fate cec’ in animal manure amended soils-soil processes

Fate of CECs in Animal Manure Amended Soils‐Impact of Manure Application Technologies

K. Xia1*, R. O. Maguire1, and K. F. Knowlton2

1Dept. Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech.2Dept. Dairy Sciences, Virginia Tech.

1

Current manure land application technologies are designed for N and P pollution reduction

Manure land application methods

Broadcast(surface application)

advantages disadvantages

Soil incorporationtillage ‐soil compaction

‐surface crusting & sealing↑ carbon loss

easy operationlow cost

‐runoff‐volatilization

low cost↓ short term runoff↓ volatilization (possibly)

no‐till/reduced tillage ‐specialized equipment‐higher cost‐slower

↓ runoff↓ greenhouse gas↓ soil disturbance↑ N, P, water use efficiency

2

‐subsurface injection

• Manure application method?• Manure application timing?• Spatial variation?• Temporal change?

Major research questions on fate of CECs

Methods and Materials

• Field‐scale rainfall simulation experiment

Study site: McCoy, VirginiaSoil type: Braddock Loam

9‐11% slope

CECs investigated:‐ 11 hormones‐ 4 antibiotics

4

Manure (wet weight):‐ Dairy/cattle manure

‐ Poultry litter56 Mg/Ha

6.7 Mg/Ha

5

a)

Slits pre‐cutting

Treatments: Study design:randomized complete block3 replicates/treatmentsurface application

subsurface injection

Simulated rainfall intensity: 70 mm hr‐1

Runoff collected/plot: 30 min of runoff

Soil sampling: 0‐5 and 5‐20 cm0, 5, 14, 60, 180 days after simulated rainfall

control without manure

6

Simulated rainfall events:

Manure application 0 3days 7days

R2R1R1 R1 R1

2 rain events (scheme #1, fall 2014)1 rain event (scheme #2, fall 2015)

runoff water: solid phase extraction (SPE)

• Sample extraction and cleanup

• UPLC/MS/MS analysis runoff sediment & soil: liquid/solid extraction

• Statistical analysis:Tukey multiple comparison analysis in SAS (P < 0.5 indicates significant differences) 7

11 Hormones InvestigatedHormone Class HormonesEstrogens Estrone (E1)

17α‐estradiol (α‐E2)17β‐estradiol (β‐E2)Estriol (E3)

Androgens 1,4‐Androstadiene‐3,17‐dione (1‐4‐ADD)4‐Androstene‐3,17‐dione. (4‐AD)

Progestagens Progesterone (P)Estrogen‐Conjugates

Estrone‐3‐Sulfate (E1‐3S)Estrone‐3‐Glucorinide (E1‐3G)Estradiol‐3‐Sulfate (E2‐3S)Estradiol‐3‐Glucorinide (E2‐3G)

4 Antibiotics InvestigatedClass CompoundLincosamide PirlimycinSulfonamide SulfamerazineMacrolide TylosinTetracycline Chlortetracycline

Results

8

• Manure application method?• Manure application timing?• Spatial variation?• Temporal change?

Con

cent

ratio

n (n

g/g,

dry

wei

ght b

asis

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400PirlimycinSulfamerazineTylosinChlortetracycline

Col 2

Before rain

0-5 cm

Col 2

Surface Slit 5 15 25 400

50

100

150

200

250

300

3505-20 cm

distance from the slit (cm)Subsurface injection

Surface application

Manure application

Con

cent

ratio

n (n

g/g,

d.w

.)

9

• Manure application method?

CECs in soil

Surface broadcast

Manure

Soil aggregate

Subsurface injection

Manure

Soil aggregate

Manure aggregate

Soil aggregate

Soil organic matter

Soil microflora

CECs

Mass balance of pirlimycin applied with manure

water: 2.5%sediment: 0.06%

1st rainfall (day 0)

water: 1.1%sediment: 0.01%47%

35%

11%

7.7%

runoff

40%

56%

runoff

water: 0.05%sediment: 0.01%

2nd rainfall (day 7)

water: 0.01%sediment: 0%30%

9%

4%

0%

runoff

3%

17%

runoff

10

• Manure application method & impact of 2 consecutive rain events?

Con

cent

ratio

n (n

g/g,

dry

wei

ght b

asis

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


Days between manure application rain - before rain0 day

0-5 cm

Surf

ace

Slit 5 15 25 40

0-5 cm

5-20 cm

5 15 25 400.0

0.1

0.2

5.0

10.0

5 15 25 400.0

0.5

1.0

Surf

ace

Slit 5 15 25 40

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

3505-20 cm

Surf

ace

Slit 5 15 25 40

3 days 7 days

5 15 25 400.0

0.1

0.2

5.0

10.0

11

• Manure application method & timing relative to rain events?


Surf

ace

appl

icat

ion

Surf

ace

appl

icat

ion

Surf

ace

appl

icat

ion



CECs in soilDays between manure application & rain event – before rain

Con

cent

ratio

n (n

g/g,

d.w

.)

Con

cent

ratio

n (n

g/g,

dry

wei

ght b

asis

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


Days between manure application rain - after rain0 day

0-5 cm

Surf

ace

Slit 5 15 25 40

0-5 cm

5-20 cm

5 15 25 400.0

0.1

0.2

5.0

10.0

5 15 25 400.0

0.5

1.0

Surf

ace

Slit 5 15 25 40

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

3505-20 cm

Surf

ace

Slit 5 15 25 40

3 days 7 days

5 15 25 400.0

0.1

0.2

5.0

10.0

5 15 25 400.0

0.5

1.0

5 15 25 400

2

4

6

8

10

5 15 25 400.0

0.11.02.03.04.0

12

• Manure application method & timing‐relative to rain events?

distance from the slit (cm)Subsurface injection Su

rfac

e ap

plic

atio

n

Surf

ace

appl

icat

ion

Surf

ace

appl

icat

ion



CECs in soilDays between manure application & rain event – after rain

Con

cent

ratio

n (n

g/g,

d.w

.)

Loss

with

runo

ff w

ater

/initi

al a

mou

nt in

man

ure

(%)

0

1

2

3Surface applicationSubsurface injection

Loss with runoff w

ater/initial amount in m

anure (%)

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50Pirlimycin

0 3 70.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

Sulfamerazine

Chlortetracycline

Days between manure application and rain event0 3 7

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Tylosin

13


Loss of CECs with surface runoff

Loss

with

runo

ff w

ater

/initi

al a

mou

nt in

man

ure

(%)

0

1

2


Loss with runoff w


anure (%)

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50Pirlimycin

0 3 70.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

Sulfamerazine

Chlortetracycline


0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Tylosin

14



Loss

with

runo

ff w

ater

/initi

al a

mou

nt in

man

ure

(%)

0

1

2


Loss with runoff w


anure (%)

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50Pirlimycin

0 3 70.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

Sulfamerazine

Chlortetracycline


0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Tylosin

15



16

• Spatial variation?C

once

ntra

tion

(ng/

g, d

ry w

eigh

t bas

is)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400 PirlimycinSulfamerazineTylosinChlortetracycline

Days between manure application rain - after rain0 day

0-5 cm

Surfa

ce Slit 5 15 25 40

0-5 cm

5-20 cm

5 15 25 400.0

0.1

0.2

5.0

10.0

5 15 25 400.0

0.5

1.0

Surfa

ce Slit 5 15 25 40

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

3505-20 cm

Surfa

ce Slit 5 15 25 40

3 days 7 days

5 15 25 400.0

0.1

0.2

5.0

10.0

5 15 25 400.0

0.5

1.0

5 15 25 400

2

4

6

8

10

5 15 25 400.0

0.11.02.03.04.0

distance from the slit (cm)Subsurface injection Su

rfac

e ap

plic

atio

n

Surf

ace

appl

icat

ion

Surf

ace

appl

icat

ion



CECs in soilC

once

ntra

tion

(ng/

g, d

.w.)

17

• Temporal change?

Time since rain event (days)

rain 5 14 60 180Con

cent

ratio

n of

chl

orte

trac

yclin

e (n

g/g,

d.w

.)

0

50

100

150

200

250Days between manure application & rain event:

injection slit

Time since rain event (days)

rain 5 14 60 180 Con

cent

ratio

n of

chl

orte

trac

yclin

e (n

g/g,

d.w

.)

0

10

20

30

40

50Surface application

0 3 7

Chlortetracycline in soil decreased with time since rain event

• Manure subsurface injection concentrates CECs within the injection slits

Conclusions• Loss of CECs in surface runoff occurred during the 1st rain event after manure application

• Apply manure at lease 3 days before a major rain event

• Minor horizontal transfer of CECs from the injection slits

• Less CECs left the field with surface runoff when manure is subsurface injected comparing to surface application

18

Looking forwardRegional scale observation?

19Chesapeake bay watershed

Region (no‐till + reduced tillage)/Crop land

United States 36%

Mid‐South & Great Plains

30‐55%

Chesapeake Bay Watershed

> 80%

Looking forwardAntimicrobial resistant development?

20

Acknowledgement

• USDA‐NIFA award #2013‐67019‐21355

• Virginia Tech College of Agriculture and Life Sciences

21

Thank you!

Questions?

22