exterior walls- framing & structural components. framing/construction techniques u general terms...

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Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components

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Page 1: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components

Page 2: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Framing/Construction TechniquesFraming/Construction Techniques

General Terms & Methodology Platform Framing Balloon Framing Energy-Efficient Framing Post & Beam(Timber) Steel Framing Concrete Masonry Construction Floor Framing Terms Wall Framing Terms Exterior Finishes

Page 3: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

General Exterior Wall Construction

Walls support vertical loads from– roof– ceiling– floors

Must also resist later forces due to– wind– earthquakes

Page 4: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Typical Wall Construction

One and two story framing– Generally walls are 2” x 4” @ 16” O.C.– Occasionally 2” x 6” @ 16”, 19.2” and 24”

O.C. associated with cold climates Three story framing(load bearing walls)

– lower floor = 2” x 6” @ 16” O.C.– other floors = 2” x 4” @ 16” O.C.

Page 5: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

PlatformFraming

Foundation

Sill

Floor Joist

Girder

Subfloor

“Platform Framing”

Dbl PlateBlocking

Sway Bracing

Rafteror Truss

1. Also called Western Framing

2. Most common today

3. Platform provide area to build walls

Sheathing

Ledger

(corner bracing)

Floor Joist

Ceiling Joist

Page 6: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

BalloonFraming

Two story length studs

1. Studs extend from sill to roof line2. Also called Eastern FramingEastern Framing3. Terms similar to

Platform Framing.

4. Additional Terms: Ribbon Ribbon FirestopFirestop

Balloon Framing

Page 7: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Balloon Framing Terms

Ribbon Firestop

Page 8: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Balloon Framing

Used primarily for 2 story construction Less chance of shrinkage or movement

– recommended for masonry veneer & stucco 2nd floor supported by wall with

– let-in 1x4 called a ribbon Less overall material Longer members usually more costly Firestop blocking and ribbons required

Page 9: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Framing Construction at Corners

Two studs and dry wall clips (see class sample)

3 full studs–good with super insulated buildings

3 full studs and blocking

3 full studs and 1/2” shim

Page 10: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Energy-Efficient Framing Advanced framing techniques (AFT) Altering traditional framing methods

– see text for examples Eliminate nonstructural wood with insulation

(Wood = R1/inch, Insulation = R3.5 to R8.3/inch)– insulation at corners, insulation at exterior wall behind

partition intersections, and insulated headers Stud spacing (24” OC) One level height limitation set by code Structural insulated panels (SIP)

Page 11: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Post &Beam(Timber)

1. Relatively new and less common in residential construction

2. Larger members placed further apart

3. Used in heavy timber construction for years

post

beam

Beam and Posttypically 8’ OC

T&G planks2x6 or 2x8

Page 12: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Post &Beam Construction

Provides vaulted (sloped) ceilings and a more open feeling in the space

T

Page 13: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Post and Beam Framing using Tongue & Groove Planking Used for Roof or Floor when structure is space 24” or more O.C.

Page 14: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Steel Framing Alternate method of

framing– lower energy cost– higher strength– better insurance rates

and considerations Similar to platform

framing in construction– steel studs– base/plates– steel trusses

Page 15: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Concrete Masonry Construction Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)

– durable, economical material, excellent structural values, poor insulation values

Classifications– hollow– load bearing (ASTM C 90)– solid load-bearing– nonload-bearing (solid or hollow)

Solid Masonry = 75% solid material in cross-section– positions: solider, rowlock, sailor, stretcher, header shiner

Page 16: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Concrete Masonry Shapes

Page 17: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Solid Masonry (Brick) Positions

Page 18: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Structural Components Floor Systems

– conventional framing (Stick Built)– terminology

Floor Bracing– Mid span– End bracing

Framed Wall Construction– bearing walls– nonbearing walls– exterior finishes

Page 19: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Conventional Floor Framing

Conventional (Stick) framing basic terms– mud sill– sole plate(sill)– floor joist– rim joist– anchor bolt

Floor Joist– Solid– TJI– Open web

Page 20: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Floor Bracing

End Bracing– Rim Joist– Blocking

Page 21: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Floor Bracing

Bracing at midspan– solid blocking– cross blocking

» wood

» metal

Page 22: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Framed Wall Construction

Definition: Bearing walls

Definition: Nonbearing walls

Page 23: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Window/Door Framing Terms

Header– supports structure

above windows

Header Jack (trimmer)– supports header

Cripple Studs (jack stud) Double Plate Rough Sill(sub sill) King stud

– additional stud to trim out window

Double PlateCripple Studor Jack Stud

Header

Header Jack or Trimmer

Page 24: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Framed Wall Construction Shear Wall Design

Resistance to lateral forces resulting from earthquakes or wind

Connections:– 1 sheathing to joist– 2 joist to top wall– 3 edge nailing– 4 tie-down straps– 5 anchor/shear bolts

Page 25: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Exterior Finishes

Wood Siding Cement Board Siding Steel Siding Vinyl Siding Stucco Exterior Insulation Finish System (EIFS)

Page 26: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Wood Siding

Various sizes and Shapes– Solid wood– T1-11(plywood)

» 4’x8’ sheets

– Masonnite Lapboard

» 8-12” x 16’

Page 27: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Cement Board Siding

Has texture and look of wood siding but is more weather resistant.

Page 28: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Steel & Vinyl Siding Higher in Cost and Lower in Maintenance

– no painting A variety of wood textures and patterns Longer lasting than wood but some Concerns:

– expansion– denting– cracking– rusting

Page 29: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Cement Stucco

Least expensive

building paper

wire fabric lath

furring nails

drip screed

sheathing vs. open frame

3 coats of plaster

brownfinish

scratch

Page 30: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Exterior Insulated Finish System (EIFS)

Page 31: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Roof Construction Basic terms:

– slope/pitch--incline of roof– roof member terms--structure of roof– eave/cornice--detail showing wall to roof const– fascia--visible member attached to end of rafters– ridge--top of roof– sheathing--material covering the top of rafters– rafter/ceiling joist--structure framing of roof– soffit--underneath side of roof overhang– vents--in soffit, allows air circulation in attic

Page 32: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Eave and Cornice Detail Terms

Page 33: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Slope vs. Pitch Slope = Rise/Run

– expressed as a ratio– always a base of 12– placed on dwg. 12

4

Slope symbol

Text book error (noted as pitch symbol)

•Pitch = Rise/Span• expressed as fraction• reduce to smallest

fraction• not placed on drawing,

helpful to carpenter

Page 34: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Roof Member Terminology

VALLEY JACK RAFTER

Page 35: Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components. Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u

Metal Framing Connectors•Keeps structural members from separating