 40
3 days 7 days
5 15 25 400.0
0.1
0.2
5.0
10.0
5 15 25 400.0
0.5
1.0
5 15 25 400
2
4
6
8
10
5 15 25 400.0
0.11.02.03.04.0
distance from the slit (cm)Subsurface injection Su
rfac
e ap
plic
atio
n
Surf
ace
appl
icat
ion
Surf
ace
appl
icat
ion
distance from the slit (cm)Subsurface injection
distance from the slit (cm)Subsurface injection
CECs in soilC
once
ntra
tion
(ng/
g, d
.w.)
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• Temporal change?
Time since rain event (days)
rain 5 14 60 180Con
cent
ratio
n of
chl
orte
trac
yclin
e (n
g/g,
d.w
.)
0
50
100
150
200
250Days between manure application & rain event:
injection slit
Time since rain event (days)
rain 5 14 60 180 Con
cent
ratio
n of
chl
orte
trac
yclin
e (n
g/g,
d.w
.)
0
10
20
30
40
50Surface application
0 3 7
Chlortetracycline in soil decreased with time since rain event
• Manure subsurface injection concentrates CECs within the injection slits
Conclusions• Loss of CECs in surface runoff occurred during the 1st rain event after manure application
• Apply manure at lease 3 days before a major rain event
• Minor horizontal transfer of CECs from the injection slits
• Less CECs left the field with surface runoff when manure is subsurface injected comparing to surface application
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Looking forwardRegional scale observation?
19Chesapeake bay watershed
Region (no‐till + reduced tillage)/Crop land
United States 36%
Mid‐South & Great Plains
30‐55%
Chesapeake Bay Watershed
> 80%
Acknowledgement
• USDA‐NIFA award #2013‐67019‐21355
• Virginia Tech College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
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